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EN
In the article, the author presents the basic relations between a nation state and a multicultural society. According to the author, the attitude of the nation state and the dominant nation in the state to the phenomenon of cultural diversity of society is a key phenomenon in the theory and practice of multiculturalism. Namely, the nation state is characterized by two strategies defining the attitude to the cultural diversity of society. It is a strategy of cultural homogenization and a pluralistic. The emergence of a pluralistic strategy begins with the occurrence and eventual growth of phenomena and processes referred to as multiculturalism and multicultural society.
EN
The article is devoted to the influence of the phenomenon of the nutritional transition, and the epiphenomenon causally connected with it – the socio‑economic development and institutional changes taking place in contemporary nation‑states. This paper discusses the most important political, economic and natural costs combined with nutritional transition. The author tries to show the main obstacles to the effective implementation of political decisions on particular areas of social reality, and taken in the situation of rising costs (as a consequence of the deteriorating health condition of citizens and ways of industrial food production) to maintain healthcare systems, pension systems and the protection of the natural environment. The current eating habits and the epidemic of obesity were recognized as a new, yet usually omitted in political science, factor defining long term potential and capability of states and indirectly their position as a subjective actors in international relations.
EN
The paper attempts to prove that the current, widespread crisis in social dialogue is only one of many features of the overall crisis of democratic structures, mechanisms and procedures visible in the countries of various democratic traditions and culture. The author claims that the overall crisis has been, on the one hand, produced by the supremacy of market mechanisms (which is the most significant effect of the 'third capitalist globalisation), but, on the other hand, may be seen as a result of numerous residuals of the former communist globalisation and their antidemocratic influence still present in the post-communist countries.
EN
The paper reports from the proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference on Israeli Studies Israeli Identities: Past, Present and Future which took place at the University of Wrocław on September 10–12, 2017. The report reflects on the discussions which took place during plenary sessions of the conference and on the contents of the conference panels. Furthermore, it assesses the importance of this international event for the field of Israeli studies.
EN
Many suggestions have been presented for solving the Israeli – Palestinian dispute. As for now, none of those suggestions, presented during more than thirty years of negotiations, have been accepted by both sides. As for this, some new ideas have to be entered into the arena. Here some new, “out of the box”, geographical proposals are presented, based on actual events and geographical realities which exist in other areas. These proposals could be seen as un-human or politically wrong suggestions but as all other proposals were rejected, the decision makers of both sides, as well as the leaders of the world, can use the presented suggestion as a base for future negotiations.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 327
363-384
EN
In the light of Poland’s historical experience of more than 100 years under foreign sovereignty, especially that of the Russian from 1815 to 1918, Poland’s current reservations about the danger of an excessive transfer of national sovereign rights to European Union institutions. In the view of the undersigned, partial aspects of this transfer aff ect certain principles of European primary law.
EN
This article is devoted to the analysis of the national identity in the epoch of globalization. With the impact of globalization things and relations have changed rapidly. The authors try to show that the same situation happened to the national identity, the borders of which are becoming more and more flexible and movable. This situation can be used for the purpose of the renaissance of the national identity. However, it is possible only in the way of the combination of support from the state with realization by every nation of its own specificity and singularity.
LT
Analizuojama tautinė tapatybė globalizacijos sąlygomis. Globalizacijos procesas savaime sukelia didžiulių valstybės ir tautinio tapatumo pokyčių, tad tapatumo ribos tampa vis lankstesnės. Straipsnio autorių manymu, tokia situacija gali inspiruoti tautinio tapatumo renesansą. Tačiau tai įmanoma tik puoselėjant nacionalinės valstybės unikalumą ir savitumą.
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Problém národní identity v díle Edvarda Beneše

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EN
This article examines the sociology of Edvard Beneš and looks in particular at the questions of whether and how his sociology came to be reflected in his political work, in particular in connection with nationality issues, and whether and how it played a role in the construction of Czechoslovak national identity (based on a synthesis of Czech and Slovak national identities). The article consists of two main parts, the first of which focuses on how Beneš made the conceptual and practical transition from theory to practice, from sociology to politics, a form of politics described here as ‘academic’, while the second is devoted to the issue of nationality in Beneš’s sociology and politics from the perspective of the sociology of social identities. Beneš’s sociology had an instrumental role in the formation of Czechoslovak national identity, most notably with respect to the construction of social boundaries of ‘us’ and ‘them’ in relation to Germans (especially between Czechs on one hand and Germans on the other), and it offered objects of national identification typical for the national movements of small nations and specifically of Czech society. The article devotes special attention to Beneš’s discursive construction and legitimation of Czechoslovak nationality and to the issue of the definition of nationality in the ‘Beneš decrees’.
EN
This article examines the end of the 60's – 70's of the XX century, the time characterized by intensification of repressive management of historical science in the USSR, the establishment of censorship and harassment, forcing the Ukrainian historians to serve the needs of the Soviet totalitarian state. Rejection of historical science from ideological foundations of the Communist Party was impossible. Ideological supervision of the intelligentsia in Ukraine and total control of historical research institutions started. Ruling Communist Party fought against dissidents, media and folowers of «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism ideology», shaped prejudice to all national. The least manifestation of patriotism of Ukrainians was regarded as anti-Soviet activity. Ukrainians were reluctantly forced to feel inferior nation without its own long history.
EN
The article presents concepts of united Europe created by representatives of different fractions of the anti‑fascist Italian opposition in the period of the so‑called Resistenza (1943‑1945), with particular focus on the stances of left‑wing groups. The fullest theoretical foundations of federalist concepts created during the Second World War come from the Ventotene Manifesto (the so‑called Manifesto for Free and United Europe), elaborated at the turn of June and July of 1941 by charismatic leaders of Movimento Federalista Europeo – Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi – in collaboration with Eugenio Colorni. Influenced by English federalists from Federal Union, Spinelli and Rossi were pointing to the crisis of a nation state and its results – nationalism, imperialism and fascism. The authors were convinced that the only way to ensure continued peace in Europe was to create a European federation, comprised entirely of democratic states. The idea of the United States of Europe was advocated also by a liberal lawyer and economist, later the Governor of the Bank of Italy and the President of Italy, Luigi Einaudi. In his articles and political writings regularly published from 1918 until the end of the WWII Einaudi criticised the League of Nations as a weak institution lacking in authority and unable to effectively challenge the imperialist tendencies of some of its members. He sought the reasons for this weakness in the very structure of the League of Nations, i.e. in the confederation model. In studies published between 1943 and 1945 the liberal politician emphasised interdependencies between economy and politics. Einaudi identified the idea of a sovereign national state and the doctrine of nationalism as main enemies of the European federalism. Another politician advocating limiting sovereignty of national states in the name of broad solidarity between free European nations was a leader of Christian Democracy and the Prime Minister of Italy between 1945 and 1953 – Alcide De Gasperi. He underlined the significance of cooperation with the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain in the process of peace‑rebuilding. Unlike Spinelli and Rossi, the leader of Christian Democracy did not support the federation model of integration – De Gasperi placed emphasis on the gradual character of this process and on the need for finding “transitional solutions”, similarly to Einaudi, pointing to the significance of the economic aspect.
PL
Dynamiczny charakter procesów przemian jaki obserwujemy we współczesnym świecie skłaniać musi do refleksji nad kondycją jednej z najtrwalszych instytucji jaką jest państwo, które stanowiło dotąd centralną jednostkę w systemie międzynarodowym. Przywykliśmy do niekwestionowania, dominującej roli państwa jako głównego architekta i arbitra w sprawach zarówno wewnętrznych jak i międzynarodowych. Dominującej pozycji państwa nie zniszczyły ani wojny światowe ani światowy kryzys gospodarczy. Obecnie porządek międzynarodowy oparty na systemie państw narodowych zwany powszechnie jako westfalski zdaje się jednak odchodzić w przeszłość za sprawą potężnych transformacji międzynarodowych utożsamianych w pierwszym rzędzie z globalizacją. Wielopłaszczyznowy charakter przemian dotyka podstawowych sfer współdziałania międzynarodowego i odbija się w coraz większym stopniu na państwie, które traci stopniowo swoją omnipotentną pozycję. Artykuł ukazuje jak pod wpływem wspomnianych procesów przemian kształtują się nowe warunki funkcjonowania państwa i ulegają erozji fundamentalne podstawy jego bytu narodowego, które tradycyjnie sprowadzały się do przestrzeganych w stosunkach międzypaństwowych zasad: terytorialności władzy państwowej, suwerenności państwa i jego zasadniczo laickiego charakteru. Wszystkie one pod wpływem przemian ostatniego ćwierćwiecza napotykają znaczne przeszkody w realizacji. Państwo ponowoczesne jest w związku z tym coraz mniej autonomiczne w swoich działaniach i wystawione na trudności związane z funkcjonowaniem w warunkach zmieniającego otoczenia i niepewnej przyszłości. Nie tylko złożony charakter komplikującego się systemu międzynarodowego ale także fragmentaryzacja społeczeństwa narodowego sprawiają, że w czasach rosnących zagrożeń zmniejsza się stabilność tradycyjnego oparcia jakie państwo miało zazwyczaj w bardziej homogenicznym zapleczu narodowym. W tej sytuacji pytanie o przyszłość państwa narodowego staje się podstawą dla dociekań naukowych.
EN
The dynamic character of changes we are observing in the contemporary world makes us ponder on the condition of the state – one of the most firmly established institutions, which has been a central unit in the international system so far. We got used to the unquestionably dominant role of the state as the main architect and arbitrator in both internal affairs and international relations. The superior position of the state has been undermined neither by World Wars nor the global economic crisis. At present, the world order based on the system of national states, commonly known as the Westphalian system, seems to be becoming a thing of the past due to huge international transformations, the most important of which is globalization. The multi-level character of changes affects basic spheres of international cooperation and is exerting an increasing influence upon the state, which is gradually losing its omnipotent position. The article presents how the abovementioned processes of change create new conditions of the functioning of the state and erode the foundations of its national identity: territoriality of state authority, sovereignty of the country and its generally secular character. All of them have been quite difficult to implement over the past twenty five years. As a result, the postmodern state is becoming less and less autonomous in its operations and is vulnerable to difficulties it encounters in the conditions of a turbulent environment and uncertain future. Not only the complexity of the international system, but also the fragmentation of the national society in the times of growing threats lead to the instability of traditional support usually offered to the state by a more homogenous national background. In these circumstances, the issue of the future of the national state becomes a subject of scientific research.
PL
Zaprezentowane w artykule przemyślenia dotyczyły ukazania pozycji euroregionów jako ważnych i w pełni utrwalonych form współpracy transgranicznej w kontekście kryzysu państw narodowych, a zwłaszcza pojmowania suwerenności i tożsamości narodowej. W tekście przedstawiono ogólny zarys transgranicznej współpracy, następnie odniesiono się do definicji państwa narodowego i szerzej do jednego z jego wyznaczników jakim jest suwerenność. Ogólnie należy podkreślić, że analizując dotychczasowy rozwój euroregionów, zwłaszcza w aspekcie współpracy kulturalnej i społecznej trudno jest mówić o zagrożeniu dla suwerenności państw narodowych.
EN
The reflections presented in the article concerned the presentation of the position of Euroregions as important and fully established forms of cross-border cooperation in the context of the crisis of national states, and especially in the understanding of national sovereignty and identity. The text provides an overview of cross-border cooperation, then refers to the definition of a national state and more broadly to one of its determinants, which is sovereignty. Generally speaking, it should be stressed that when analysing the development of Euroregions, especially in terms of cultural and social cooperation, it is difficult to speak of a threat to the sovereignty of nation states.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest dylematom państwowości postimperialnej w kontekście bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyjskiej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem fundamentalnej alternatywy: utrzymania modelu państwowości polietnicznej (quasi-imperialnej) lub budowania państwa narodowego. Autor definiuje pojęcie „imperium” z punktu widzenia trzech wyznaczników: koncentrycznej struktury opartej na dychotomii centrum i peryferii, orientacji na misję zewnętrzną oraz idei imperialnej. Z tego punktu widzenia Federacja Rosyjska nie jest państwem imperialnym (w odróżnieniu od Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego i ZSRR), nie jest jednak typowym państwem narodowym. Autor usiłuje wykazać, że rezygnacja z federacyjnego, wielonarodowego modelu państwowości byłaby równoznaczna z utratą przez Rosję strategicznie ważnego Kaukazu Północnego, co pozbawiłoby ją statusu mocarstwa regionalnego. Studium zawiera wielostronną analizę Kaukazu Północnego (który jest regionem niezwykle turbulentnym) jako terytorium kluczowego dla globalnego wymiaru geostrategii. Autor analizuje potencjalne zagrożenia dla północnokaukaskiego bezpieczeństwa oraz działania podejmowane przez Moskwę w celu zapobieżenia im. Zwraca również uwagę na rosnącą popularność haseł o konieczności oddzielenia Kaukazu od Rosji. W jego przekonaniu, region Kaspijsko-Czarnomorski stałby się wówczas strefą globalnej destabilizacji, zagrażając pokojowi na świecie.
EN
The article is dedicated to the dilemmas of post-imperial statehood in the context of Russian Federation security, with the particular emphasis on the fundamental alternative: to maintain the polyethnic (quasi-imperial) model of state or to build a nation state. The Author defines the concept of „empire” from the point of view of three determinants: the concentric structure based on center-periphery dichotomy, orientation towards the external mission and imperial idea. From this point of view, Russia is an imperial state (contrary to Tsarist Empire and USSR), neither is a typical nation state. The Author tries to prove that The author tries to demonstrate that the abandonment of federal, multinational state model would be tantamount to the loss of strategically important North Caucasus, which would deprive it of a regional power status. The study contains a multi-faceted exploration of the North Caucasus (which is a highly turbulent region) as a key territory for the global dimension of geostrategy. The Author analyzes potential threats to North Caucasian security and actions taken by Moscow in order to prevent them. He pays attention to the growing popularity of slogans about the necessity of separation of Caucasus and Russia. In his opinion, Caspian-Black Sea Region would become a zone of global destabilization, posing a threat to the world peace.
EN
The text is a contribution to the studies into the problems of adoption of nationalist orientation by a newly created state. It deals with the attitude of political groups wielding power in interwar Poland towards the indigenous Belarusian population. An analysis of public discourses conducted from the sociological perspective revealed the features characteristics of a nationalising state (in Rogers Brubaker’s understanding) in the attitudes of all camps of power and the unification of structures of the discourses they held.
RU
Проблематика статьи касается принятия националистической ориентации новообразованными многонациональными государствами, к котором его элиты относятся как к государствам одной нации. Целью анализа являлся ответ на вопрос о методе, каким отдельные политические группировки, правящие во Второй Польской республике, конструировали дискурсы, определяющие националистскую политику и практику по отношении к коренному белорусскому населению, которое оказалось в границах польского государства. В исследовании, материалом для которого послужили тексты, авторства отдельных политических лагерей, дополненные историографическими и политологическими анализами, были использованы аналитические рамки, созданные Роджерсом Брубейкером. Анализу подлежали публичные дискурсы правящих партий (национально-демократической, пислудчиковской и Лагеря национального объединения) в пределах четырех тем: (1) этнической модели нации, (2) идеи, что государство – это собственности нации, (3) убеждение в угрозе интересам нации, а также (4) целесообразность действий, необходимых для надлежащей реализации национального интереса. В каждом из дискурсов было выявлено присутствие элементов характерных для национализирующего государства. Замеченные разницы касались, прежде всего, структуры дискурса, которая подлежала унификации.
PL
Tekst stanowi przyczynek do badań nad problematyką przyjmowania orientacji nacjonalistycznej przez nowo tworzone państwo i dotyczy stosunku ugrupowań politycznych sprawujących władzę w międzywojennej Polsce do autochtonicznej ludności białoruskiej. Z perspektywy socjologicznej podjęto analizę dyskursów publicznych, której wyniki wskazują na obecność elementów charakterystycznych dla państwa unaradawiającego (w rozumieniu Rogersa Brubakera) w stanowiskach wszystkich obozów władzy oraz upodabnianie struktury prowadzonych przez nie dyskursów.
EN
The discourse on the social engineering as an instrument of shaping modern societies gained strength at the end of the 19th century. In further deliberations the attention is paid to the question of how the connection between politics and science – restricted to the relation between geopolitics, bio-politics and ethnic cleansing – functioned after WW1 and WW2, and particularly how it affected the international order.
PL
W końcu XIX wieku nabrał na sile dyskurs o inżynierii społecznej jako narzędziu kształtowania nowoczesnych społeczeństw. W dalszych rozważaniach interesować będzie nas pytanie, jak powiązanie między polityką i nauką – zawężone do relacji między geopolityką a biopolityką i czystkami etnicznymi – funkcjonowało po pierwszej i drugiej wojnie światowej, a szczególnie w jaki sposób wpływało stabilizująco albo destabilizująco na ład międzynarodowy.
ES
El presente artículo analiza los factores que tuvieron influencia sobre la formación y consolidación del Estado nacional en Venezuela en la primera mitad del siglo XX. El análisis de este problema tiene por objetivo mostrar la importancia y la influencia duradera de los condicionamientos históricos existentes en la fase de la formación del Estado sobre su futuro desarrollo, mirando desde la perspectiva de los cambios que tienen lugar en Venezuela en el siglo XXI. La autora reflexiona sobre la tesis según la cual el proceso de centralización del poder y el uso de instrumentos autoritarios para ejercerlo están condicionados históricamente y desde la consumación de la independencia constituyen un elemento de disputa sobre la distribución del poder en el marco de dos conceptos del Estado federal – descentralizado y centralizado, pero en la práctica autoritario. Para analizar el proceso de la consolidación del Estado nacional, la autora se refiere a los textos de las siete leyes fundamentales, establecidas durante el período del régimen del general Juan Vicente Gómez, las cuales se basaban, por un lado, en los principios del federalismo y, por el otro, servían a la centralización del Estado. La autora enfocará sus consideraciones en los siguientes condicionamientos: la formación de las fuerzas armadas nacionales, la centralización de los órganos de la administración estatal, el desarrollo de la legislación y el crecimiento económico basado en la explotación del petróleo.
EN
The present article analyzes factors which had influence on the formation and consolidation of the national state in Venezuela in the first half of the 20th century. The purpose of the analysis is to demonstrate the importance and long-lasting influence of the historical conditions existing in the course of formation of the state on its future development, viewing this problem from the perspective of the changes which have been taking place in Venezuela in the 21st century. The author reflects upon the thesis according to which the process of centralization of power and the use of authoritarian instruments for executing it are historically conditioned and, since the consummation of the independence, they have become an element of dispute over the distribution of power within the frames of two concepts of the federal state – decentralized and centralized, but in practice authoritarian. In order to analyze the process of consolidation of the national state, the author refers to the texts of seven fundamental laws established during the regime of General Juan Vicente Gómez, which were based, on the one hand, on the principles of federalism and, on the other hand, they served to centralize the state. The author's considerations will be focused on the following conditions: the formation of the national armed forces, the centralization of the state administration organs, the development of the legislation and the economic growth based on the exploitation of crude oil.
EN
State’s sovereignty is its extraordinary value and also an international legal characteristic feature that distinguishes it from other states because it proves its independence. A sovereign state is one that carries out its own unlimited internal and foreign policy, except for limitations made by law and international treaties. However, the cultural identity, which is an essential part of national identity, is the second most important designatum of state, i.e. what distinguishes it from other nations and states. In the past, e.g. during the 123 years of the Partitions of Poland the invaders not only deprived our country of its sovereignty but also made attempts to deprive it of its cultural identity, i.e. to eliminate the use of the mother tongue via Germanization and Russification of the Polish nation and to deprive it of any national cultural achievements, including religion. The present article is an attempt to show the influence of the Polish membership to the European Union on our national sovereignty and cultural identity. The author asks many interesting questions, proposes theses and hypotheses and tries to show that our – voluntary – accession to the European Union was necessary and inevitable and strengthens our state’s sovereignty, serves the Polish reason of state and poses no threat to the cultural identity of Poland. Moreover, the author proves a thesis that, after the accession of Poland to the European Union, Poland not only gained new opportunities of political and economic co-operation, but also possibilities to participate in various cultural programs and use funds for the protection of spiritual and material goods of the national culture, and in this way to strengthen Polish cultural identity and national sovereignty.
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