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EN
Science and technology was thought to be one of the main assets of the Russian Federation, the basis for an economic recovery once it was no longer submitted to central planning. It was expected that this wealth of knowledge bequeathed from the Soviet Union would give rise to a boom in the creation of innovation companies and that foreign investment would flow in large amounts into the science sector, but both these expectations did not materialise. In Russia the first science park (science parks created by universities are called by the Russian name technoparks) was established in Tomsk in 1990 by higher education, scientific institutions and industrial enterprises jointly. Federal programmes provide support to the existing technoparks, but this support is rather meagre. Due to the industrial crisis and to the severe cutbacks in federal financing, the scientific institutions, more than 70% of which were in 1990 still connected with the military industrial complex, are nowadays experiencing a serious crisis. The number of scientific workers decreased more than two fold between 1989 and 1994 and continues to fall. Nowadays the innovation centres have a more commercial profile and, therefore, are more selective in the choice of the tenants as they have to become self-sufficient and repay the debts arising from re-construction of their premises.
EN
In the globalization era a technological growth is important for the development of the companies. The vital challenge is a commercialization of the science and technological achievements, i.e. transfer the achievements to the market. The transfer consists of passing on thetechnological and managerial knowledge to be used in business. It is natural impulse for thedevelopment of innovational companies. Insufficient financial and human resources in smalland middle enterprises set the difficult to conquer barrier to conducting in-home research. Thecooperation between companies and universities especially engineering schools and publicor commercial research centers may help to resolve the problem. The aim of this article is thepresentation of the role of science-technological parks in the development of small and middleenterprises.
EN
The article aims to present the result of surveys and secondary data, which were to identifythe future needs of employers and investors in the work force (specification of the necessaryqualifications and the level of previous experience) in the short term (up to 1 year) in the labormarket in the Silesian and Subcarpathian region.The study found that people entering the labor market (including students) recognize theneed for a greater adaptability to market requirements. Therefore, we may note an increasednumber of people participating in active labor market programs. Unfortunately, the total efficiencyof training in the regions concerned is not very high. Thus, vocational training mustchange its image, although sometimes this process is occurring far too slowly. The third link inthe labor market are the employers who recognize the fact that it is much cheaper to acquire anemployee with a certain level of knowledge and skills. Unfortunately, for some employers apprenticeships,young workers and the entire system of vocational education are seen as a wayto attract cheap labor. Yet the developing process of globalization, the stage of advancement ofthe socio – economic as well as the dynamics of the economy itself that stimulate the demand for skills and jobs are constantly changing. The most desirable professions in the Polish andEuropean labor market concern the services sector including, in particular trade. Other jobsare and will be linked, on the one hand, with simple operations such as cleaning and, on theother hand, with the scientific professions. Of course, the demand for certain professions willhave strong regional circumstances related to the economic base of the region as well as thedemographic structure. Hence it is difficult to make a single list of deficit jobs for Poland. It isworth noting that the market demand for certain skills and occupations is and will be unstable,so any training must take place in the system of pull (suction).
PL
Edukacyjne doświadczenia dorosłych mogą się zdarzać wszędzie. Wszędzie nie znaczy „gdziekolwiek”, ale raczej „gdzieś”, czyli w miejscach sprzyjających edukacji, często z edukacją nawet nie kojarzących się. Artykuł ten zawiera tezę, że jednym z takich niezamierzonych miejsc edukacji dorosłych są parki naukowo-techologiczne. Chociaż ich funkcja złożona polega na transferze wiedzy między uczelniami a przedsiębiorcami, to jest prawdopodobne, że w indywidualnym doświadczeniu osób korzystających z parków, pełnią one przede wszystkim funkcję edukacyjną. Artykuł ten ma charakter teoretyczno-analityczny, metodą badawczą była jakościowa analiza treści prac naukowych, aktów prawnych i stron internetowych uzupełniona przez retrospektywną ocenę doświadczeń autora wynikających z pełnienia funkcji pełnomocnika dziekana ds. współpracy z otoczeniem społeczno-kulturowym i pracodawcami. Celem badania była identyfikacja i charakterystyka edukacyjnego potencjału parków naukowo-techologicznych. Potrzeba badań nad tą problematyką wynika z braku analiz edukacyjnego wymiaru funkcjonowania parków, przy jednoczesnych intensywnym zainteresowaniu ekonomiczno-biznesowymi aspektami ich funkcjonowania. W efekcie tego, parki postrzegane są wyłącznie jako miejsca realizacji polityki gospodarczej, chociaż wszystko wskazuje na to, że mogą także wspierać politykę społeczną, szczególnie w dziedzinie edukacji dorosłych.
EN
Among the ways to bridge the gap between the research communities and the industry, one of the best known are the Science and Technology Parks. The scope of the offered services, the scale of operations and their revenues vary considerably. The largest parks gather companies, whose revenues may reach billions of dollars. Achieving such success requires, from the park operators, much more than offering attractive prices for office space. Moreover, it requires well-coordinated activities, based on a long term vision, from the central governments. The paper presents an analysis of the factors determining the success or fiasco of science and technology parks, both in worldwide and Polish context.
PL
Wśród sprawdzonych na świecie sposobów zbudowania mostu między instytucjami naukowymi a przemysłem są parki naukowo-technologiczne. Skala ich funkcjonowania, zakres usług, osiągane przychody są bardzo zróżnicowane. Największe parki gromadzą firmy o przychodach idących w dziesiątki miliardów dolarów. Osiągnięcie takiego sukcesu wymaga od operatorów parku znacznie więcej niż atrakcyjnych warunków wynajmu powierzchni użytkowej. Co więcej, wymaga skoordynowanych, długofalowych działań na poziomie władz centralnych. Artykuł przedstawia próbę analizy czynników wpływających na sukces lub porażkę parków, zarówno w kontekście światowym jak polskim.
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