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EN
Problem: The study of cognitive deficits in patients who are addicted to alcohol is an important topic of contemporary research. Several studies demonstrate that for this group of patients is typical diffused cognitive deficit that impairs more cognitive abilities including executive functions. Recent researches shows that executive dysfunctions among this patients is connected with poor therapeutic prognosis and coping with alcohol addiction. Diagnostic of executive functions among this group is often underestimated. Our aim in this study is to assess executive function among this group of patients by new Olomouc test of figural fluency that is intended for measurement of executive functioning and comparing their results with control group. Methods: We assess performance of 44 patients with alcohol dependence syndrome and 146 volunteers in control group with Olomouc test of figural fluency. We refer about main specific of this method compared to other tools for assessing of figural fluency. Selection of all participants in both groups was voluntary and based on their motivation. Results: We found that clinical and control group differ statistically significantly in overall numbers of produced designs (CP), in overall numbers of unique designs (CV) and in the index of precision of their work (V/P). The main test criterion (number of unique designs, CV) shows as a most powerful and useful in differentiation of both groups from statistical (t=-4,73; p < 0,01) and practical points of view (effect size d=0,86). Discussion: Our research findings correspond with recent research studies about executive deficit among group of patients addicted to alcohol and overall poor performance in executive tasks. We considered that number of unique designs produced in Olomouc test of figural fluency should be important criterion for discrimination between research and control group. For prediction of impact of executive deficit to coping with addiction is further research needed. Limitations: Limitations of our research include voluntary selection of participants and lower level of education in clinical group compared to control group.
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When we see a child crying, the urge to help him and to comfort him comes to us spontaneously. We understand what he is experiencing, and feel in us something of his sadness, his distress: this is what we call empathy. This sense of the other is the fruit of our evolutionary history and is hardwired in our biology. Empathy has interested a lot of thinkers and in particular the Scottish philosophers of the Age of the Enlightenment such as Adam Smith or Hume. More recently, the philosophers Robert Gordon (St Louis, Missouri) and Alvin Goldman (Tuscon, Arizona) proposed the theory of simulation according to which when we understand the other, we simulate the other’s point of view and we use this prospective to understand the other and predict his behavior. The French neuropscyhologist Jean Decety adopted this point of view. He specifies that the empathy is the capacity to mentally simulate the subjectivity of the other, to put ourselves in the shoes of another: it lies on biological systems.
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EN
The article outlines the development of neuropsychology abroad and in our country, in the former Czechoslovakia, enriched by the experiences from work in neuropsychological laboratory in Psychiatric Centre at Heiloo, Netherlands. The state of neuropsychological diagnostic and ensuing rehabilitation of persons with brain afflictions is discussed and the influence of Alexander Romanovich Luria, who was one of the founders of both clinical and theoretical neuropsychology, is underlined. The author present the model of „a closed circle“ as a model of possible neuropsychological rehabilitation in psychiatry. The article concludes by outlining prospects of the field of neuropsychology.
CS
Příspěvek nastiňuje přehled vývoje oboru neuropsychologie ve světě i u nás, v tehdejším Československu doplněný zkušenostmi z práce v neuropsychologické laboratoři v Psychiatrickém centru v Heiloo v Nizozemí. Je pojednán stav neuropsychologické diagnostiky a následné rehabilitace jedinců s postiţením mozku. Je podtrţen vliv Alexandra Romanoviče Luriji, který stál u vzniku klinické i teoretické neuropsychologie. Autor představuje model "uzavřeného kruhu" - jako model moţné neuropsychologické rehabilitace v psychiatrii. V závěru příspěvku je načrtnut výhled oboru neuropsychologie.
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Deprese a kognitivní funkce - současné perspektivy

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EN
The review summarizes the knowledge and specific findings about cognitive functioning in depression. Although decades of research on depressive disorder have pointed out cognitive impairment might be linked to depression, a number of meta-analyses indicated that cognitive impairment is not necessarily present in all individuals suffering from this disorder. On the other hand, apart from classical neuropsychological studies there is a growing body of research calling attention to the improvement of some cognitive processes linked to the negative affect with the overreach to depressive affect. The review focuses on these inconsistencies and discusses the methodology of the research on depression, which lacks unity. Last but not the least, attention is drawn to the role of cognition in the course of depression with considerations of how the methodology of research can help to identify it. Furthermore, suggestions for future research are proposed to bring more clarity into this complex matter.
CS
Článek pojednává o dosavadních poznatcích a specifických nálezech v oblasti kognitivního fungování u depresivní poruchy. Ačkoli desítky let výzkumu depresivní poruchy ukazují na kognitivní oslabení spojené s touto poruchou, řada metaanalýz naznačuje, že kognitivní deficit není přítomen u všech jedinců trpících depresí. Vedle klasických neuropsychologických studií existuje také řada výzkumů, které poukazují naopak na zlepšení některých funkcí při prožívání negativního afektu a dokonce i v průběhu depresivní poruchy. Příspěvek se věnuje těmto inkonzistencím a dále se zabývá metodologií výzkumu deprese, která rovněž vykazuje nejednotnost. V neposlední řadě je věnována pozornost celkové roli kognice v rozvoji depresivní poruchy s řešením otázky, jakým způsobem může použitá metodologie výzkumu pomoci rozklíčovat roli kognitivních aspektů u deprese. Na závěr jsou pak navržena opatření, která by v budoucím výzkumu mohla vnést světlo do řešení této problematiky.
EN
The Author is interested in the states of becoming silent, discontinuing one’s utterance, which are associated with certain mechanisms of the functioning of the brain, as well as in the observation of such states in different artistic disciplines. Looking for an answer to the question how aposiopesis operates in words, sounds, and images, she analyzes pieces of music, poems (Zbigniew Herbert’s Pora), and examples of visual arts (Wojciech Pakmur’s paintings of the tango). In her reconstruction of the research field, the Author refers to rhetoric ( Jerzy Ziomek, Seweryna Wysłouch), the philosophy of language (Michel Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard), and neurophenomenology. The aim of the article is to suggest a new mode of reading that seeks inspiration and language in works from the field of neuropsychology (Maria Pąchalska), hermeneutic phenomenology (Mark Johnson), or neurology (António Damásio, Oliver Sacks). The Author’s analyses refer to Raoul Schrott and Arthur Jacobs’s concept (Gehirn und Gedicht, 2011), and the conclusions confirm that one should not look for a model (pattern) in the reception of art, but describe mental processes. The proposed mechanism of interpretation is most accurately reflected by the metaphor of dance improvisation, where one does not meditate on and then perform particular steps and gestures, but “thinks in motion.” This mode of reading emphasizes the spatial dimension of thought processes and their dynamic nature.
PL
The Author is interested in the states of becoming silent, discontinuing one’s utterance, which are associated with certain mechanisms of the functioning of the brain, as well as in the observation of such states in different artistic disciplines. Looking for an answer to the question how aposiopesis operates in words, sounds, and images, she analyzes pieces of music, poems (Zbigniew Herbert’s Pora), and examples of visual arts (Wojciech Pakmur’s paintings of the tango). In her reconstruction of the research field, the Author refers to rhetoric ( Jerzy Ziomek, Seweryna Wysłouch), the philosophy of language (Michel Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard), and neurophenomenology. The aim of the article is to suggest a new mode of reading that seeks inspiration and language in works from the field of neuropsychology (Maria Pąchalska), hermeneutic phenomenology (Mark Johnson), or neurology (António Damásio, Oliver Sacks). The Author’s analyses refer to Raoul Schrott and Arthur Jacobs’s concept (Gehirn und Gedicht, 2011), and the conclusions confirm that one should not look for a model (pattern) in the reception of art, but describe mental processes. The proposed mechanism of interpretation is most accurately reflected by the metaphor of dance improvisation, where one does not meditate on and then perform particular steps and gestures, but “thinks in motion.” This mode of reading emphasizes the spatial dimension of thought processes and their dynamic nature. 
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Uszkodzenie mózgowia o różnej etiologii wiąże się często z następczą zmianą zdolności poznawczych, emocjonalnych i motorycznych. Dotyczy to także osób zajmujących się bardziej lub mniej profesjonalnie tworzeniem dzieł artystycznych. W związku z tym powstaje pytanie o charakter zmian w stylu artystycznym po epizodzie neurologicznym oraz neuronalne korelaty takich zmian. Neuropsychologia jest jedną z dyscyplin zajmujących się empiryczną analizą zmian artystycznych po epizodzie neurologicznym. Jak dotąd nie wypracowano spójnego modelu badań neuropsychologicznych w tym zakresie, dominują subiektywne analizy zmian artystycznych, zaś tematyka badawcza jest znacznie rozproszona. Nie ma też zadowalających odpowiedzi na fundamentalne pytania dotyczące relacji pomiędzy uszkodzonym mózgiem i zachowaniami artystycznymi. W artykule przedstawiono najpierw krytyczną analizę „koncepcji medycznej”, zgodnie z którą samo dzieło artystyczne pozwala na diagnozowanie form patologii. Następnie podejęto próbę ustalenia względnie jednolitej i adekwatnej metodologii badań zmian artystycznych po epizodzie neurologicznym. Dodatkowo przedstawiono zarys aktualnych kluczowych tendencji badawczych i wyników neuropsychologii sztuki wizualnej. Ponadto krytycznej ocenie poddano modelowe badanie określające nasilenie i zakres zmian artystycznych po uszkodzeniu mózgowia.
EN
CNS lesions of different etiologies are often associated with following changes in cognitive, emotional and motor skills. This also refers to individuals involved in creating works of art, either vocationally or as non-professional activity. This implies the question of the nature of changes of artistic style after a neurologic episode and neuronal correlates of these changes. Neuropsychology is one of disciplines among these concerned with the empirical study of changes in artistic style after a neurologic episode. No coherent neuropsychological paradigm enabling the assessment of artistic expression change following brain injury has evolved. Subjective analyses of the artistic changes predominate. This research area remains rather vague. There are no satisfactory reflections over essential questions regarding the nature of relationship between damaged brain and artistic behaviors. This article presents a critical analysis of the “medical conception” which states that a single piece of art allows the diagnosis of any pathology, e.g. brain pathology. Also, a relatively consistent and pertinent research methodology in the assessment of changes in artistic style after brain injury, is proposed. Finally, a review of current key research trends, results of studies in the neuropsychology of visual art are accompanied by the critical analysis of a standard study design evaluating the quantitative and qualitative aspects of changes in the artistic style following CNS damage.
EN
Executive function deficit - as the direct and longlasting consequence of maltreatment experienced in childhood
EN
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NS), such as depression, apathy, hallucinations, etc., as well as changes in creativity in older age, are telltale marks in the development of such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Both NS and creativity are important non-cognitive aspects of behavior that changes as a result of neurodegeneration, similar to the development of cognitive deficit. NS can occur in the preclinical stages of neurodegeneration, as well as in the clinical stages (mild cognitive impairment or dementia). However, in clinical routine, their presence is underestimated, or patients with neurodegeneration are often considered to have psychiatric disorders, which may negatively affect their treatment. Scientific research is increasingly devoted to the analysis of the non-cognitive aspects of neurodegenerative diseases, resulting in the newly defined concept of Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI). In this paper, a review of the most common NS and changes in creativity as a result of neurodegeneration with a special focus on Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson’s disease is presented.
CS
Neuropsychiatrické příznaky (NP) ve starším věku (deprese, apatie, poruchy vnímání, poruchy myšlení aj.) mohou být varovným signálem pro rozvoj závažných neurodegenerativních onemocnění. Kromě NP se u neurodegenerativních onemocnění objevují rovněž změny v kreativitě. Nejčastějšími onemocněními asociovanými s rozvojem NP ve starším věku jsou Alzheimerova nemoc, Frontotemporální lobární degenerace, Nemoc s Lewyho tělísky a Parkinsonova nemoc. NP i kreativita jsou významnými nekognitivními aspekty chování, které se mění důsledkem neurodegenerace ve stejné míře, jako dochází k poruchám kognice. V průběhu rozvoje neurodegenerativních onemocnění jsou NP přítomny v preklinické fázi i ve fázích s jasnými klinickými příznaky (mírná kognitivní porucha či demence). V klinické praxi je však jejich přítomnost často přehlížena, nebo jsou pacienti s NP primárně považováni za pacienty s psychiatrickými poruchami, což může negativně ovlivnit jejich léčbu. V současnosti se vědecký výzkum stále více věnuje analýze nekognitivních aspektů provázejících neurodegenerativní onemocnění, výsledkem je nově definovaný koncept mírné poruchy chování (Mild Behavioral Impairment, MBI). V předkládaném článku představujeme přehled nejčastějších poruch NP a změn v kreativitě u nejběžnějších neurodegenerativních onemocnění v dospělosti.
EN
The problems indicated in the present publication result from various malfunctions or deficits caused e.g. by craniocerebral traumas. The sick persons struggle with num­erous consequences of such traumas which directly translate into, amongst others, the spoken and written communication process. Apsychological, neuropsychological, neuro­logical and psychiatric diagnosis is asource of valuable information about the disease progress and suspension, or the effectiveness of the implemented therapy. The application of modern research views and positions contributes to the development of more effective impacts directing and supporting patients in their endeavour to live in dignity. This publication is addressed primarily to students as ateaching aid during the forensic, criminal or civil procedure courses, but also to practitioners who – for their professional purposes – appoint handwriting experts, and who seek knowledge about handwriting research.
PL
Skala Niesprawności Neurologicznej Szpitala Guy (GNDS, The Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale) jest istotnym narzędziem służącym do pomiaru niepełnosprawności u osób ze stwardnieniem rozsianym. Służy ona do określenia poziomu funkcjonowania w dwunastu ważnych obszarach. Celem obecnych badań było opracowanie polskiej wersji językowej skali GNDS i sprawdzenie jej trafności, rzetelności oraz przydatności do oceny niepełnosprawności występującej u osób ze stwardnieniem rozsianym. Grupę badaną stanowiło 175. pacjentów z rozpoznaniem stwardnienia rozsianego. W badaniu wykorzystano Rozszerzoną Skalę Niewydolności Ruchowej – EDSS, Skalę Niesprawności Neurologicznej Szpitala Guy – GNDS, Skalę Akceptacji Choroby – AIS, Skalę Wpływu SM na Jakość Życia Chorych – MSIS 29. Dokonano analizy rzetelności i trafności skali. Przeprowadzono konfirmacyjne analizy czynnikowe (CFA) w celu zbadania jej struktury czynnikowej. Stwierdzono, że współczynnik α-Cronbacha dla skali GNDS wyniósł 0,70. Cała skala GNDS wykazała adekwatną rzetelność. Wykazano korelację wyniku w skali GNDS ze zmiennymi charakteryzującymi przebieg SM, takimi jak czas trwania choroby, jej postać, ocena zdolności do samodzielnego poruszania czy też konieczność stosowania sprzętu rehabilitacyjnego podczas poruszania. Uzyskano ponadto korelację pomiędzy wynikiem w skali GNDS a wynikami w skalach EDSS, AIS i MSIS-29, co wskazuje na zadowalającą trafność. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że skala GNDS jest użytecznym i wartościowym narzędziem służącym do oceny niepełnosprawności u chorych na stwardnienie rozsiane. Skala ta może być stosowana zarówno dla potrzeb klinicznych, jak i badawczych. Skala GNDS jest wielowymiarowa, zorientowana na pacjenta i nie faworyzuje żadnej konkretnej niepełnosprawności.
EN
The Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS) is a tool used to measure the degree of disability in individuals with multiple sclerosis. It allows to evaluate the patient’s level of performance in twelve significant areas. The aim of this study was to develop the Polish language version of the GNDS scale and assess its accuracy, reliability and utility to evaluate the degree of disability in individuals with multiple sclerosis. The study group consisted of 175 patients with diagnosed multiple sclerosis. The research tools included the following: the Extended Disability Status Scale, EDSS; Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale, GNDS; Acceptance of Illness Scale, AIS; Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale 29, MSIS 29. The scale’s reliability and accuracy were analysed. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted in order to investigate the scale’s factorial structure. Cronbach’s α coefficient for the GNDS scale equalled 0.70. The whole GNDS scale demonstrated adequate reliability. It was revealed that the GNDS scale result correlated with variables characteristic of MS course, such as duration of the disease, its kind, assessment of the ability to move independently or necessity to use the rehabilitation equipment when moving. In addition, the GNDS scale result correlated with the results in the EDSS, AIS and MSIS-29 scales, which indicates the scale’s satisfactory accuracy. The conducted analyses demonstrate that the GNDS scale is a useful and valuable tool, which allows to evaluate the degree of disability in multiple sclerosis patients. The scale can be used both for clinical and research purposes. The GNDS scale is multidimensional, patient-oriented and does not favour any specific kind of disability.
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