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PL
W pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. dla człowieka i gospodarki wzrasta znaczenie roślin oleistych, co skutkuje zwiększającym się udziałem w strukturze zasiewów. Są one wykorzystywane do celów spożywczych oraz energetycznych. Wytworzone z nich tłuszcze spożywcze są wykorzystywane m.in. do produkcji olejów jadalnych lub stanowią surowiec do wytwarzania margaryn, wyrobów cukierniczych, piekarskich i konserw. Przetwórstwo surowców oleistych oraz produkcja wyrobów tłuszczowych w Polsce obecnie należą do dziedzin gospodarki najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijających się. Krajowa produkcja opiera się głównie na produkcji oleju rzepakowego i rzepikowego oraz margaryny. Polska stała się jednym z czołowych producentów oleju rzepakowego w Europie, natomiast w przypadku margaryny zajmuje drugie miejsce, posiadając 15% udziałów w produkcji margaryny w krajach UE-27. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie charakterystyki rynku tłuszczowego i obrotu towarowego produktami tłuszczowymi w Polsce na tle kształtowania się rynku światowego oraz Unii Europejskiej. Zaprezentowano import oraz eksport poszczególnych tłuszczów, skalę ich produkcji oraz spożycie. Wskazano, że konsumenci częściej wybierają tłuszcze roślinne niż zwierzęce, co wiąże się z promocją zdrowego trybu życia.
XX
In the first decade of the 21st century, oil plants gained in importance to humans and the economy thanks to their growing share in the overall crop structure. Oil plants provide seeds used for food and energy purposes. Edible fats obtained from the oil plants are used, among other things, to manufacture edible oils, or as a raw material for making margarines, confectionery and bakery products, and canned food products. The processing of oil containing raw materials and the production of edible fats are currently the most dynamically developing branches of the Polish food industry. The production of edible fats in Poland is determined mainly by the production of rapeseed and agrimony oils, and of margarine. Poland is one of the top manufacturers of rapeseed oil in Europe. From among the 27 countries of the EU, Poland produces the second highest amount of margarine, or 15% of the total. The paper characterises the fat market and trade in Poland, comparing it with the world and EU fat markets. It presents the import and export of individual fat types along with the scale of their production and consumption. It also notes that consumers more often choose edible plant fats over edible animal fats, a decision which can be attributed to the promotion of healthy lifestyles.
EN
The article aims to show the possible ways of judicial redress for claims resulting from sales of goods especially including the issue of jurisdiction and application of the provisions of national law or the provisions of Community law. In the article the provisions of the Convention of 30 October 2007 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters as well as the provisions of regulations of the European Parliament and of the Council were widely discussed. The author discusses in particular the issue related to cross-border contracts for the sales-of-goods within the European Union. Part of the deliberations concerns judicial rulings, in particular judicial decisions issued in cases in which the court shall consider the issue of jurisdiction of its own motion. In the conclusion of the article it is stated that the choice between the national jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of other states will depend on the terms of agreement between the parties as well as the documents related to the transaction, in particular consignment notes (CMR), and the EXW clauses – such a formulation means that the parties agreed to the way of delivery of goods according to the commercial (Incoterms) clauses, determining in such a way the issue of jurisdiction.
EN
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the so-called Vienna Convention, CISG) is considered one of the most important and influential private law acts of the past decades. The most compelling evidence of the impact of the CISG is the European private law. It is especially evident in case of consumer sales law of the European Union. The Consumer Sales Directive (99/44) and, to some extent, even the Directive on Consumer Rights (2011/83/EC) were based on principles and institutions derived from the CISG. The most important influences are of course the objective liability of a debtor and the institution of conformity of the goods; however, even the basic terms (such as “conformity of goods” and “non-conformity of goods”) are defined per analogiam. And even though European legislator did not borrow from the CISG its’ concept of the fundamental breach of contract, the further cases of CISG’s impact are seen in cases of Nachfrist and remedies available to the parties of a contract. Since European consumer sales law is one of the most important spheres of EU interests and influences national civil law systems, CISG may easily be described as the model and backbone of future private law harmonization.
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