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EN
The article is an analysis of the rights of people sentenced to imprisonment specified in the Constitution and the Implementing Criminal Code. Referring to the two legal instruments, the author examines the rights of prisoners, people sentenced to militarycustody, people convicted of and sentenced for petty offences, people under arrest as well as detainees.
EN
This paper aims to prove that during the transformation process in Poland of the sectors of general economic interests due to specific economic characteristics of those sectors and the fact that interests of three groups participating in the decision making in this process: government, management and employees turned out being non controversial prevented loosing the monopoly status they initially enjoyed. The method used was the analysis of the stages of negotiation illustrated by subsequent documents of official strategies chosen for three sectors: railway, electricity and the final result illustrated by the structure of the market. Preventing the monopoly status permitted those groups seeking the rent, the monopoly status created or even demand that rent in the form of subsidy from the public authorities budgets by the threat of the strike which is the grave threat in the sectors delivering the service of general economic interest.
EN
Introduction: Continuing nursing education and the practice of newly acquired skills in clinical practice consist of increasingly important tools for improving patients’ care in today's health environment. Purpose: The purpose of this review study is to delve into the evaluation of continuing nursing education and its outcomes along with the educator’s role and obligations. Materials and Methods: A review of Greek and international literature was carried out, focusing on views regarding continuing nursing education and lifelong learning. The material of the study consisted of articles on the topic, found in Greek and international databases such as: Google Scholar, Mednet, Pubmed, Medline and the Hellenic Academic Libraries Association (HEAL-Link). Results: Evaluation of continuing nursing education is an integral part of improving the quality of educational activities. This assessment designates whether nurses meet the desired learning outcomes and provides feedback on ways to improve educational experiences that ultimately improve patient care. Conclusions: The final results of continuing nursing education activities should be aimed at improving nursing professional practice, and therefore, the care provided to patients by nurses.
EN
The purpose of the article is to draw the reader’s attention to the existing duty for parties to a relationship of obligation to co-operate at the performance phase of such an obligation. This duty is applicable to all types of obligations. However, it is most often analysed in connection with obligations arising from contracts. In this context, it is interesting how the duty to co-operate applies to obligations which are the effects of public procurement contracts. The article examines this problem in great detail. Reference is made to both the previously applicable law as well as the new Polish public procurement regulation.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na istniejący na gruncie polskiego prawa zobowiązań obowiązek współdziałania stron stosunku zobowiązaniowego na etapie wykonania zobowiązania. Regulacja ta znajduje zastosowanie do wszelkiego rodzaju zobowiązań, niewątpliwie jednak najczęściej odwołuje się do niej w przypadku stosunków umownych. W tym kontekście zainteresowanie budzi zastosowanie powinności współdziałania do zobowiązań stanowiących rezultat zawarcia umowy w sprawie zamówienia publicznego. W artykule problem ten poddano szczegółowej analizie. Odniesiono się przy tym zarówno do dotychczasowej jak i nowej regulacji Prawa zamówień publicznych.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2018
|
vol. 61
|
issue 2
243-264
EN
The catalogue of rights and obligations of the persons detained in custody takes into account the constitutional prohibition to violate the human dignity. The Executive Penal Code provides for the right of a person detained in custody to notify his/her place of residence, the right of defence, the right to use food, medical and hygienic resources received outside of the pre-trial detention centre and the right to employment. On the other hand, the basic duties of the detainees included the observance of the detention centre rules and regulations as well as the cleaning works within the detention centre. However, the exercise of these powers and the enforcement of obligations are difficult to enforce, thus limiting civil liberties.
PL
Przyjęty przez ustawodawcę katalog uprawnień i obowiązków osób tymczasowo aresztowanych uwzględnia konstytucyjną zasadę zakazu naruszania godności ludzkiej. W Kodeksie karnym wykonawczym uwzględniono prawo aresztanta do powiadomienia o miejscu swojego pobytu, prawo do obrony, prawo do korzystania z wyżywienia, środków leczniczych i higienicznych otrzymywanych spoza aresztu śledczego i prawo do zatrudnienia. Natomiast do podstawowych obowiązków tymczasowo aresztowanych zaliczono przestrzeganie postanowień regulaminowych i porządkowych oraz wykonywanie prac porządkowych w obrębie aresztu śledczego. Jednak realizacja powyższych uprawnień oraz egzekwowanie obowiązków nastręcza trudności związane z wykonywaniem tych przepisów, przez co ogranicza się wolności obywatelskie.
PL
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
PL
Przyjęty przez ustawodawcę katalog uprawnień i obowiązków osób tymczasowo aresztowanych uwzględnia konstytucyjną zasadę zakazu naruszania godności ludzkiej. W Kodeksie karnym wykonawczym uwzględniono prawo aresztanta do powiadomienia o miejscu jego pobytu, prawo do obrony, prawo do korzystania z wyżywienia, środków leczniczych i higienicznych otrzymywanych spoza aresztu śledczego oraz prawo do zatrudnienia. Natomiast do podstawowych obowiązków tymczasowo aresztowanych zaliczono przestrzeganie postanowień regulaminowych i porządkowych oraz wykonywanie prac porządkowych w obrębie aresztu śledczego. Jednak realizacja powyższych uprawnień, jak również egzekwowanie obowiązków nastręcza trudności, przez co ogranicza się wolności obywatelskie.
EN
The catalogue of rights and obligations of people detained in custody takes into account the constitutional prohibition against violating human dignity. The Executive Penal Code provides for the right of a person detained in custody to notify his/her place of residence, the right of defence, the right to use food, medical and hygienic resources received from outside of the pre-trial detention centre and the right to employment. On the other hand, the basic duties of detainees include the observance of the detention centre’s rules and regulations as well as cleaning duties within the detention centre. However, the exercise of these powers and the enforcement of obligations are difficult, thus limiting civil liberties.
PL
Tekst wprowadza do tematyki samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Na wstępie przedstawia rys historyczny i aktualny model samorządu terytorialnego. W trzeciej części definiuje gminę, wskazuje jej umocowanie prawne i przedstawia jej ogólną charakterystykę. Cześć czwarta tekstu skupia się na zadaniach gminy, tak zleconych jaki i własnych, zarówno obligatoryjnych jak i fakultatywnych. Pracę uzupełniają liczne przykłady funkcjonowania samorządów, głównie z województwa pomorskiego, które to autor umieścił w przypisach. Całość bazuje na literaturze prawa administracyjnego i samorządowego oraz aktach prawnych aktualnych na dzień 31 września 2013 roku.
EN
The text in an introduction to the issues of local government in Poland. At the beginning it presents historical sketch and current model of local government. The third part defines community, indicates its legitimacy and presents general characteristics. Fourth part of the text focuses on community’s delegated and own task and duties, both obligatory and facultative. The text is supplemented with several examples mostly of communities from Pomorskie Region given in footnotes. All bases on administrative and communal law literature and acts of law valid on September 31st of 2013.
9
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Giustizia e diritti

71%
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2017
|
vol. 60
|
issue 3
179-200
EN
The proclamation of rights without contextual means to ensure. is not an effective source of justice and leads to a justice crisis. A new ‘model’ must be proposed , which sees the Roman law and process as a source of innovative suggestions and ideas that apply to the present. In particular, it is important to emphasize the ‘Treaties’ as threatening to man and the environment. The Roman law indicates the way to prevent the underlying economic and financial reign of the few.
PL
La proclamazione di diritti senza contestuale strumenti che ne assicurino l’effettività è fonte di crisi de diritto e della Giustizia. Occorre proporre un nuovo ‘modello’, per il quale il diritto ed il processo romano appaiono fonte di suggestioni e di spunti innovativi applicabili anche all’oggi. In particolare è inammissibile l’enfatizzazione dei ‘Trattati’ sino al punto di minacciare l’uomo e l’ambiente. Il diritto romano indica la via per impedire l’assoggettamento agli interessi economico- finanziari di pochi.
PL
The Turkish offensive in the Balkans often determined various human groups to search for a new life outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire. In the Dalmatian hinterland, administrated by Venice since the beginning of 16th century, the Morlachs are those who, together with Serbs, Croatians, Bosnians, etc. chose to accept the Venetian protection against the non-Christian danger. On its side, St. Mark′s Republic needed more and more new people to repopulate various regions that had hardly been affected by wars, plagues and drought. During the 16th century Serenissima established the rules of internal migrations (from one region to another of Stato da Mar) and its settlement policy for the poorly inhabited areas and their new colonists. The encouragement and the development of the population transfer from Dalmatia to Istria represented an aspect of the Venetian policy in balancing the demography of the state. Arrived from the inner Balkans, the Morlachs accepted quite often to settle in south – western Istria, because the benefits and the exemptions offered by the Republic were not to be ignored: exemptions from fees for using public pasturelands, the right to build settlements in empty spaces, exemptions from fees for transport or reductions from some of the administrative taxes. Even if these benefits were temporary or permanent, they used to increase the number of Morlach migrations from Dalmatia in Istria. In effect, as the documents attest, during the 16th century plenty of Morlach settlements appeared in the hinterland of the Istrian cities, like: Rovigno, Umago, Pinguente, Montona, Cittanova, Villanova, Raspo, Parenzo etc. Despite the fact that sometimes the Morlachs chose to leave the new settlements and turn back in Turchia, the numerous settlements colonized and inhabited by them justify, up to some extent, the existence of an Istrian Morlacchia.    
EN
The Turkish offensive in the Balkans often determined various human groups to search for a new life outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire. In the Dalmatian hinterland, administrated by Venice since the beginning of 16th century, the Morlachs are those who, together with Serbs, Croatians, Bosnians, etc. chose to accept the Venetian protection against the non-Christian danger. On its side, St. Mark′s Republic needed more and more new people to repopulate various regions that had hardly been affected by wars, plagues and drought. During the 16th century Serenissima established the rules of internal migrations (from one region to another of Stato da Mar) and its settlement policy for the poorly inhabited areas and their new colonists. The encouragement and the development of the population transfer from Dalmatia to Istria represented an aspect of the Venetian policy in balancing the demography of the state. Arrived from the inner Balkans, the Morlachs accepted quite often to settle in south – western Istria, because the benefits and the exemptions offered by the Republic were not to be ignored: exemptions from fees for using public pasturelands, the right to build settlements in empty spaces, exemptions from fees for transport or reductions from some of the administrative taxes. Even if these benefits were temporary or permanent, they used to increase the number of Morlach migrations from Dalmatia in Istria. In effect, as the documents attest, during the 16th century plenty of Morlach settlements appeared in the hinterland of the Istrian cities, like: Rovigno, Umago, Pinguente, Montona, Cittanova, Villanova, Raspo, Parenzo etc. Despite the fact that sometimes the Morlachs chose to leave the new settlements and turn back in Turchia, the numerous settlements colonized and inhabited by them justify, up to some extent, the existence of an Istrian Morlacchia.
EN
An important feature of the regulation of partnerships in Polish law is that contributions are shaped as mandatory elements. Contributions need to be determined by the partners in the partnership agreement and made, i.e. transferred to the partnership’s assets. The peculiar aspect of partnerships which is their normative model providing for their lack of legal capacity prior to registration impedes obedience to this requirement in the case of certain contributions, such as real property, compelling the lawyers to construct elaborate theoretical mechanisms aiming to allow the making of such contributions. Parallel to the inadmissibility of contribution-less partnerships is the requirement that all partners make contributions. This text aims to examine and verify whether such shape of the partnerships’ model in Polish law, placing on each and every partner a requirement to determine in the partnership agreement and make contributions, is practically beneficial, given the aims it is deemed to pursue as well as the values it is supposed to protect. The author argues that the protection of creditors does not constitute proper justification for the contemporary regulation, as in the case of partnerships such protection is effected, above all, through the partners’ personal liability. The text shall also show that, given the lack of any threshold regulating the minimal contribution, the issues of protecting the legal relations from the establishment of entities failing to pass the so-called gravity test. The author will examine the provisions of Polish law — namely, the Code of Commercial Companies — employing the formal-dogmatic method. Comparative methods will also be utilized, allowing to construe further arguments based on the development of the European law and the laws of certain member states, showing the advisability and rationality of accepting the contributions-less model with respect to partnerships. Therefore, there exist convincing reasons to allow the establishment of contribution-less partnerships.
EN
Under democratic conditions, the enforcement of educational rights and obligations is one of the guarantees that the education and training system can fulfill its function effectively. In Hungary, the system of educational institutions and legal protection operating within the framework of the rule of law dates back to more than a quarter of a century, but experience in such a short period of time is significant. By presenting some of the rights and obligations related to public education, the paper gives the reader an idea of how a post-socialist country in Central and Eastern Europe operates its public education system and how it was able to adapt to European norms more than 30 years after the public law regime change. At the same time, this approach not only informs about the realization of the second-generation rights to education in Hungary, but also provides insight into the current direction of public education policy, for example through the issue of centralization-decentralization. Therefore, the study examines only those public education legal relations that are the most characteristic in terms of the presentation of the Hungarian system - in the opinion of the author -, and best reflect the public education conditions in Hungary.
PL
W warunkach demokratycznych egzekwowanie praw i obowiązków edukacyjnych jest jedną z gwarancji, że system edukacji i szkoleń może skutecznie wypełniać swoją funkcję. Na Węgrzech system instytucji edukacyjnych i ochrony prawnej funkcjonujących w ramach praworządności sięga ponad ćwierć wieku, ale doświadczenie w tak krótkim okresie jest znaczące. Przedstawiając niektóre prawa i obowiązki związane z edukacją publiczną, artykuł daje czytelnikowi wyobrażenie o tym, jak kraj posocjalistyczny w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej działa w swoim systemie edukacji publicznej i jak był w stanie dostosować się do norm europejskich ponad 30 lata po zmianie reżimu prawa publicznego. Jednocześnie podejście to nie tylko informuje o realizacji praw drugiego pokolenia do edukacji na Węgrzech, ale także daje wgląd w aktualny kierunek polityki edukacji publicznej, na przykład poprzez kwestię centralizacji-decentralizacji. Dlatego w opracowaniu analizowane są tylko te stosunki prawne edukacji publicznej, które są najbardziej charakterystyczne z punktu widzenia prezentacji systemu węgierskiego - zdaniem autora - i najlepiej odzwierciedlają warunki edukacji publicznej na Węgrzech.
PL
By this article authors have opportunity to take part in the discussion on multilateralism, causality and non-reciprocity of civil partnership agreements in Polish legal regulation. The article provides an in-depth, normative analysis of the legal nature of a so called “civil law company” in the context of its complex, practical and theoretical organizational nature. Authors took up the civil law firm as a legal entity. As a result of the changed legal and economic context in Poland after the period of political transformation, it became necessary to redefine many issues. An example of this is the discussion on the legal status of a civil partnership as well as the controversy about its qualification as an entrepreneur or as an organization. The intention of the authors is to try to draw attention to the fact that, with such diversity of potential application of a civil law partnership in business, the maintenance of one broad regulation, which is currently included in Art. 860–875 of Polish Civil Code is non-functional.
EN
Article 90 of the Constitution of Poland (the constitutional law) is defined not only in the jurisprudence, but also in the doctrine, as the legal basis for the accession of a member state (including Poland) to an international organization. This participation is primarily related to membership rights, but also to obligations. Among the former, it is necessary to point out, firstly, reaping the benefits of membership in an international organization, secondly, exercising all statutory and customary membership rights, or participation in the decision-making process. On the other hand, member duties include, first of all, the performance of statutory obligations, supporting an international organization in achieving organizational goals and functions, or solidarity with the organization and its member states.
PL
Artykuł 90 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (ustawy zasadniczej) jest zdefiniowany nie tylko w orzecznictwie, ale również i w doktrynie, jako podstawa prawna przystąpienia państwa członkowskiego (m.in. Polski) do organizacji międzynarodowej. Udział ten związany jest przede wszystkim z uprawnieniami członkowskimi, ale także z obowiązkami. Wśród tych pierwszych należy wskazać po pierwsze czerpanie korzyści z członkostwa w organizacji międzynarodowej, po drugie wykonywanie wszystkich statutowych i zwyczajowych uprawnień członkowskich, czy też udział w procesie podejmowania decyzji. Natomiast do obowiązków członkowskich należy zaliczyć po pierwsze wykonywanie zobowiązań statutowych, wspieranie organizacji międzynarodowej w realizacji celów i funkcji organizacyjnych, czy też solidarność z organizacją oraz jej państwami członkowskimi.
PL
Numer identyfikacji podatkowej (NIP) stanowi obok firmy, siedziby i adresu podstawowy element oznaczenia przedsiębiorcy. Niniejsze opracowanie, w oparciu o analizę obowiązującego prawa, w tym w szczególności ustawy z dnia 2 lipca 2004 r. o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej (tekst jedn. Dz. U. z 2015 r., poz. 584 ze zm.) i ustawy z dnia 13 października 1995 r. o zasadach ewidencji i identyfikacji podatników i płatników (tekst jedn. Dz. U. z 2016 r., poz. 476 ze zm.), orzecznictwo oraz literaturę przedmiotu przedstawia źródła i zakres obowiązków przedsiębiorcy związanych z NIP, założenia i funkcje przypisywane tym obowiązkom oraz konsekwencje niestosowania się do nich, a także cechy relewantne NIP oraz elementy postępowania w sprawie nadawania i aktualizacji NIP.
EN
In accordance with Article 16 Act of 2 July 2004 on Freedom of Economic Activity, an entrepreneur is obligated to place in writ-ten declarations addressed within the scope of their activity to designated persons and authorities the tax identification number (NIP) and use this number in legal and economic transactions. What is more, the identification of the entrepreneur in particular official registers occurs on the basis of the tax identification number. The fundamental assumption of this obligation was that the tax identification number (NIP) from 1 January 2007 on, became the basic element identifying an entrepreneur in legal and economic transactions. The main aim (goal) of the publication is to point out the ideas and functions of NIP obligations.
EN
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
PL
W 2016 roku aktywa finansowe polskich gospodarstw domowych były równe krajowemu PKB. Ich pozycja netto była dość wysoka, gdyż odpowiadała mniej więcej 2/3 PKB. Polskie społeczeństwo jest bowiem stosunkowo mało, w porównaniu z zachodnimi, zadłużone. W aktywach zdecydowanie przeważają gotówka i środki zgromadzone w bankach. Od 2014 roku zarówno pozycja brutto, jak i netto gospodarstw domowych poprawiły się dzięki wzrostowi zatrudnienia, płac i rozszerzonemu programowi wsparcia socjalnego dla wielodzietnych rodzin (tzw. Program Rodzina 500 Plus). Analiza danych, które gromadzi od pewnego czasu NBP, wskazywałaby, że polskie społeczeństwo pewną część dodatkowych środków przeznaczyło na poprawienie swojej pozycji płynnościowej, gdyż dynamika przyrostu gotówki i należności na rozliczeniowych rachunkach w bankach były znacznie wyższe niż ogólny przyrost aktywów.
EN
In 2016, financial assets of Polish households equalled GDP. Their net position was quite high as it paralleled more or less 2/3 of GDP. This is so as the Polish society exhibits relatively low, compared with western ones, indebtedness. In assets, there definitely prevail cash in hand and cash in banks. Since 2014 both the gross and net position of households has improved owing to the growth of employment, salaries, and the extended programme of social support for large families (the so-called Family 500+ Programme). The analysis of data, which have been gathered by NBP for some time, would indicate that the Polish society destined some part of their additional means for improvement of their liquid position as the dynamics of incremental cash and receivables on personal accounts with banks were considerable higher than the overall increase in assets.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2020
|
vol. 31
|
issue 1
85-117
EN
The article presents the duties and rights of an advocate who applies in a process of the nullity of marriage, conducted by a church court. Not only are the duties and rights of a defender provided for by canon law discussed, but also the manner of their implementation, taking into account ethical standards, which are an important source of due behavior, and in the case of a church lawyer, constitute his code of ethics. A separate place was dedicated to financial issues related to the work of an advocate and the rules that should apply to mutual relations of process participants, especially in the cooperation between the advocate and the church court.  
PL
Artykuł prezentuje obowiązki i prawa adwokata kościelnego, który występuje w procesie o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa, prowadzonym przez sąd kościelny. Omówione zostały nie tylko powinności i uprawnienia obrońcy, jakie przewiduje prawo kanoniczne, ale także sposób ich realizacji z uwzględnieniem norm etycznych, które są istotnym źródłem powinnego zachowania, a w przypadku adwokata kościelnego stanowią jego kodeks etyczny. Osobne miejsce poświęcono kwestiom finansowym związanym z pracą adwokata oraz zasadom jakie powinny obowiązywać we wzajemnych relacjach uczestników procesu, w tym szczególnie we współpracy adwokata z sądem kościelnym.
PL
Policjantów, jak i funkcjonariuszy innych służb mundurowych oraz żołnierzy zawodowych, dotyczą szczególne uprawnienia, ale również szczególne obowiązki oraz ograniczenia. Niektóre z tych ostatnich wkraczają także w życie prywatne policjantów. W artykule poddano analizie postać i zakres tych obowiązków oraz ograniczeń, odnosząc się zarówno do ustawy pragmatycznej, jak i aktów wykonawczych oraz orzecznictwa sądowego. Wyjaśniona została także istota stosunku służbowego w formacjach zmilitaryzowanych, dyspozycyjności oraz podległości służbowej i ich wpływu na kształt i zakres obowiązków oraz ograniczeń, którym podlegają policjanci nie tylko w związku ze sprawowaniem służby, ale i w życiu prywatnym.
EN
The obligations and prohibitions laid down in the pragmatic act and implementing rules influence not only the way police officers behave when on duty but also their private life after service. The aim of this article is to present how far these acts enter into police officers’ private lives and where the border between duty and private life lies. The author of the article also explains the essence of the work relationship in militarized formations, the availability, the subordination and the submissions. In the article the author analyzes the obligations and restrictions included in The Police Act of 1990 as well as the influence of professional ethics on the way police officers behave in their private lives. On the basis of juridical decisions, the author of the article tries to prove that police officers are reported for breaches in professional ethics not only whilst on duty but also in their private lives.
EN
In the middle of 2002 a review research was conducted concerning the activity of the Polish society on the capital market. Factors were presented that are directly related to people's participation in the market. The very little activity results from the very low level of savings, unwillingness to take the investment risk, as well as too little information and too little knowledge about the way the capital market functions. The studies were undertaken on the range and mode of investing money in such basic instruments of the capital market as shares and stocks. It turned out that the security of investments and the interest rate of the invested money are most important.
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