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EN
The Potocki family contributed greatly to Wilanów gardens in two fundamental aspects: they developed the landscape arrangement of the palace and park, and they created alarge collection of glasshouse and orangery plants. Exotic plants were grown in the garden grounds in an orangery, a conservatory for fig trees, two hothouses, a glasshouse and two conservatories for pineapples. Until now, the species composition of the plant collection was known only from fragmentary information in the press covering garden exhibitions, in which Countess Aleksandra Potocka was actively involved. The missing information was found in two previously unknown inventories of 1856 and 1857 kept in the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw (AGAD). They contain lists of glasshouse and orangery plants prepared by the inspectors of the Wilanów gardens. The aim of the present research was to identify the reasons and conditions for the preparation of these inventories, and to characterize the plant species mentioned therein. Manuscripts were rewritten and decoded, and then analysed for historical aspects and detailed botanical information. The precise historical context of both documents was established after the comparison of historical plant names with the modern nomenclature, and a total of 763 plant species and varieties were identified. Most of these plants are native to tropical and subtropical regions of North America, South America or Asia. The extraordinary diversity and richness of the Wilanów collection of exotic plants indicates that the owners of the estate at that time, Count August Potocki and his wife Aleksandra, had a huge interest in botany and provided versatile forms of patronage to gardens.
PL
Historia uprawy roślin cytrusowych sięga czasów starożytnych, jednak to w dobie renesansu zyskały one szczególne znaczenie jako element sztuki ogrodowej. Wtedy też zaczęto wykorzystywać nie tylko ich użytkowy charakter, ale również wartości dekoracyjne i znaczenie symboliczne. Pierwsze udokumentowane wykorzystanie cytrusów do celów propagandowych miało miejsce w ogrodzie Medyceuszy w Castello nieopodal Florencji. W okresie tym owoce cytrusów utożsamiano z mitycznymi „złotymi jabłkami” Hesperyd, fakt ten wykorzystany został przez ród Medyceuszy w tworzeniu ogrodu o politycznym przesłaniu. Wspaniałą kolekcję roślin kubłowych, w tym cytrusów, posiadał również w Wersalu król Francji Ludwik XIV. W okresie tym oranżeria i parter pomarańczowy stały się znaczącym eremem ogrodowej kompozycji i programu. Wielkim miłośnikiem uprawy roślin cytrusowych był także elektor saski i król Polski August II Mocny. Podobnie jak Kosma I Medyceusz, utożsamiał się on z mitycznym Heraklesem, a w swych ogrodach w Dreźnie i Warszawie zgromadził olbrzymią kolekcję tych roślin - zwłaszcza pomarańczy gorzkiej. Uprawą cytrusów pasjonował się również ostatni król Polski, Stanisław August Poniatowski, a także car Aleksander II, który odkupił część kolekcji Augusta oraz wybudował nową oranżerię w parku łazienkowskim w Warszawie w celu jej utrzymywania.
EN
The history of growing citrus plants dates back to ancient times but in the Renaissance era they gained particular importance as an element of garden art. At that time they became popular for their decorative and symbolic significance, as well as their originally intended purpose. The first documented use of citrus fruit as “garden art” took place in the garden of the Medici at Castello near Florence. During this period, citrus fruits were identified with the mythical “golden apples” of Hesperides. This fact was used by the Medici family in the garden to create a political message. The great collection of container plants including citrus was also held in Versailles, by French King Louis XIV. From that time the conservatory and orange parterre have become a sig- nifi cant element of garden composition and program. The Elector of Saxony and the King of Poland - August II the Strong was also a great lover of citrus fruits. Similar to Cosimo I de’ Medici, he identified himself with the mythical Heracles, and in his gardens in Dresden and Warsaw amassed huge collections of those plants - especially the bitter oranges which bear “golden” fruits. The last Polish king, Stanislaw August Poniatowski, was fascinated by citrus cultivation, as was Tsar Alexander II, who repurchased part of August II collection and built a new orangery in Lazienki Park in Warsaw for its maintenance.
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