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PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano opcje na akcje. Wyjaśniono podstawowe pojęcia, takie jak: termin wykonania, termin wygaśnięcia, cena wykonania, cena opcji. Do opisu ewolucji cen akcji wykorzystano geometryczny ruch Browna. Sformułowano kilka problemów dotyczących inwestowania w opcje na akcje otrzymując zadania programowania stochastycznego. Korzystając z własności ruchu Browna pokazano, w jaki sposób szacować prawdopodobieństwa zdarzeń polegających na osiągnięciu przez inwestora zysków na żądanym poziomie lub przy ustalonym poziomie ryzyka. Dla każdego z zadań dokonano przykładowych obliczeń.
EN
This article describes the stock options. It explains the basic concepts, such as settlement date, expiration date, strike price and premium. To describe the evolution of share prices we used the geometrical Brownian motionWe presented the several criteria for investment in options and shares and then obtained the exercises of stochastic programming. Using the properties of Brownian motion, we explained how to estimate the probability of achieving the profit of desired amount or on fixed level of risk. For each of these criteria we presented the sample calculations.
EN
The aim of the paper was to present two the most important valuation models of American call option. In the scientific literature such models are well known, but the way the final formulas of them are conducted are not clearly presented. The detailed analysis of relationship between variables included in the model was also shown. The added value of the paper is the “step-by-step” analytical calculation of the premium value of the Black & Scholes formula and also the way the “Greek numbers” were derived. The paper consists of four chapters in which two models of options valuation and the way of calculation of “Greek numbers” were derived.
EN
The success of the profound restructuring changes in the Polish economy depended mainly on the effectiveness of the reforms concerning the restructured properties in all sectors. This required a new approach to private property, determining the new role and place of employees in the process of changes and forming employee companies. Employee companies were formed as a result of direct privatization, so-called liquidation, when the equity of the enterprise is handed over for use with the right to the repurchase by the majority of employees of the established company (leasing). Prior to this privatization it was necessary to convince employees to purchase shares. One should keep in mind that this method turned out to be effective with respect to small and medium-sized enterprises, which didn't require the great financial outlays which were necessary for the privatization of larger companies. Initially it may be said that the conditions for implementing new solutions increasing the participation of employees in ownership, or their participation in other financial programs, are not very favourable. It is even possible to formulate the thesis that in Polish enterprises and amongst employees, peculiarly at the workshop level, there was an awareness barrier, which has made the process of further democratic changes rather difficult. Breaking this barrier can only take place after a certain time, when the employee as an owner begins to understand the economic significance of a dividend, picks up the habit of thinking in categories of an increase in goodwill, and realizes that this is transferred directly into an increase in the value of his or her assets.
PL
Powodzenie głębokich zmian restrukturyzacyjnych w polskiej gospodarce zależało głównie od skuteczności reformy dotyczącej restrukturyzacji własności we wszystkich sektorach. Wymagało to nowego podejścia do własności prywatnej, określenia nowej roli i miejsca pracowników w procesie zmian oraz tworzenia spółek pracowniczych. Spółki pracownicze powstawały w wyniku prywatyzacji bezpośredniej, tzw. likwidacyjnej, kiedy to majątek przedsiębiorstwa zostaje przekazany do odpłatnego korzystania z prawem wykupu spółce założonej przez większość pracowników danego przedsiębiorstwa (leasing). W celu przeprowadzenia tego typu prywatyzacji i zgromadzenia niezbędnego kapitału, ci, którzy inicjują proces, muszą przekonać pracowników do kupna udziałów. Należy pamiętać, że metoda ta okazała się skuteczna w stosunku do przedsiębiorstw małych i średnich, które nie wymagały uruchomienia tak znacznych środków finansowych, jak to miało miejsce przy prywatyzacji dużych przedsiębiorstw. Wstępnie można stwierdzić, że warunki do wprowadzania nowych rozwiązań w zakresie wzrostu udziału pracowników we własności czy partycypacji w innych programach finansowych są mało sprzyjające. Można nawet postawić tezę, że w polskich przedsiębiorstwach i wśród pracowników, szczególnie niższego szczebla istnieje świadomościowa bariera, utrudniająca proces dalszych zmian własnościowych czy wdrażania nowych form demokracji ekonomicznej w kierunku powstania nowego typu odpowiedzialności za firmę. Przełamanie tej bariery może nastąpić po pewnym czasie, kiedy to pracownik już jako właściciel zaczyna rozumieć ekonomiczny sens dywidendy, nabiera nawyku myślenia w kategoriach wzrostu wartości firmy, bo to przekłada się wprost na wzrost wartości jego akcji.
EN
Wider and wider scope of research into the influence of participation on the results achieved by companies confirms the belief that the previous results are not satisfactory, and there is a need for conducting further, even deeper surveys which might contribute to drawing less ambiguous conclusions on the basis of the analyses carried out. It is also necessary to improve the definitions of particular forms of financial participation because their different interpretation by various research teams frequently results in obtaining results that differ considerably. This fact does not allow for evaluation of the real level of employees’ participation in those schemes, which in turn does not reflect the results achieved on the grounds of their introduction in companies. The previous research, although not very complex, show that using programs which allow for a participation of employees in profit and/or ownership is often connected with higher efficiency or other benefits achieved by companies and workers. The research into the employees’ attitudes generally show positive relationships between the implemented share ownership programs and employees’ attitudes and behaviors, although the strength of this relation is not very great, or in marginal cases there is absence of such a relation. It is impossible to draw more straightforward causal conclusions because of the cross-section information and short-term data panels. Additionally, there are only a few studies making use of long-term data panel in which it is possible to display positive effects in the longer run. Similar research conducted in the companies using profit sharing show a general, positive impact on efficiency and it is definitely stronger than in the case of employee share ownership schemes. Moreover, in the professional literature there is a shortage of studies which would analyze the mutual interaction of different schemes. One of a few such attempts are the research conducted by G. Braam and E. Poutsma, which make use of the international database of companies, including 5000 of the most important enterprises, which contains financial, marketing and other data. The research were conducted in the period 1992–2006 on the sample of 1878 companies, listed on the Dutch stock.
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