Search results

1

Pojęcie nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego i działalności rolniczej w ustawie o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego – wybrane kwestie z praktyki notarialnej

100%

Suchoń A.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

|

2019

|

issue 2(25)

91-111

IT

L’articolo si propone di risolvere i problemi di interpretazione relativi al concetto di fondo agricolo, azienda agricola, attività agricola presenti nella legge sul regime agricolo nel contesto della pratica notarile. A seguito della sua entrata in vigore, e in particolare della revisione del 14 aprile 2016, si sono verificati problemi di interpretazione legati ai concetti menzionati, ai quali la pratica e la dottrina hanno cercato di ovviare. Le modifiche introdotte, basate sulla revisione del 26 aprile 2019, hanno dato, almeno in parte, una risposta ai dilemmi segnalati. Non vi è dubbio che le varie interpretazioni in circolazione non erano d’aiuto nelnormalizzare la compravendita in oggetto. Pertanto, le modifiche andrebbero valutate positivamente,anche se le controversie continuano a sorgere. Ne è un esempio l’impatto, esercitato dalla modifica della destinazione d’uso dei fondi agricoli a fini non agricoli, sull’obbligo di svolgere un’attività agricola per la durata di 5 anni.

EN

The aim of the considerations is an attempt to solve problems related to the interpretation of the concepts of agricultural property, an agricultural holding and agricultural activity as defined in the Act on shaping the agricultural system experienced by notaries in their practice. After the entry of the Act into force, and especially after the amendment of 14 April 2016, there emerged interpretation problems related to the concept of agricultural property, an agricultural holding and agricultural activity, but the practice and doctrine strived to find interpretative solutions despite the difficulties. As a result, however, diverse interpretations of the concepts or terms in question did not serve the stability of the trading in agricultural property. The modifications introduced on the basis of the amendment of the Act of 26 April 2019 were to some extent a response to the dilemmas reported, and as such they must be assessed positively. At the same time, certain controversial issues remain, and example of which is the impact of a change from the designation of agricultural property for non-agricultural purposes into a 5-year obligation to operate an agricultural holding.

PL

Celem rozważań jest próba rozwiązania problemów interpretacyjnych związanych z pojęciem nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego, działalności rolniczej w ustawie o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego (UKUR) przy dokonywaniu czynności notarialnych. Po wejściu w życie UKUR, a szczególnie nowelizacji z 14 kwietnia 2016 r., pojawiły się problemy interpretacyjne związane z pojęciem nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego oraz działalności rolniczej, ale praktyka i doktryna starały się znaleźć rozwiązanie. Modyfikacje wprowadzone na podstawie nowelizacji UKUR z 26 kwietnia 2019 r. były w pewnym zakresie odpowiedzią na zgłaszane dylematy. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zróżnicowane wykładnie wspomnianych pojęć nie służyły stabilizacji obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi. Dlatego zmiany należy ocenić pozytywnie. Jednocześnie nadal występują kwestie dyskusyjne. Przykładem jest chociażby wpływ zmiany przeznaczenia nieruchomości rolnych na cele nierolnicze na 5-letni obowiązek prowadzenia gospodarstwa rolnego.

2

Akty notarialne notariuszy warszawskich działających w czasie II wojny światowej i ich zastosowanie we współczesnym obrocie prawnym

94%

Marciniak-Sikora A.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

|

2015

|

vol. 18

193-207

EN

During the second world war, the occupying power allowed Polish notaries to run individual notary public offices and perform notarial deeds therein under the supervision of occupying authorities, on the grounds of prewar Polish legislation, on the Polish territory incorporated into the General Government. Moreover, the notaries were obliged to draft deeds coherent with the legislation introduced by the occupant in the General Government. The number of the normative acts that made a brunt on the contemporary notary practice certainly includes the decision of the General Governor of 27 March 1940 on transactions in real estate in the General Government. Cases of deeds by notaries from the Warsaw Notary Chamber were used to portray the strategies of coping with the requirements imposed by the occupant. Little has been written about the history of post-war notarial deeds concluded by Warsaw notaries during the second world war. Yet it should be recognised that, with respect to both the form and content of the rules of law, they can provide grounds for contemporary conduct of legal transactions, notably entries into mortgage books. It must, however, be remembered that there have been numerous dishonest and corrupt practices based on such altered or forged documents, for which reason far-going caution is advised.

PL

W czasie II wojny światowej na ziemiach polskich, z których utworzono Generalne Gubernatorstwo, okupant zezwolił na prowadzenie przez notariuszy polskich indywidualnych kancelarii notarialnych oraz na dokonywanie przez nich czynności, pod nadzorem władz okupacyjnych, w oparciu o przedwojenne polskie przepisy. Nadto, rejenci byli zobligowani do sporządzania aktów notarialnych zgodnych z prawodawstwem wprowadzonym przez okupanta na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Do grupy aktów normatywnych, które odcisnęły piętno na ówczesnej praktyce notarialnej, należy niewątpliwie rozporządzenia Generalnego Gubernatora z 27 marca 1940 r. o obrocie nieruchomościami w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie. Na przykładzie aktów notarialnych rejentów z Warszawskiej Izby Notarialnej przedstawione zostały sposoby radzenia sobie z wymogami narzuconym przez okupanta. Na temat powojennych losów czynności rejentów warszawskich z okresu II wojny światowej wypowiadano się niewiele. Należy jednak uznać, że – przy zachowaniu przepisów prawa co do formy i treści – mogą one stanowić podstawę współczesnego obrotu prawnego, w tym być podstawą wpisu do księgi wieczystej. Pamiętać jednocześnie należy o licznych próbach oszustw podejmowanych w oparciu o takie przerobione bądź podrobione dokumenty i w związku z tym zachowywać należytą ostrożność.

3

The Historical Roots of Belgian Commercial Law

83%

Waelkens L.

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa

|

2013

|

vol. 6

|

issue 4

365–386

EN

The article presents a synthetic approach to the history of Belgian commercial law. The author starts with the regulations of Roman law and leads us from the beginnings of civil law in the times of the Roman Republic, describing the role of aediles and praetors, to the times of the Roman Empire. A significant part is dedicated to the grain trade and searches – not always successfully – for a self-contained commercial law. A separate analysis of the Roman banking practices includes a discussion of cheques and accounting. The fall of the Western Roman Empire brought changes in trade in the Mediterranean region. The description of the Middle Ages includes a series of causal factors that contributed to the development of commercial law in Western Europe and that were related to the Roman tradition (for example the development of canon law and the Church itself as an institution, as well as the development of universities). It also contains the analysis of organisational elements of commercial law that mainly pertain to Italy, which at that time had a leading role. Attention is also devoted to the development of the notarial profession and the bill of exchange. In the 11th century, cities and, by consequence, autonomous and trade-oriented systems of city rights began to gain importance. This evolution which started on the Apennine Peninsula later also took place in the north of Europe, including in the German maritime cities, and eventually brought organisational changes and led to the establishment of the Hanseatic League. Legal regulations embraced, inter alia, the maritime trade. When the first annual fairs were organised, improved safety and decreased toll rates furthered the development of towns situated on trade routes. Changes in the socioeconomic structure and the fall of Constantinople influenced the progressive standardisation of commercial law in different countries. The Greeks brought to the West not only their money and wealth but also their law. In the modern era, the first companies with legal personality appeared. The origins of contemporary Belgian commercial law are without a doubt connected with French law. The French rulers’ protectionist policies, which were characterised by a strong interference in laws regulating trade, were included in the ordinance of 1673, the main drafter of which was Savary, and the ordinance of 1681. Such actions resulted in traders developing their own judicial bodies. The next stage that was important for contemporary Belgian law was the issuing of the Napoleonic Code de Commerce of 1807. The French law was implemented in the parts of the Netherlands conquered by Napoleon. Commercial law courts after the French model were established and were staffed not by professional judges but by entrepreneurs. When the Belgians gained independence in 1830, one of their goals was to implement a new commercial code. In the end, however, they chose a different path – a comprehensive revision of the existing law that continued throughout the following decades. In that process Belgian commercial law was complemented with, among other things, private companies. The changes to the legal code in the 20th century resulted mainly from the developments in international law (e.g. the acceptance of conventions concerning promissory notes) as well as European law. In 1999 company law was transferred from the Code de Commerce to the Companies Code. The French commercial court system was adopted after the Belgian Independence, but during the last two hundred years the organisation of these courts was changed. Although some argue that there is a need for reform and for the removal of non-professional judges, the author of this paper is of the opinion that lay judges are efficient.

Refine search results

1 Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa

1 Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

1 Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

1 Marciniak-Sikora A.

1 Suchoń A.

1 Waelkens L.

1 2019

1 2015

1 2014

Pojęcie nieruchomości rolnej, gospodarstwa rolnego i działalności rolniczej w ustawie o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego – wybrane kwestie z praktyki notarialnej

Akty notarialne notariuszy warszawskich działających w czasie II wojny światowej i ich zastosowanie we współczesnym obrocie prawnym

The Historical Roots of Belgian Commercial Law