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EN
In the paper the comparison of the level of environment pollution in voivodships was conducted for Poland before and after the accession to the European Union. The measures of location and regression depth were used in the analysis. The classification of voivodships was conducted using the multivariate median. The usage of the multivariate median was also proposed in analysis of structural changes of phenomenon in time. The regression coefficients were estimated by the deepest regression method in order to eliminate the influence of outliers.
EN
The return on sale (ROS) is one of the most important indexes used to estimate the effectiveness of running an enterprise. This index is usually estimated “at point”, having information about financial results and sales profits of an enterprise. By that it means, it does not include the developing path of an enterprise, which means that the results of work in period “t” do not affect the results of work in earlier periods. In analysis below, we suggest to estimate ROS by using the regression model with various variables. It can help overcome the inconvenience stated above. ROS can be estimated by using the following pattern: ROS_{t} = 1 - [( a_{0t}/PS_{t}) ) + a_{1t}] The results show, that this model has a lot of cognitive values because it helps realize the calculus of return on sale. This model can easily be used to make ROS prognosis.
PL
Badanie zjawiska konwergencji dochodowej znajduje szerokie odzwierciedlenie w dotychczasowym dorobku nauki i praktyce gospodarczej. Otrzymywane rezultaty charakteryzują się jednak stosunkowo dużym zróżnicowaniem. Wielu autorów wskazuje na silne uzależnienie uzyskiwanych wyników od zakresu czasowego i przekrojowego prowadzonych analiz oraz stosowanych metod badawczych. Mało uwagi poświęca się jednak roli obserwacji nietypowych, które mogą być wynikiem błędnego pomiaru, wystąpienia zdarzenia losowego, niestandardowych warunków lub działań o charakterze celowym. Weryfikacji poddana została hipoteza o istotnym wpływie tych obserwacji na uzyskiwane wyniki procesu estymacji. Głównym celem pracy było ustalenie, czy występowanie obserwacji uznanych za nietypowe istotnie zmienia jakość modeli oraz szybkość procesu konwergencji dochodowej.
EN
The research of income convergence found remunerative findings in the existing literature and economic practice. The results obtained, however, show comparatively large differentiation. Many authors underline the strong dependence of the results obtained from the time and spatial character of the sample as well as the type of methods applied. Little attentions is placed on the role of non-typical observations (outliers) which can occur as a result of incorrect measurement, random error, non-standard circumstances or intentional impact. The hypothesis verified was that outliers exert an essential influence on estimation results. The main objective of the analyses provided was to determine if the occurrence of such observations significantly changes the quality of the models built and the speed of the process of income convergence.
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