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PL
Tytułowe pytanie jest w równym stopniu problematyczne, jak i zasadne, dlatego też moim celem będzie próba ujęcia tego zagadnienia z dwóch teoretycznie odmiennych pozycji – realisty i konstruktywisty epistemologicznego. W końcowej części tekstu spróbuję jednak nakreślić możliwości godzenia postawy parezjasty z akceptacją dla stanowiska relatywistycznego.
EN
The article aspires to provide the reader with the answer to the relevant question whether a relativist can be a parrhesiast. This is a complicated question, because parrhesia implies ethical commitment, which from the relative point of view is difficult to justify. I present two different philosophical perspectives (epistemological realism and radical relativism) as two possible approaches to the main problem.
EN
The essay characterizes an anthropological impasse of political philosophy dividing those in a more liberal tradition from those in a more Hegelian tradition, and then it proceeds to sketch a political philosophy without any human or anthropological content. I rely on Foucault’s notion of parrhesia to activate such a political philosophy, and I rely on the philosophical life of the Cynic to make parrhesia possible. Finally by invoking exercises of ascent and of descent, I suggest that this kind of political philosophy can not only solve the anthropological impasse of political philosophy, but also in practice, it can cool hateful passions and warm cold hearts.
Res Rhetorica
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2018
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vol. 5
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issue 1
21-34
EN
List Pawła do Galatów w Nowym Testamencie łączy dwie kultury: judaizm i rzymski imperializm. Niniejsza analiza listu do Kościoła w Galacji pokazuje wykorzystanie zarówno hebrajskiego proroctwa, jak i greckiej (nieżydowskiej, pogańskiej) parezji. Paweł adresuje list do mieszanej publiczności, żyjącej na styku dwóch kultur. Diagnozuje on problemy Kościoła poprzez prognostyczne nauczanie, które wpisuje się w szerszy kontekst Pawłowej nauki. Późniejsi badacze będą zajmowali się zapoczątkowaną w pismach Pawła współobecnością parezji i retoryki prorockiej w tekstach chrześcijańskich przez następne dwa tysiąclecia.
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The Courage of Untruth?

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EN
Michel Foucault defined parrhesia as “the free courage by which one binds oneself in the act of telling the truth.” Could telling objective untruth also be a parrhesiastic act, insofar as it requires courage and initiates subjectivation? Climate deniers, anti-vaccinationists and other groups that delegitimize the authority of science present themselves as courageously standing up against the dominant discourse, as rebellious subjects who speak the inconvenient and unaccepted truths. It is not difficult to prove that their truths are untruths, but it remains problematic to distinguish true courage from its simulacra. This article argues that Foucault’s investigations of truth, subjectivity, and power become of great use in the face of today’s confusion. The phenomenon of post-truth cannot be explained simply as the product of postmodern relativism. The will-to-truth, along with the will to constitute oneself as a truth-telling subject, persists, requiring critical analysis more than ever. What may prove politically efficient is to engage in the kind of critique that would account for actual power relations and unmask false courage rather than debunk specific concepts or ideas.
PL
Prezentowany tekst jest rozszerzoną wersją wystąpienia wygłoszonego podczas XXV letniej Szkoły Młodych Pedagogów (Kazimierz Wielki, 12-17.09.2011). Głównym celem artykułu jest próba wykorzystania kategorii Michela Foucaulta do myślenia o nauczycielu. Szczególnie dwie z nich są istotne dla prezentowanych rozważań: parrhesia i intelektualista konkretny. W artykule uzasadniam, że te kategorie pozwalają przemyśleć etyczne zobowiązania wpisane w rolę zawodową nauczycieli i ich odpowiedzialność za sferę publiczną.
EN
The text is an expanded version of the paper delivered at the 25th Summer School for Young Pedagogues (Kazimierz Wielki, 12-17.09.2011). The main purpose of this article is an attempt to use the categories of Michel Foucault to think about a teacher. Especially two of them are relevant to the presented considerations: parrhesia and specific intellectual. The article suggests that these categories allow you to rethink ethical obligations included in the professional role of teachers and their responsibility for the public sphere.
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The text is devoted to reflections on death in the context of philosophical thinking. In the history of philosophy, the acceptance of death penalty by Socrates remains the paradigm of this relation. In this context I undertake considerations of the problems of the impossibility of expressing the damage outlined in The Differend: Phrases in Dispute by J. F. Lyotard and the concept of parrhesia as a true speech on the border between life and death described in the most recent lectures by Michel Foucault entitled Fearless Speech, that have not been translated into Polish yet. The philosophical background of the considerations and their final conclusion concerning the problem of the phantasm of the procedure of suicide refer to the most recent lectures on death penalty by Jaques Derrida, not translated into Polish, as well.
EN
In his late works Michel Foucault names parrhesia, an ability to tell the truth about oneself and the world, as one of the most significant categories. Parrhesia is crucial for both the democratic policy, as well as for an inner spiritual life. Foucault analyses both aspects of parrhesia in the context of ancient philosophy and Christianity. But whichever the context, pharresia is a difficult spiritual task causing a threat for those who practise it. It seems that today traditional categories have been switched and democratised parrhesia becomes a standard or even coercion, while the world of intimacy and privacy – a thing that ought to be feared and avoided. Key issue of the text is a question what happens to parrhesia in the democratic world of technology. The article searches for the answer to how new technologies, the social media above all, change the nature of parrhesia within our private lives and in the political arena.
Res Rhetorica
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2023
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vol. 10
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issue 2
134-153
PL
W artykule przedstawiono retoryczne zastosowanie konstruktu prowokacyjnej persony buntownika. Funkcje tego zabiegu zostały odtworzone na podstawie analizy tekstów argumentacyjnych z kolumny prowadzonej przez młodzież w norweskim dzienniku „Aftenposten” oraz materiały z konkursu krasomówczego dla uczniów szkół średnich Ta ordet!. Ich celem było nakłonienie odbiorców do przyjęcia zielonego stylu życia. Analiza posłużyła również do zbadania, jak młodzi ludzie angażują się w debatę publiczną o środowisku i jak ich retoryczne zaangażowanie włącza odbiorców do współuczestniczenia w ekologicznym obywatelstwie.
EN
The paper examines the rhetorical use and function of a provocative “rebel” persona in argumentative texts, collected from the youth column in Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten and the national speech contest for high school students, Ta ordet!, seeking to influence the audience’s attitudes towards green lifestyles. Approaching “the rebel” as a persona construction and a rhetorical appeal, I explore how young people engage with and participate in environmental debates and how their rhetorical intervention invites the audience to experience and perform environmental citizenship.
IT
Roberto Saviano, scrittore e giornalista investigativo italiano, autore del best-seller Gomorra, da tredici anni vive sotto scorta. Questo è il prezzo che paga per aver rivelato la verità sulle attività della camorra. Saviano è un Nestbeschmutzer, uno scrittore che insozza palesamente il nucleo a cui appartiene, suscitando così emozioni e valutazioni estreme. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di esaminare ciò che lo spinge alla costante ricerca della verità. Quali strategie usa per raggiungere il proprio obiettivo? Alla sua lotta senza compromessi come rispondono i politici, gli intellettuali, il “comune” cittadino e l’opinione pubblica internazionale?
EN
Roberto Saviano is an Italian writer and investigative journalist who has been living under strict police protection for thirteen years. He wrote Gomorrah, a bestselling book, that drew the mafia’s attention and resulted in a death sentence. Life in hiding is a price he pays for revealing the harsh truth about the activity of Neapolitan Camorra. The aim of this paper is to investigate what drives his uncompromising pursuit for truth, the strategies he uses to achieve this aim, and the response to his approach, coming from Italian politicians, intellectuals, ordinary people, and international general public.
PL
Pedagogiczny namysł nad sposobami i kondycją kreowania otwartej tożsamości religijnej młodzieży autorka umieściła w perspektywie aktualnej sytuacji społecznej, raczej niesprzyjającej aktywnościom w obszarze religii, zwłaszcza noszącym znamiona otwartości na Inność. Sytuacja taka została nazwana przez filozofa i poetę, Friedricha Hölderlina „czasem marnym”. Dlatego autorka punktem wyjścia swojej refleksji uczyniła cytaty Friedricha Hölderlina i Rainera Rilkego stanowiące niezbędny filozoficzny kontekst refleksji. W poszukiwaniu pełniejszego oglądu i deskrypcji otwartej tożsamości religijnej oraz uwarunkowań procesu jej kształtowania autorka zwraca uwagę tylko na wybrane kwestie, jak fundamentalizm religijny, poczucie samowystarczalności w wymiarze religijnym, refleksyjność i parezja, które w istotny sposób, pozytywny bądź negatywny, warunkują omawiany proces.
EN
The pedagogical reflection on methods and condition of creating of an open religious identity of youth was presented by the author in the perspective of the current social situation, rather unfavourable towards activities in the field of religion especially bearing traits of the openness to the Otherness. Such a situation has been defined by the philosopher and poet Friedrich Hölderlin as the “destitute time”. Therefore, the author has made this quote of Friedrich Hölderlin and Rainer Rilke as necessary philosophical context of the reflection. In a search of the complete overview and description of the open religious identity and determinants of the process of its forming, the author focuses on the selected questions such as religious fundamentalism, sense of self-sufficiency in religious dimension, reflectivity and parrhesia which in in an essential way, positive or negative, determine the discussed process.
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