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PL
There is no single dominant religion with which most of the populace would iden-tify. The churches are largely regional in nature. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate, have become, for the politicians as well as for the people, the symbols of two “Ukrainian projects”. Their simultaneous functioning for almost twenty years, have become inter-twined in the process of formation of a political nation, which subsumes all identities of the post-Soviet territory of Ukraine. The fact that certain politicians equate the issue of belonging to a particular denomination with the problem of loyalty to one’s own state, obstructs the dialogue among orthodox churches and does not benefit social consolidation
PL
Debate on the Creating of the Polish National Church in the Times of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) In the time of the Council of Trent, the Polish nobility often and loudly demanded the forming of the Polish National Church, which would enable them to execute state control over the clergy, its activity, and church property. Popular Protestant ideas coherent with such an idea fulfilled the role of useful weapon in their struggle against the clergy. Even though the idea of the church reform converged with many changes postulated by the contemporary noble reform movement, the state finances, homogeneity of Crown lands and the Polish-Lithuanian union took predominance over church matters. Appropriate conduct of debate, disabling discussion about a reform, was promoted by the clergy itself, which was not interested in loosening their dominant position in the society and becoming subject to civic laws. Protestant deputies to the parliament, who constituted the majority in the lower chamber, could have acquired more benefits, were it not for their reluctance to impose certain solutions on the Catholics, who still dominated in the society. The clergy, in particular bishops, sought some compromise with Protestants, until the Catholic Church itself undertook mild reforms in the third phase of the Council of Trent. The stand of the Polish monarch, Sigismundus Augustus, who – having been raised as a Catholic – opposed the forming of new church and his attitude was also important.
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