Search results

1

Zur Problematik der semantischen und pragmatischen Äquivalenz von Partikeln am Beispiel des deutschen ja und des polnischen no

100%

Szulc-Brzozowska M.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

|

2010

|

issue 34

100-111

EN

The article deals with the problem of the pragmatic equivalence between the German particle ja and the Polish particle no; in other words, with the correspondence as well as the divergence of the usage of the particles in the same sentential and situational context. The function and category of these particles as modal particles is considered with reference to the semantic equivalence, comprising the invariant meaning of these particles in their different syntactic functions. The analysis shows that the lack of pragmatic equivalence may result from the difference in the positions of these particles in the sentence and from the function of the position in both languages, which is related to the fact that Polish is a non-positional language in contrast to German.

2

Genetyczne parantele partykuł i spójników

80%

Kleszczowa K.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

|

2015

|

issue Numer Specjalny

77-86

EN

The paper attempts to explain the formal identity between those units which operate both in the class of conjunctions, and in the class of particles. To this purpose, the authors set in motion a logical apparatus that interpretes the identity between conclusive units; they choose, out of many possibilities, the resultative and the conclusive relation. The authors believe that the kinship of the two classes, particles and conjunctions, is the effect of operation of two mechanisms: 1. particles limit the scope of connectivity to introducing a sentence-shaped rheme, and become conjunctions proper (albowiem ‘because’, oraz ‘and’, bo ‘cause’, ale ‘but’); 2. particles connect to conjunctions, and take over their function (bowiem, albowiem ‘because’).

3

Similarities and differences between two Hungarian particles for also: szintén and is

80%

Farkas J., Futó B., Huszics A., Kleiber J., Dóla M., Alberti G.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

|

2020

|

vol. 6

74-91

EN

The paper provides a comparative analysis of the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of two Hungarian particles with the same logical core meaning also: is and szintén. The analysis yields important theoretical implications since it demonstrates how two particles sharing the same logical-propositional/truth-functional core meaning can expand into two different markers. In discourse, is acts as an intensional/metacognitive pragmatic marker in the sense as proposed by Aijmer et al. (2006), while szintén functions as a coherence-signaling discourse marker. The two particles share certain syntactic-semantic properties: neither of them can be followed by a topic, they both have distributive meaning, and both of them can pertain to the noun phrase that they immediately follow, as well as to ordered n-tuples of noun phrases. However, there are also syntactic and pragmasemantic differences between them. Namely, their ordered n-tuples have different word orders; is can function as a pragmatic marker while szintén cannot; szintén can appear as a separate clause, while is cannot (this is presumably related to the fact that szintén can be stressed, while is is obligatorily unstressed); and finally, szintén can have a peculiar discourse-preserving function. We explain the syntactic differences between the two particles using the partial spell-out technique of minimalist generative syntacticians (first applied to Hungarian by Surányi 2009), and the Cinque-hierarchy-based approach to Hungarian sentence- and predicate-adverbials (Surányi 2008). We account for the pragmasemantic properties of the pragmatic-marker variant of is in the formal representational dynamic theory of interpretation called ReALIS, already presented in the LingBaW series (Alberti et al. 2016, Kleiber and Alberti 2017, Viszket et al. 2019).

4

Contrastive Analysis of Metatext. Expressing Polish "niemniej" in Bulgarian

80%

Kisiel A. K.

Cognitive Studies

|

2015

|

issue 15

EN

Contrastive Analysis of Metatext. Expressing Polish niemniej in BulgarianThe author discusses possible ways of expressing meanings of Polish niemniej, tym niemniej and niemniej jednak in Bulgarian. A confrontative analysis of the equivalents gives grounds for a reflection on how to conduct a cross-linguistic examination of metatext. Two important questions are raised: whether it is methodologically justified to compare objects non-identical such as units and compositions, lexical and grammatical means, and what exactly equivalence within metatext class means. It is expected that analysis of metatext in Polish and Bulgarian will allow to discover mechanisms of creating metatextual units.

5

Occupational exposure to particulate matter in 2 Portuguese waste-sorting units

70%

Viegas S., Almeida-Silva M., Viegas C.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2014

|

vol. 27

|

issue 5

854-862

EN

Objectives: This study intended to characterize work environment contamination by particles in 2 waste-sorting plants. Material and Methods: Particles were measured by portable direct-reading equipment. Besides mass concentration in different sizes, data related with the number of particles concentration were also obtained. Results: Both sorting units showed the same distribution concerning the 2 exposure metrics: particulate matter 5 (PM₅) and particulate matter 10 (PM₁₀) reached the highest levels and 0.3 μm was the fraction with a higher number of particles. Unit B showed higher (p < 0.05) levels for both exposure metrics. For instance, in unit B the PM₁₀ size is 9-fold higher than in unit A. In unit A, particulate matter values obtained in pre-sorting and in the sequential sorting cabinet were higher without ventilation working. Conclusions: Workers from both waste-sorting plants are exposed to particles. Particle counting provided additional information that is of extreme value for analyzing the health effects of particles since higher values of particles concentration were obtained in the smallest fraction.

6

Czy aby Maciej mi przytaknie? O statusie aby w pytaniach rozstrzygnięcia

70%

Danielewiczowa M.

Linguistica Copernicana

|

2012

|

issue 1(7)

87-98

EN

The subject-mater of this article is the status of the expression aby in the semantic structure of yes/no questions. Two possible solutions to the problem emerge from available lexicographic approaches: in some dictionaries the word aby is considered to be an inseparable part of an idiomatic interrogative form, while in others it is described as a bilateral, semantically independent unit of language. The author shows that in the past the word in question was a particle having a very wide range of use. In contemporary Polish its distribution is restricted to volitional contexts, but it still satisfies the condition of proportionality; therefore it should be interpreted as a lexical unit of Polish.

7

Partykuły w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na poziomie A1. Na materiale podręczników i słowników przeznaczonych dla uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego

70%

Piasecka M.

Poradnik Językowy

|

2020

|

vol. 772

|

issue 3

49-59

EN

This paper presents an overview of the words belonging to the class of particles (as defined by SGPP (Nest Dictionary of Polish Particles)) used in textbooks for teaching Polish as a foreign language at initial stages and compares their set to the contents of the lexis lists prepared with glottodidactics and dictionaries for foreigners in mind. The usages of units such as chyba (probably), może (maybe), oczywiście (certainly), and na pewno (surely) in the textbook material were then confronted with their meanings and usages specifi ed in lexicographic studies in order to identify the adequacy of the lexicographic description. Attention was drawn to the non-uniform classifi cation of the units into lexeme classes, definition methods that are improper for unskilled users of Polish, lack of regularity in using particles in textbook texts and exercises teaching their usages. A compendium with the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic descriptions of the particles for the purposes of Polish glottodidactics was proposed.

8

How to analyze contextuality of metatextual language units? Notes on the relation: TRS – particle semantics

70%

Kisiel A.

Cognitive Studies

|

2011

|

issue 11

EN

How to analyze contextuality of metatextual language units? Notes on the relation: TRS – particle semanticsThe presented article is devoted to further (after Kisiel 2010) discussion about contextuality of metatextual language units, especially particles. Having selected contextual particles as an example, the author shows how specific structuralisation of TRS is strictly connected with particle meaning. The observation leads to the conclusion that examination of TRS cannot be avoided when analysing particles. Untangling particles meaning has to be based on describing the TRS they work on. Such a procedure has been only recently applied to Polish lexicography.

9

Частицы в словенском языке

61%

Žele A.

Linguistica Copernicana

|

2012

|

issue 2(8)

215-229

EN

In order to have clear and effective communication one needs to keep open as many linguistic and pragmatic options as possible and utilise them in the formation of texts in the context of normative-stylistic requirements. The relation to what is being said and the circumstances of the spoken situation are expressed particularly through particles, which is why they are functionally very lively linguistic components of everyday communication. With their semantic-ceontextual role they actualise what is expressed and at the same time condense the message. The particle is one of those non-parts-of-speech that fulfils the textual role of the connector and is, more particularly, ranked among inter-predicate connectors or the connectors in supra-predicate texts. Inparticular, connectors establish relations, which is why particles are therefore textual cohesive devices and modifiers of propositional relations in the text; particle connective items in particular introduce a sort of co-predicate and the relation to the context, which is why they are mostly textual phenomena. Since particles play primarily a textual role, they are also particularly meaningful words, which can be reasonably used in a text, especially in one's first language; they maintain a strong communicative (connective) role. From the communicative-pragmatic perspective, particles are divided into two main categories, namely the connecting (text) particles resulting from pragmatic circumstances, and mood (interpersonal) particles resulting from communicative relationships. Mood particles focus either on the participants, the circumstances, the verbal process or the quantity, e.g. bogvaruj, končno, dejansko, baje, nikar, while the connecting particles highlight textual coherence and cohesion, e.g. celo, kaj šele, drugače, sicer pa, torej, etc. The most comprehensive and functional semantic-circumstantial evaluation of particles can be found in lexical representation.

10

The Latin Prope—What Part of Speech Is It?

61%

Górska M.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2019

|

vol. 67

|

issue 3: Filologia klasyczna - Selected Papers in English

7-22

EN

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 3 (2009). This paper seeks to revise the description of the grammatical properties of the Latin lexeme prope, which are fundamental for its inclusion in specific classes of words (parts of speech). The change proposed here amounts to saying that behind the entry prope there are two parts of speech, and that they are not adverb and preposition but adverb and particle. The particle is prope, meaning almost, nearly—it occurs in the positive degree, does not govern case, and is syntactically related to various parts of speech. In the remaining cases, prope most generally means near (somebody / something); it is a gradable adverb that governs an obligatory point of reference (in the form of the accusative, the dative, or the prepositional phrase a [ab] with the ablative). This point of reference may, however, be subject to context-dependent ellipsis when the recipient has an opportunity to reliably reconstruct it.

11

Análisis del uso peculiar americano de la partícula ‘hasta’ en la ciudad de Monterrey, México

51%

Kosíková P., Carrizales Guerra Y. M.

Linguistica Pragensia

|

2020

|

vol. 30

|

issue 1

9-29

EN

‘Hasta’ as a particle has been an element of discussion, since its use shows differences depending on the linguistic communities of the Spanish language; one of the highlights in this debate is that American Spanish has considered non-prescriptive effects in multiple works dedicated to the functions of this particle. The present study, by means of examples taken from the macrocorpus “El habla de Monterrey”, contrasts the evidence of oral production of the use of ‘hasta’ with the theory as presented in grammar manuals and lexicographical works. The main hypothesis that supports this work is that American Spanish has had a different development from Peninsular Spanish, and the main objective is to describe and illustrate the use that speakers of the city of Monterrey give to this particle.

ES

La partícula ‘hasta’ ha sido un elemento de discusión, ya que su uso muestra diferencias dependiendo de las comunidades lingüísticas de la lengua española; destaca en este debate que el español americano presenta efectos considerados no prescriptivos en múltiples obras dedicadas a las funciones de esta partícula. El presente estudio, mediante ejemplos tomados de el macrocorpus El habla de Monterrey, contrasta las evidencias de producción oral del uso de ‘hasta’ con la teoría presentada por gramáticas y obras de corte lexicográfico. La hipótesis principal que sustenta este trabajo es que el español americano ha tenido un desarrollo distinto al peninsular, y el objetivo principal es describir e ilustrar el uso que los hablantes de la ciudad de Monterrey dan a esta partícula.

12

Style radzenia sobie z bodźcami zagrażającymi a częstość użycia partykuł w wypowiedziach jako wskaźnik lęku w sytuacji społecznej ekspozycji

51%

Obrębska M., Zinczuk-Zielazna J.

Socjolingwistyka

|

2016

|

issue 30

261-275

PL

Weinberger i współpracownicy wyróżnili trzy podstawowe grupy osób różniących się pod względem stylu radzenia sobie z bodźcami zagrażającymi: niskolękowe, wysokolękowe i stosujące wyparcie. W badaniu własnym postanowiłyśmy przyjrzeć się wypowiedziom osób badanych, wyłonionych zgodnie z kryteriami Weinbergera, pod kątem częstości użycia partykuł, które uznawane są w literaturze za jeden z bardziej wiarygodnych leksykalnych wskaźników lęku. W badaniu przesiewowym wzięło udział 570 studentów, z których wyłoniono 90 osób zakwalifikowanych do jednej z trzech grup: osób wysokolękowych (N = 30), niskolękowych (N = 30) i wypierających (N = 30). Zadanie badawcze, którego celem było wzbudzenie lęku, polegało na wygłoszeniu kilkuminutowego przemówienia przed audytorium ekspertów i kamerą. Teksty zarejestrowanych wypowiedzi zostały przepisane i zanalizowane pod kątem częstości użycia partykuł, oznaczanych zgodnie ze Słownikiem gniazdowym partykuł polskich. Uzyskane wyniki generalnie potwierdziły zakładaną zależność: partykuły okazały się dobrym wskaźnikiem lękowego pobudzenia, różnicując istotnie osoby wysokolękowe, niskolękowe i stosujące wyparcie.

EN

Weinberger and his collaborators distinguished three basic groups of individuals different in their styles of coping with threatening stimuli: low-anxious and high-anxious individuals, and repressors. In their own study, the authors aimed to look into speeches of the examined individuals, selected according to Weinberger’s criteria, taking into account the frequency of the use of particles, which are regarded in the literaturę as one of the most reliable lexical indicators of anxiety. The screening tests included 570 students, 90 of whom were selected and classified into three groups: high-anxious (N = 30), low-anxious (N = 30) and repressor individuals (N = 30). The research task, which goal was to arouse anxiety, consisted in giving a speech of several minutes in front of a video camera and an audience composed of experts. The texts of the recorded speeches have been transcribed and analysed in terms of the frequency of the use of particles marked in accordance with Słownik gniazdowy partykuł polskich. The obtained results generally confirmed the assumed dependence: the particles proved to be a good predictor of anxiety, significantly differentiating between repressors, high-anxious and low-anxious individuals.

13

Abtönungspartikeln und ihre Funktionen

51%

Begmatova R.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

|

2019

|

issue 15

41–47

DE

Abtönungspartikeln weisen im Gegensatz zu anderen Funktionswörtern wie Artikel, Präpositionen und Konjunktionen mehrere Besonderheiten auf, womit verschiedene Schwierigkeiten verbunden sind. Im Folgenden werden Abtönungspartikeln in Bezug auf die Terminologie und unterschiedliche Definitionen beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden die Relevanz der Abtönungspartikeln besprochen, sowie ihre Funktionen gezeigt. Abtönungspartikeln kommen vor allem in der gesprochenen Sprache vor und werden immer wichtiger. Nach der Analyse können wir feststellen, dass diese Arten von Wörtern in grammatischen und linguistischen Lehrbüchern einen eher marginalen Stellenwert haben. Daher ist es unbedingt erforderlich, eine gemeinsame Terminologie für Abtönungspartikeln zu erarbeiten, obwohl dies möglicherweise keine leichte Aufgabe ist.

EN

Modal particles have several special features and related difficulties, unlike other function words, such as articles, prepositions and conjunctions. In what follows, modal particles are described in respect of terminology, and the different definitions. In the second part, the modal particles are characterized their importance and functions are shown. Modal particles are becoming more common and more important, especially in the spoken language. After a study of the issue, we can ascertain that these types of words have a rather marginal status in grammar and linguistics. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to find a common terminology for modal particles, although this is may not prove be an easy task. Keywords: grammar, particles, modal particles, functions, emotion

14

Parataktemy vs asyntagmatyki, czyli różne oblicza kookurencji tekstowej

51%

Dobaczewski A.

Język Polski

|

2020

|

vol. 100

|

issue 3

20-28

PL

Przedmiotem opisu w artykule jest status tzw. parataktemów (por. J. Wajszczuk O metatekście 2005) ze względu na różny stopień ich samodzielności prozodycznej. Zasadnicza teza dotyczy konieczności odróżnienia wśród parataktemów takich jednostek, które swobodnie współwystępują wraz z innymi wyrażeniami w jednej jednostce prozodycznej, od leksemów obligatoryjnie wyodrębnianych prozodycznie (tzw. leksemów samodzielnych, które odpowiadałyby asyntagmatykom w rozumieniu R. Laskowskiego). Do tej pory zarówno J. Wajszczuk, jak i kontynuatorzy jej koncepcji zauważali jedynie możliwość usamodzielniania prozodycznego jako cechę charakterystyczną partykuł, kontestując przy tym zasadność wyróżniania klasy asyntagmatyków, w szczególności tzw. dopowiedzeń. Moim celem natomiast jest zwrócenie uwagi na istotną niejednorodność tak wyodrębnionych „partykuł”, a zwłaszcza na tę własność części z nich, która nie pozwala na swobodne dodanie ich do członów relacji składniowych bez naruszania struktury intonacyjnej frazy fonologicznej. W efekcie wstępnego uporządkowania własności prozodycznych układów kookurencyjnych partykuł z wyrażeniem stanowiącym jej przedmiot odniesienia zaproponowany został zestaw uwzględniający następujące możliwości: współwystępowanie w ramach jednej frazy fonologicznej (KWF), w ramach dwóch fraz w jednym wypowiedzeniu (KMF) oraz w ramach różnych wypowiedzeń (KMW).

EN

The paper concentrates on the status of the so-called paratactemes (see J. Wajszczuk O metatekście 2005), considering their different levels of prosodic independence. Our main claim concerns the need to distinguish paratactemic units being able to freely co-occur with other expressions within one prosodic unit from lexemes which need to be prosodically independent (i.e., from independent lexemes, which correspond to asyntagmatic units as understood by R. Laskowski). Until now, J. Wajszczuk and her followers have only seen the possibility of functioning as independent prosodic units to be the characteristic feature of particles, questioning the need to distinguish a separate class of asyntagmatic units (or, especially, a class of contextual asyntagmatic lexemes). The article points out to the problem of significant heterogeneity of such set of “particles”. Certain units classified as particles may not be freely added to other elements of syntactic links without disturbing the intonation structure of the phonological phrase. Our efforts, aiming at describing the prosodic features of different co-occurrence units which include a particle and the expression serving as its denotation, have led to a classification proposal including the following options: 1) co-occurring within one phonological phrase (intraphrase co-occurrence, KWF), 2) co-occurring as part of two phrases within one utterance (interphrase co-occurrence, KMF), and 3) occurring in different utterances (inter-utterance co-occurrence, KMW).

15

Particules/adverbes exprimant la modalité épistémique : Vers la comparaison des systèmes des langues tchèque et française

51%

Vybíhalová M.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

|

2015

|

vol. Special Issue: Le monde de la litérrature

265-273

EN

Epistemic modality represents one of the linguistic modality expressing the speaker’s certainty evaluation of the proposition’s validity. The French and Czech approaches are compared to show the common bases for this linguistic matter. One way of expressing the epistemic modality, among others, are the little words that the French system calls epistemic modal adverbs, while the Czech terminology defines them as particles. These two systems (French epistemic adverbs and Czech epistemic particles) are compared from the point of view of their semantico-syntactic characteristics and their existing classifications based on the level of certainty the adverbs/particles express. To gain a better insight into the functioning of epistemic adverbs/particles the analysis of two French adverbs (vraisemblablement, apparemment) and two Czech particles (pravděpodobně, patrně) has been conducted and confirmed the important influence of context and subjectivity on their semantic interpretation.

16

Семантика частиц в современном русском языке

51%

Шапошников В. Н.

Studia Rossica Gedanensia

|

2016

|

issue 3

s. 55-65

RU

Рассматривается грамматический класс частиц в современном русском языке. Анализируется природа частиц как языковых единиц и их знаковая типология. Изучается семантика частиц, ее типы и варьирование. Фиксируются изменения материала русского языка, пути и способы развития состава части речи.

EN

The article is devoted to the grammatical class of particles in the contemporary Russian language. The character of the particles as language units and their sign typology are analyzed. The author describes the semantics of particles (including their types and variation) and notes the changes taking place in the Russian language as well as the directions and modes of parts of speech development.

17

„Malá slova“ a jejich podíl na stylu mluvených projevů

50%

Hoffmannová J.

Stylistyka

|

2017

|

vol. 26

155-171

EN

In contrast to written language, spoken utterances evince a much higher incidence of deictics, indefinite and pseudo-demonstrative pronouns, contact particles (phatic expressions), specific conjunctions and other connectives, interjections, fillers and hesitation sounds. Corpus-based data should make it possible to attempt a new typology of such expressions (of a broad category of “discourse markers”), independent of the traditional categorization of the parts of speech. The research of spoken Czech syntax must take into account these groups of lexical means that are innate to spoken discourse, i.e. this important area where lexis and syntax meet. Such words as the Czech jako, teda, jakoe, jakoby seem to be semantically vague or empty, but they have a special effect on the connectedness and cohesion of spoken discourse. Moreover, the syntax of spoken discourse has to be investigated in terms of its dialogic and processual nature, inevitably respecting the relationships between utterances and dialogue turns; that is why special attention must be given to “small words” employed at the beginning or end of various types of turns. Their participation in the turn-taking mechanismus, as well as other functions, demonstrates that the “small words” in most cases cannot be regarded as redundant expressions, and that they contribute to the style of spoken discourse.

18

„Da war ich sofort high gewesen, ne. Wein getankt, woll.” – Eine exemplarische Analyse des Dortmunder Regiolekts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Rückversicherungspartikeln

41%

Hessler S., Pottmann D. M.

Studia Linguistica

|

2019

|

issue 38

33 - 54

EN

This study deals with the German particles ne and woll in the spoken language of the Ruhr district. There are some possibilities in terms of the usage of what we call reassurance particles at the end of somebody’s utterances. In the regiolect of the Ruhr area, the usage of ne is very common, but there are also eastern territories where woll is used as well. We are examining if the usage depends on different sub-regiolects in terms of diatopic variations, and/or it also depends on situational aspects such as different registers or situational speech.

19

Ty vole jako multifunkční komunikační prostředek v současné češtině

41%

Ludwicki A., Škodová S.

Bohemistyka

|

2018

|

issue 3

220-246

EN

The paper deals with the use of the expression ty vole ( that can be translated as man/dude/shit) in the current Czech language. Through the qualitative analysis of the material of spoken Czech corpora, the contribution demonstrates that this originally vulgar expression in contemporary Czech has lost its mischievous content in some contexts and it is used also with other meanings than vulgar or depreciative. At the same time, it is possible to observe the shift in its morphological classification, at present it is not always possible to characterize its form as a vocative of the substance of a word vůl/ox, i.e. also its position in the contacting function as addressing a communication partner, but it is formally ceased and it functions as a particle. Paralelly with it, it acquires new communication functions. The aim of the analysis is to describe the communication acquires new communicative functions. Corpus analysis is accompanied by an elicitation research probe among foreign students of Bohemistics. The aim of the elicitation is the individual interpretation of contexts and goals of using the vocabulary of ty vole.

CS

Příspěvek se zabývá používáním prostředku ty vole v současné mluvené češtině. Prostřednictvím kvalitativní analýzy materiálu mluvených korpusů češtiny příspěvek dokládá, že tento původně vulgární výraz v současné češtině ztratil v některých kontextech svou hanlivou náplň a je užíván i s jinými významy než vulgárními či depreciativními. Zároveň je možné sledovat i posun v jeho morfologickém zařazení, v současné době ne vždy lze charakterizovat jeho formu jako vokativ substantiva vůl, tj. následně i jeho postavení ve funkci kontaktové jako oslovení komunikačního partnera, ale dochází k jeho formálnímu ustrnutí do podoby částice a paralelně s tím, získává nové komunikační funkce. Cílem analýzy je popis komunikačních funkcí, do nichž prostředek ty vole vstupuje. Korpusová analýza je provázena elicitační výzkumnou sondou mezi zahraničními studenty bohemistiky. Cílem elicitace jsou individuální interpretace kontextů a cílů užití slovního spojení ty vole.

20

Partikule v Pražském mluveném korpusu

41%

Adamovičová A.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

|

2017

|

vol. 8

|

issue Zvláštní číslo 2017

88-108

XX

The article deals with particles, usually considered to be a residual part of speech, and strives to come to some general conclusions on occurrence and frequency of particles as well as their function in common spoken language. The basic source is the reference Prague Spoken Corpus (PSC) which is a part of the Czech National Corpus. The fact that particles are after verbs and pronouns the third most frequent word in spoken Czech appears for the first time in the Frequency Dictionary of Spoken Czech based on the PSC. This finding demands new tasks on linguists, especially more detailed description of this so frequently used part of speech, which hasn’t been so far thoroughly analyzed on the basis of true authentic data. PSC provides the unique possibility to describe functions and the meaning of particles in the direct authentic context and usage, where they naturally appear. Large contextual scope is the decisive criterion for their identification. Description of particles requires a practical approach and by analyzing their real occurrence and co-occurrence one can prove, deny or change all theoretical premises. What we haven’t found in the corpus is also a positive knowledge — the prove that in the corpus with a size of almost three quarter million tokens a particular word didn’t appear. The article presents all types of particles which appear in the corpus and provides both its quantitative analyses dealing with original particles as well as with those homonymous with other parts of speech. It also deals with the existing processing of particles in various linguistic manuals.

Refine search results

Zur Problematik der semantischen und pragmatischen Äquivalenz von Partikeln am Beispiel des deutschen ja und des polnischen no

Genetyczne parantele partykuł i spójników

Similarities and differences between two Hungarian particles for also: szintén and is

Contrastive Analysis of Metatext. Expressing Polish "niemniej" in Bulgarian

Occupational exposure to particulate matter in 2 Portuguese waste-sorting units

Czy aby Maciej mi przytaknie? O statusie aby w pytaniach rozstrzygnięcia

Partykuły w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na poziomie A1. Na materiale podręczników i słowników przeznaczonych dla uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego

How to analyze contextuality of metatextual language units? Notes on the relation: TRS – particle semantics

Частицы в словенском языке

The Latin Prope—What Part of Speech Is It?

Análisis del uso peculiar americano de la partícula ‘hasta’ en la ciudad de Monterrey, México

Style radzenia sobie z bodźcami zagrażającymi a częstość użycia partykuł w wypowiedziach jako wskaźnik lęku w sytuacji społecznej ekspozycji

Abtönungspartikeln und ihre Funktionen

Parataktemy vs asyntagmatyki, czyli różne oblicza kookurencji tekstowej

Particules/adverbes exprimant la modalité épistémique : Vers la comparaison des systèmes des langues tchèque et française

Семантика частиц в современном русском языке

„Malá slova“ a jejich podíl na stylu mluvených projevů

„Da war ich sofort high gewesen, ne. Wein getankt, woll.” – Eine exemplarische Analyse des Dortmunder Regiolekts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Rückversicherungspartikeln

Ty vole jako multifunkční komunikační prostředek v současné češtině

Partikule v Pražském mluveném korpusu