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EN
It is possible to state that the organisation and way of functioning of the state administration has gone and will be going through an incessant development process, which has responded and will be responding to the changes and needs of the society. The analysis, which can be considered as an audit made for certain clients groups, is, besides others, also a starting point for the elaboration of an overall municipality strategy. The analysis can be realised by means of primary or secondary research. The present state of our society and the developmental tendencies taken in consideration, it is clear that the existence of leisure activities system will be a significant element in the decision-making processes of state employees on all levels of state (public) administration. The relationship between those who can influence the outer forces and those who occupy positions in the leisure-time organisations defines the dynamics of the future development. The role of municipalities in the domain of public services cannot be replaced. That is why it is necessary to study the opinions and attitudes of employees responsible on the local scale. It is also important for the information transfer and communication to be realized rapidly.
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EN
This article has the goal to present the development of Catholic journeyman organizations in Warmia from 1848 until the outbreak of the First World War. He relies primarily on reports in the press of the 19th Century as well as archival material. In this paper wasdescribed the history of these associations, and then the social organizations in Warmia, taking into account their education, their governing bodies, as well as the time and place of the meetings held and the development of initiatives in favor of the intellectual, moral, and professional development of young men. Soon the extent of the popularity of this organization has been lit among the young craftsmen and among believers of local parishes. Furthermore, the role of the Catholic clergy in the establishment of journeymen associations was examined. Finally, structural bonds of Warmia organizations with headquarters in Germany were analyzed.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie roli organizacji założonych przez opozycję parlamentarną na Euromajdanie. Opozycja polityczna podczas Euromajdanu utworzyła Sztab Sprzeciwu Narodowego oraz Zjednoczenie Ogólnoukraińskie „Majdan”. W perspektywie długofalowej miały one stać się narzędziem opozycji w nadchodzących wyborach prezydenckich. Z kolei w perspektywie krótkofalowej miały koordynować działania protestujących podczas Euromajdanu w całej Ukrainie. Dla osiągnięcia celu badawczego zostały zastosowane następujące metody: historyczna, systemowa, studium przypadku.
EN
The aim of this article is to define the role of the organisations established by the parliamentary opposition during the Euromaidan. The political opposition created the National Resistance Headquarters and the All-Ukrainian Union “Maidan” at that time. In the long term, they were supposed to become a tool for the opposition in the upcoming presidential elections. In the short term, in turn, they were to coordinate the actions of protesters during the Euromaidan throughout Ukraine. In order to achieve the research objective, the historical, systemic, and case study methods were used.
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PL
Okres masowej emigracji polskiej do USA przypada na II poł. XIX i pocz. XX w. Dominowała społeczność ubogich chłopów, która miała trudności z wejściem w środowiska amerykańskie. Było to okazją do tworzenia swoistej mitologii, której celem była poprawa polskiego wizerunku. Chętnie odwoływano się do Polaków, którzy odcisnęli piętno na historii amerykańskiej, np. Tadeusza Kościuszki, czy Kazimierza Pułaskiego. Na utrzymywanie tożsamości polskiej miały wpływ działające w USA organizacje polonijne oraz polskie duszpasterstwo rzymskokatolickie. Czasem przyspieszonych przemian w środowisku Polaków zamieszkujących w USA był okres po II wojnie światowej. Charakteryzował się on mobilnością oraz wyraźną poprawą położenia materialnego społeczności polskiej. Awans ekonomiczny połączony był z przejmowaniem amerykańskiego stylu życia.
EN
The period of mass Polish emigration to the USA falls on the second half of the XIX and the beginning of the XXc. Peasant community, coming from material poverty marked circles, dominated. Its entrance into American groups was not without problems. The problems revealed became an occassion for creating peculiar mythology about the Polish community living in the USA., in the frames of which figures of Poles, who set marks in American history, for example Tadeusz Kościuszko or Kazimierz Puławski, were exposed. Polish community institutions acting in the USA. And Polish Roman catholic ministry influenced the keeping of Polish identity. The time of hastened changes among the Polish circles living in the USA. Was the period after the World War II. It was characterized by mobility and distinct material conditions of the Polish community. Economic promotion was combined with adopting American life style. With the passage of years, starting with the third generation, activities to find Polish roots were undertaken.
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