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EN
The article concerns the principles and the evolution of the education policy regarding the native populace and the means of its implementation in West Pomerania in 1950–1956. It discusses the issues of compulsory education, material conditions of education among the native populace, the disposition of local political and administrative authorities towards the educational system, the level of education and of the educators in the facilities as well as the attitude of the Polish environment towards the native pupils.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest założeniom i ewolucji polityki oświatowej wobec ludności rodzimej i sposobom jej realizacji na terenie Pomorza Zachodniego w okresie 1950–1956. Omówione zostają kwestie realizacji obowiązku szkolnego, warunków materialnych w jakich pracowało szkolnictwo w skupiskach ludności autochtonicznej, stosunku do niego terenowych władz politycznych i administracyjnych, poziomu kształcenia i kadry pedagogicznej w tych placówkach oraz stosunku do uczniów-autochtonów polskiego otoczenia.
EN
Poland is an example of a national and ethnic structure which is inextricably linked with religion. Religion ought to be perceived as a multi-faceted phenomenon for it permeates all structures of the society. It exerts a profound influence on the functioning of families, local communities, the system of education, as well as on professional and other types of associations. Poland and its history constitute an excellent point of reference in that matter, for it has undergone a long and complex process of transformation from the country of multiculturalism to that of homogeneity. National and religious homogeneity was a rather short -lived experience because it was the outcome of the change of the country borders and expulsions of World War II. In the People’s Republic of Poland any manifestation of identity or difference was received with hostility. Depending on the area of social life, various degrees of repressive policies were implemented, and national and religious minorities became one of the targets of such politics. It can be argued that it exerted a particularly strong influence on the German minority, no longer able to cultivate its cultural and ethnic identity. The situation did not change until the socio -political transformation of 1989. It was then that a service in the German language was celebrated for the first time since the end of war. The place of celebration was no less significant - it was the Annaberg, a place which both Poles and Germans hold sacred.
EN
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it was a huge surprise for many Poles that over 173 thousand people declared in the National Census that their nationality was Silesian, not recognised by Polish legislation and not present in the collective consciousness. This article has the following goals: analysis of the geographic-political and geopolitical conditions of the shaping of Silesian identity; explanation of the reasons that made one of many regional groups living in Poland – the Silesians – unable to find their place within a larger nation; identification of the components of a sense of group identity of Silesians and definition of the institutional forms of its expression; definition of the character and social reach of the discussion concerning the transformations of ethnic structure in Poland exemplified by the emancipation ambitions of Silesians; answering the question: is Silesian nationality against Polish nationality or does it enrich it?The sense of Silesian national autonomy was shaped as a result of territorial, political and economic references to historical “big homelands” and the “small homeland” of Silesia and its history, marked by changing national affiliation and the resulting cultural influences of three main nations - Poles, Germans and Czechs. These three cultures most often overlapped their influences in the eastern part of the province, i.e. in Upper Silesia. While the western area (Lower Silesia) found itself quite quickly under the political and administrative influence of Bohemia and Germany, Upper Silesia remained under Polish rule for longer. But the memory of this multi-generational and multinational legacy that formed the unique circumstances of the region based on the potential of coal and other resources allowed for maintaining the emotional, cultural and, above all, genealogical relationship with the community shaped by the coexistence of Poles that have been here for centuries and immigrating Germans.In the context of national aspirations of Silesians, we should realise that a nation is not a permanent structure. Nations form and die. Besides, the survival of “Silesian nation” is not sure. Therefore, the fear of all those tightly clutching the permanence of the structure of Polish nation seems ungrounded and stems from the lack of awareness of historical processes that various kinds of communities, including national communities undergo. As the results of the latest census have shown, Silesians feel different from Poles, Germans and Czechs, while also feeling Silesian and Polish at the same time.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy terytorialnego formowania się i zmian przynależności państwowej Śląska, interpretując je w kategorii uwarunkowań kształtowania się poczucia odrębności narodowej jego mieszkańców. Przedstawiono liczebność osób deklarujących w początkach XXI w. śląską narodowość oraz podjęto próbę identyfikacji jej elementów składowych i instytucjonalnych form wyrażania. Ustalono, że poczucie odrębności narodowej Ślązaków ukształtowało się na podstawie terytorialno-politycznych i ekonomicznych odniesień do historycznych „dużych ojczyzn” oraz tej „małej”, jaką jest Śląsk i jego historia, znaczona zmienną przynależnością państwową, a co za tym idzie wpływami kulturowymi trzech głównych narodów – Polaków, Niemców i Czechów. Wpływy tych kultur krzyżowały się najczęściej w zachodniej części regionu, tj. na obszarze Górnego Śląska, gdzie koncentruje się w głównej mierze ludność identyfikująca się z narodem śląskim.
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