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EN
The relationship between international trade and growth is one of the most popular debates in international economics literature. Although there are numerous theoretical approaches and empirical studies about the issue, the direction of the causality and the magnitude of the interaction still remain unclear. In this study, qualitative comparative analysis introduced by Ragin (1987) is applied, different from the previous empirical studies on the topic. The results present the conditions for growth in the country groups involved. The findings imply that trade policy is still of great importance in terms of stimulating growth in developing countries, while it has little importance in developed countries.
EN
The author reviews the studies of creativity from the aspect of what relationship can be established between creativity in either everyday life or outstanding creators and optimism, health and subjective well-being. According to her reasoning both kinds of creativity is probably contingent to optimism – except the case of artists, as the author hasn’t found any data supporting the correlation. The relationship between everyday creativity and subjective well-being can be also concluded.
Problemy Prawa Karnego
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2018
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vol. 2 (28)
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issue 2
225-237
EN
The principle of openness, as one of the foremost principles of criminal proceedings, is realised above all during the main trial. The amendment act of law to the code of criminal procedure issued on 10 June 2016 introduced model changes in this regard. The article is devoted to a discussion of mainly these changes in the context of their consistency with the Constitution. The first change has to do with the fact that the public prosecutor has the right to express his or her objection toward the holding of a trial in camera, while such an objection is binding for the court. This regulation is a source of reservations of constitutional nature, for it violates the constitutional right to a fair adjudication of a case by the court. The second fundamental change consists in the establishment, as a principle, of audio-visual registering of the court session by the representatives of media outlets. In these terms, a critical analysis should be conducted upon the removal of the condition of the respect of the important interest of the participant of a criminal proceeding. However, a basically positive evaluation was received by the extension of the scope of the openness of the main trial, expressing a thesis about the constancy of this regulation with the Constitution.
EN
The subject of the study is an analysis of the procedures related to the selection of the most advantageous offer in the process defined in the public procurement law. Pointing out the essence of the problem in the area of public financial resources management, attention was paid first of all to legal solutions, their number of changes since the first act was passed in 1994, and to the essence of public financial resources management in the surrounding reality. Based on an analysis of Internet resources randomly selected from more than 50 local governments, mainly districts of large Polish cities, the transparency of public procurement procedures was assessed. Thus, with regard to a particular district, the methods of case study and expert analysis were used in scientific evaluation of the public procurement phenomenon. Then, on the basis of the literature and analysis of the surrounding reality, changes were indicated, the introduction of which will improve public procurement. The results of the research in particular boroughs were used to diagnose the research problem related to transparency in public procurement proceedings and to achieve the objective, which was to develop a state diagnosis and proposals of changes ensuring an increase in the level of utilisation of public financial resources. It was assumed in the study that proper management of public financial resources in the area of expenses, especially those covered by public procurement law, eliminates excessive debt and thus creates security in the area of local financial resources. At the end of the study, recommendations were presented to eliminate the identified shortcomings in the legal solutions and functioning public procurement procedures.
EN
The aim of the article is to indicate the heritage of the Piarist order in contemporary education. From the very beginning, activity of Piarist monks was directed at poor children and young people, who through education were to become better citizens and Catholics. Nowadays, this heritage is visible in schools run by Piarist monks. One of the school centers is the Piarist School Complex in Elbląg. An interview with the management and teachers, as well as the results of the survey questionnaire collected, allow you to view the modern heritage of Piarist in this school. The article indicates the Piarist School Complex in Elbląg as an example of contemporary piarist activity, which on the one hand is a modern approach to education, and on the other fulfills the assumptions accompanying from the beginning of the activity of piarist education.
EN
Heidegger claimed that traditional understanding of the truth as correspondence of the proposition with the entity is grounded in more primordial phenomena. He called them “the more fundamental truth”. Heidegger pointed out that the latter also comprise of such phenomena as Entdeckend-sein der Aussage and Erschlossenheit of the human Dasein. However, Heidegger’s attempt to call these phenomena as “the fundamental truths” can be justified only when they possessed so key character as the traditional concept of the truth. The latter understands its content as a basic regulative idea which is binding for all our thinking and talking about anything real. That is why the truth is considered as a necessary condition of possibility of any authentic bond among people. This key character of the truth does not exist in the mentioned-above phenomena. Hence, the attempt to call them “the truth” seems to be unjustified and mistaken.
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EN
An opposition catholic Poland versus secular Europe is thought to be an opposition a deep culture, more close to metaphysical Truth versus superficial culture. The Author considers legitimacy of the term catholic Poland and first of all he considers if it is right to think secular culture is metaphysically superficial. The Author examines catholic and secular cultures how far open they are. He treats an openness as a fundamental feature of high culture.
EN
I present—in an extremely sketchy form—a model of two-level, open, plastic and multidimensional human nature. Due to the included attribute of multidimensionality this model opposes the reductive conceptions of man dominating in today’s philosophy. The main objective of the paper is the ontological status of man, especially the ontic foundation of multidimensional man. I demonstrate that this status remains a riddle; one only knows that from the ontological perspective man is a wholly exceptional object, not explainable by to-date ontological constructions.
EN
Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 (Tryckfrihetsförordningen), the world’s very first legislation supporting freedom of the press and freedom of information, is part of the country’s constitution and grants today the widest possible public access to official documents. It forms the basis of the traditional Swedish right known as The Principle of Public Access to Official Documents (offentlighetsprincipen) and plays a crucial role not only in providing the right to access public documents, but is also indispensable in order to uphold public accountability of government and state officials. Exercising the widest possible transparency contributes to the proper functioning of the liberal democratic system, while curtailing corruption and abuse. Developing transparency and shaping an open society promotes greater participation of citizens in the society, encourages confidence in the state – an essential element in building an effective state that is to serve its owners, the citizens – as well as benefits the functioning of the rule of law and increases the quality of democracy.
EN
The aim of the paper is to elaborate upon the way youths conceptualize sex. The research conducted in Lublin secondary schools and in Maria Curie-Skłodowska University confirms the general assumption that adolescents and young adults adopt an approving attitude towards sex, treat it as something attractive and engaging as well as absolutely natural. The respondents were not ashamed to raise intimate topics, express personal needs and elaborate upon forms of satisfying them. Out of a few well-known kinds of openness the collected data are dominated by the act of confiding. The predominant indicated attitude displays clearly also aspects of peculiar exhibitionism, which encompasses over-direct, even ostentatious, talking about oneself and highly personal matters. This discourse has an air of attempting to impress the addressee with the raised topics. The conducted questionnaire and the resultant description show that openness functions in basically two meanings: a) as a desired (apart from instances of exhibitionism) feature of character, which is based on a certain kind of courage of the speaker/writer, and b) a way of communication, consisting in calling things in a straightforward way, not avoiding coarse language or even vulgar expressions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie sposobu, w jaki młodzież konceptualizuje seks. Badania prowadzone w lubelskich szkołach średnich oraz wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej dowodzą, że współcześnie młodzi ludzie przejawiają aprobujący stosunek do kwestii związanych z seksualnością, traktują ją jako coś atrakcyjnego i absolutnie naturalnego. Respondenci nie wstydzą się poruszania intymnych tematów, wyrażania w sygnalizowanym zakresie własnych oczekiwań i proponowania form ich zaspokajania. Z kilku znanych rodzajów otwartości w zebranym materiale przeważa zwierzanie się. Dominująca postawa zawiera niekiedy komponenty swoistego ekshibicjonizmu, który obejmuje zbyt bezpośrednie, wręcz ostentacyjne mówienie o sobie i sprawach bardzo osobistej natury. Przeprowadzona ankieta i wynikający z niej opis ukazują otwartość funkcjonującą zasadniczo w dwóch znaczeniach: a) jako pożądana (poza przypadkami ekshibicjonizmu) cecha postawy, która opiera się na pewnego rodzaju odwadze mówiącego/piszącego, oraz b) jako sposób komunikacji, polegający na nazywaniu rzeczy wprost, a nawet stosowaniu języka wulgarnego.
EN
The phenomenon of thrownness in the Martin Heidegger early philosophy: The aim of this article is to analyse one of the best-known Heideggerian phenomena, thrownness (Geworfenheit). The meaning of this phenomenon is presupposed mostly as obvious. However, it can be found in different existential contexts which seems to make essential the posing of an explicit question on thrownness. In this paper I analyse it in three different contexts. (1) Thrownness into the openness of being shows the fundamental Dasein dependence on the being (Sein). As thrown into openness Dasein is not able to refuse being, she has to be. However, this dependence cannot be considered as inactive. Dasein has to constantly appropriate openness by the way of projecting the world. As thrown in openness which has to be appropriated Dasein discloses herself as (2) thrown into the world. The world is not understood as the set of relations connecting entities, but instead as the understandness of being which Dasein inevitably has to undertake. This facet determines the understanding of entities what leads to the (3) thrownness into entity. This last character of thrownness shows itself as the powerlessness (Ohnmacht) of Dasein in the face of entity. This powerlessness is at the same time embodied and by this way given to its own body. Eventually, thrownness displays Dasein as in her freedom uncompromisingly responsible for being and entity. For that reason thrownness turns out to be this character of Dasein which describes her as basically handed over to the openness of being, to the world, and to entity. However, it does not release Dasein from her responsibility, but instead burdens her with it.
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Philosophy for the Soul

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EN
Among the themes this article explores are the following: Can philosophy truly help us in times of crisis? What are the distinctive ways in which philosophy can be therapeutic and provide solace? What possible barriers exist to a person being able to be helped by philosophy? What is it to be genuinely open, to ideas, to life? What are the dynamics of pain and struggle in authentic searching? What is it to see yourself in such searching? What ways of teaching philosophy can allow students to derive maximum sustenance from philosophy?
EN
This paper argues that the unicity of the signification of words makes intercompre-hension possible, and explores the possibility of a pure or rational ontology as providing a space for communication between cultures. Therefore no culture has any proprietary right over that ontology.
EN
"Molly Monster" is a perfect example of preparing the preschool audience for openness and respect for difference, tolerance, dialogue and listening, cooperation, joint decision making and wise acceptance of change. The film, showing how the main character, Molly, eagerly and joyfully awaits a big change in her family life - the birth of a sister or a brother, and emphasizes the importance of family ties, can therefore inspire to accept changes and adapt to new situations. In addition, the film presents a land where every inhabitant is very different - in size or physical appearance, and the story teaches that being different does not disturb cooperation, mutual help or making joint decisions and taking actions. The film presents an open approach to traditional social roles, emphasizes the role of self-confidence, but also the importance of admitting one's mistake and freedom in decision making.
EN
In this article, Martin Heidegger’s phenomenology of boredom is compared with some aspects of Zen practice. Heidegger is primarily interested in boredom as a “fundamental mood,” which takes us beyond the opposition of the subject and object. Thus, boredom reveals the existence more initially than those forms of cognition that are the basis of classical philosophy and special sciences. As an essential feature of the experience of boredom, Heidegger singles out that being in this state we feel that our attention is held by something in which we find nothing but emptiness. In the article, this emptiness is compared with the Buddhist concept of shunyata, and various forms of experiencing boredom are paralleled with the different types of concentration achieved in Zen practice (samadhi). Besides, the question is discussed how the Buddhist perception of emptiness corresponds to Heidegger’s “openness.”
EN
The changes that contemporary organisations go through result in a shift in management conduct, organisation and management of human resources. Such trends are observable in public higher education institutions in Poland. Organisations striving to actively compete in a dynamic environment, and answer its needs, introduce amendments in various areas of their operations. Endeavours to improve the quality of teaching and ensure more efficient and effective management of higher education institutions are becoming ubiquitous. Changes are not only “cosmetic” in nature, but regularly interfere with organizational culture – and, as such, are challenging and implemented over a long time frame. Organisational culture, with values at its core, is a resultant of many factors, including values brought in by an organisation’s employees. For higher education institutions, this aspect is an important starting point for further reflections. The ethos of academics, through historical determinants, is based on honesty and openness – some key values that form the basis for decision making in diverse areas of operations. This article focuses on honesty and openness as desirable social values and components of a wider social capital – trust, with the benefits of professing trust taken into account as well. At the same time, an attempt has been made to show the role of those values in the context of the work of public higher education institution employees. Theoretical considerations are backed by illustrative quantitative empirical research. Research has been conducted among employees in the positions of researchers, educators and researcher-educators in all higher education institutions operating in Lodz, Poland.
PL
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EN
Our masters, next to which we grew up, and certain environments that have formed – on many levels – not only our consciousness, but even the methodology of our thinking and activities, play a very significant role in the shaping the way we look at and understand the world, and the ideas, which we adhere to. Cardinal Walter Kasper repeatedly relied in his works on his spiritual relationship with the principles of Catholic school in Tübingen of the nineteenth century, considering it as an outstanding model for attachment to ecclesiastical tradition and at the same time for the openness to the dialogue with the contemporary world. This text presents one of the theological principles of the school in Tübingen – dialogical openness of the theology to the contemporary issues – in the work and thought of Cardinal Walter Kasper.
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EN
In this essay, I aim to study comedy and humour from an ethical perspective. My main proposal is that comedy and humour can be understood alternatively in the light of ethics, and in one sense, they actually begin, more effectively, with an ethical sensibility. Effective comedy and humour initiate through an ethical sensibility called “hospitality”; ideally, they are preceded by this ethical openness. I will argue that it is this pre-original ethical hospitality and openness that can give rise to more effective moments of comedy, humour, carnival, festivity and also laughter, opening the Self to the Other in order to be able to enter into a disinterested humorous (dialogic) experience. Hospitality is of prime importance here because it turns out to be part and parcel of comedy as it also underlies the ethics of alterity. I therefore suggest that the thoughts of both Emmanuel Levinas and Mikhail Bakhtin can give rise to a fruitful study of ethics, comedy and humour. I will “reduce” socio-political complexities of our daily life-world to comic moments through Bakhtin, and then expose the reader to a Levinasian simplicity and ethical openness that actually takes place before effective comedy and humour can begin. In this essay, I mainly have literary/critical aims, and to fulfil that aim, I will briefly discuss two Shakespearean works and contextualize my thesis. The matter of studying comedy, humour and ethics in a broader cultural, social and/or philosophical context is open for other thinkers.
EN
The right to gain public knowledge has recently become a matter of keen concern. Reasons of that state of affairs should be read into actions in establishment new regulations (The Openness of Public Life act) which are going to replace current act from 6 September 2018 Access to Public Information act. Negatively assessed project about “Openness of Public Life act” implements array of adjustments of current regulations which guarantee obtaining information about public affairs. It also implements new institutions and creates grounds for the occurrence of new “access methods” (more or less directed on broadening the implementation of the information protection interest of the unit). The study is devoted to isolate mentioned above and their judgment.
PL
W prezentowanym artykule skoncentrowano się na znaczeniu i wartości umiejętności zarządzania własnym rozwojem w rozwoju osobistym i w pracy nauczyciela. Bazując na pedagogicznych i psychologicznych koncepcjach: samorozwoju, samooceny, otwartości, podjęto badania nad wskazanymi komponentami wśród absolwentów specjalności nauczycielskiej, którzy przeszli podczas studiów zajęcia z coachingu rozwojowego. Badani – to 6 absolwentów edukacji artystycznej, którzy przeszli pełen cykl kształcenia do zawodu (byli to wszyscy absolwenci tego kierunku uczestniczący w zajęciach z coachingu podczas studiów licencjackich i magisterskich). W badaniu zastosowano jakościową analizę treści miniesejów dla uzyskania odpowiedzi na pytania badawcze: W jaki sposób badane określają rozwój osobisty? oraz Jaką indywidualną wartość ma dla badanych rozwój osobisty? Wyodrębnione w toku analiz (zgodnie z przyjętą strategia jakościową) kategorie umożliwiły wyprowadzenie wniosków dla praktyki kształcenia zawodowego oraz wprowadzenia na stałe do planów i programów studiów jednej z uczelni artystycznych treści wiedzy i umiejętności realizowanych podczas zajęć indywidualnych z zakresu coachingu rozwojowego, zarządzania własnym potencjałem/rozwojem.
EN
The article focuses on the importance of managing personal and professional development. Based on pedagogical and psychological concepts, research on self-development, self-esteem and openness was undertaken among the graduates of teaching specialisation, all of whom had participated in university coaching classes on self-development. The respondents were 6 art education graduates who had undergone a full cycle of training for the profession (these were all art education graduates who had taken coaching classes during their undergraduate and graduate studies). The study used qualitative content analysis of the mini-essays to answer the research questions: How do you define personal development? and: What is the value of personal development? The identified categories (according to the adopted qualitative strategy) made it possible to draw conclusions for teacher training as well as to permanently introduce developmental coaching into the curriculum of a certain art university.
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