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1
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Poznańska leksyka regionalna w świetle koncepcji geografii myślenia Richarda E. Nisbetta

100%
Piotrowicz A., Witaszek-Samborska M.
Investigationes Linguisticae
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2013
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issue 29
27-36
EN
This article is an attempt to use the Richard Nisbett’s observations (the differences in the structure of parts of speech in the languages of East and West) to the Polish language and Poznań regional vocabulary. The analysis applies only to the lexical system, rather than the structure of words in texts. Studies confirm that the Polish language lexical system - both general and regional - is close to the languages of the West.
2
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Glosa do terminu wyrażenia funkcyjne

92%
Wróbel H.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2015
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issue Numer Specjalny
173-179
EN
The goal of the paper is to verify a set of expressions which should be considered functional. Accepting M. Grochowski’s 1997 general characterization of functional expressions relating to the semanticsyntactic plane, the present author also upholds, from 1995, that the term “functional expression” ought to apply as well to expressions which fulfill auxiliary roles in the creation of the formal syntactic structure of utterances. These are those components of multi-word linguistic units which are bereft of individual meaning, and are synonymous with semantically full lexemes belonging to various parts of speech, primarily adverbs, conjunctions, inflected and uninflected relators, but also verbs in so-called periphrastic (verbal-nominal) expressions.
3

Wortarten in der Generativen Grammatik

92%
Turysheva O.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 141
349-360
DE
Die Frage nach der qualitativen und daraus folgenden quantitativen Charakteristik der Wortarten ist eine uralte Frage, die Jahrtausende lang behandelt wird. Mit der Zeit werden neue Methoden der Wortarteneinteilung vorgeschlagen. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, den Status der Wortarten in der generativen Grammatik zu bestimmen, den Inhalt und die Bedeutung der Merkmale [+/–N/V] klarzustellen. In der Untersuchung wird gezeigt, ob die syntaktischen Interpretationen der Merkmalsbündelkombinationen einheitlich und für alle Sprachen relevant sind.
EN
The problem of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the parts of speech is an age-old question. Within the course of time new methods of classifications of parts of speech have been proposed. The present article aims to determine the status of parts of speech in generative grammar and to clarify the content and the significance of the features [+/–N / V]. The paper tries to show whether the syntactic interpretations of the feature bundles are uniform and pertinent to all languages.
4
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Kwalifikacja gramatyczna wybranych indeklinabiliów w łacińskiej praktyce leksykograficznej

82%
Wolanin H.
Polonica
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2015
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vol. 35
25-37
EN
Classifying lexical items into functional classes, traditionally called parts of speech, is an important lexicographic tool serving to inform the dictionary’s readers about the most general, structural features of the lexical units being described. Yet, the problem of setting right criteria for the classification still remains unsolved, especially with reference to uninflected lexemes, devoid of formal inflectional features. The lack of clear and commonly accepted rules of differentiating between paricular kinds of indeclinable words characterizes also Latin grammatical theory and lexicography. As a result, the main Latin-Polish dictionaries differ in ascribing grammatical status to Latin uninflected lexemes like igitur, nam, utinam, num, quidem, itaque, an, praeter. The aim of this paper is to reflect on functional and syntactic status of Latin indeclinable words, and to suggest a solution for the above mentioned problem.
5

Want/omdat X en de vaagheid van de linguïstische categorieën

81%
Konvička M.
Neerlandica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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vol. 28
17-31
EN
In this article, I set out to demonstrate the inadequateness of traditional linguistic categories in light of ongoing language change. As a case in point, I analyse some of the syntactic properties of the Dutch want/omdat X construction. The erstwhile coordinating conjunction want ‘because’ and the subordinating conjunction omdat ‘because’ not only take clauses as complements, but nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, interjections, direct speech, and emoticons as well. I discuss three proposed analyses of the aforementioned constructions: an ellipsis, a preposition, or a category sui generis. Against the backdrop of these diverging proposals, I emphasise the need to understand linguistic categories such as parts of speech as intrinsically vague and prototypical. Moreover, I also briefly sketch the diachrony of want/omdat X and show that, contrary to frequent claims, it is not a recent innovation since its precursors can be found as early as in the 1960s.
6

Terminy metalingwistyczne w świadomości uczniów klas trzecich – na przykładzie nazw części mowy

81%
Kamper-Warejko J., Kaproń-Charzyńska I.
Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
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2017
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vol. 17
EN
The aim of this paper is to introduce the results of a pilot study of the metalinguistic awareness of nine and ten-year old children in terms of the comprehension and use of the terms denoting parts of speech. The study was conducted among 73 children. The interpretation of study results includes the connection between defining and the development of the skill of defining. Moreover, the authors take into consideration the fact that the process of becoming independent of perceptive and semantic aspects and the development of the awareness of the linguistic formin children are extended in time. The study shows that children are able to combine a metalinguistic term with its definition to a larger extent if the definition comprises the semantic features of parts of speech. On the other hand, they display smaller awareness of the grammatical features of particular parts of speech. Their receptive and perceptive competence is relatively low, which indicates that many children do not understand the terms discussed in the scope provided in the core curriculum.
7
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Liczebniki przysłówkowe w Rozmyślaniu przemyskim – kwantyfikacja zdarzeń

81%
Słoboda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2015
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issue 20
265-274
EN
The paper describes adverbial numeral expressions used to quantify events, to indicate their specific number, that can be found in the largest text of Polish Middle Ages, i.e. in Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Based on the traditional division of numerals, the article identifies multiplicative, ordinal, and manifold numerals, and indicates their function in specific contexts. The analyzed text, even though it is a 16th century copy, preserves such shapes of multiplicative numerals as jedną/jednąc or dwojc/dwojcy which were archaic already from the perspective of the Middle Polish period. Likewise, the text conserves adverbial ordinal numerals. The material also proves that, before the popularization of adverbial forms of the dwukrotnie-type, and of compound constructions with the element raz, the stock of numerals used as adverbs was limited primarily to derivatives from numerals of the lower order, related to values between one and four.
8
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On the Two Lists of ‘Four [Types Of] Words’ (Nāṟ-col) in the Śāstric Descriptions of Tamil

81%
Chevillard J.-L.
Lingua Posnaniensis
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2013
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vol. 55
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issue 2
9-23
EN
This article examines, from the perspective of the History of Linguistics, the specifications and the genesis of two distinct lists of four sets of words which are often found in the ancient shastric corpus of the Tamil-speaking South. One of those lists, which is found inside the “pure grammar” component of that technical literature, enumerates ‘nouns’ (peyarc col), ‘verbs’ (viṉaic col), ‘particles’ (iṭaic col), and uric col (lit. ‘appropriate words’), whereas the other list, which reflects the fact that one of the main aims of “grammar” was to describe literature, enumerates ‘simple words’ (iyaṟcol), tiricol (lit. ‘mutant words’ or ‘twisted words’), ‘regional words’ (ticaic col), and ‘Northern words’ (vaṭacol). In both lists, there is an item for which it is difficult to find a simple translation, namely uriccol for the first list and tiricol for the second list. T he difficulty in identifying and explaining the intention of those who coined those terms seems to be in part due to the fact that the texts which the Tamil tradition has transmitted to us are an assemblage of various parts that were once fragments of a “work in progress”, now fossilized, which was partly abandoned, either because another śāstra (that of lexicography) took over part of the descriptive effort, and/or because the ambition to compile a dhātu-pāṭha (the Sanskrit term for a list of verbal roots) for the Tamil language was abandoned, if such a project ever existed. The fact that discontinuities in the transmission of Tamil śāstric literature do exist is attested to, for instance, by the hesitation of traditional commentators, while explaining sūtra TP 385i (alias TP 392p), which is a characterization of marapu (approx. ‘usage’), said to be dependent on the power of ‘the four words’. The commentators are cautious in deciding which of the two lists of ‘four words’ is meant, possibly hoping to suggest that the sūtra might refer to both, because they believe in the “beauty of compromise”.
9

Jak łączyć historyczne jednostki języka w klasy funkcjonalne? Problemy z wyodrębnianiem dopowiedzeń w materiale historycznym

70%
Pastuch M.
Język Polski
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2017
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vol. 97
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issue 4
24-37
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problemy związane z zastosowaniem współczesnego podziału na części mowy do materiału historycznego. Autorka przyjmuje, że nie można w pełni wykorzystać ustaleń synchronicznych do analiz historycznojęzykowych. Konsekwencją takiego podejścia jest przyjęcie terminu "historyczna jednostka języka", zaproponowanego przez Piotra Sobotkę. Na przykładzie jednostek leksykalnych, które w niektórych opracowaniach synchronicznych zaliczane są do klasy dopowiedzeń, dowodzi się, że w ujęciu diachronicznym nie spełniają one kryteriów stawianych częściom mowy. Prezentowane argumenty odnoszą się zarówno do współczesnych opisów podziału na części mowy (np. kryteriów oddzielenia wykrzykników od dopowiedzeń), jak i do praktycznych problemów wynikających z zastosowania dokonań synchronicznych do konkretnej dokumentacji językowej (np. wielości jednostek nieciągłych w funkcji dopowiedzenia). W konkluzji autorka proponuje, aby w opisie materiału historycznego nie stosować terminu "dopowiedzenie", a wyróżnione jednostki traktować jako funkcję określonych typów partykuł.
EN
The article presents problems connected with applying the synchronous division into parts of speech to the historical language material. The author assumes that it is impossible to conform all the contemporary findings to the historical analysis. As a consequence, she adopts the term “historical unit of language” which was proposed by Piotr Sobotka. The example of lexical units (which in some synchronous studies fall into a category called ‘appositions’) proves that when taking a historical approach into account the aforementioned units do not fulfil the criteria for parts of speech. The presented arguments refer both to the synchronous division concerning parts of speech (e.g. how to separate an apposition from an interjection) and to practical problems (e.g. the multitude of discontinuous lexical units in the function of apposition). In the conclusion the author suggests not using the term ‘apposition’ as well as treating the distinguished units as a function of specific particle types.
10

The Latin Prope—What Part of Speech Is It?

70%
Górska M.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 3: Filologia klasyczna - Selected Papers in English
7-22
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 3 (2009). This paper seeks to revise the description of the grammatical properties of the Latin lexeme prope, which are fundamental for its inclusion in specific classes of words (parts of speech). The change proposed here amounts to saying that behind the entry prope there are two parts of speech, and that they are not adverb and preposition but adverb and particle. The particle is prope, meaning almost, nearly—it occurs in the positive degree, does not govern case, and is syntactically related to various parts of speech. In the remaining cases, prope most generally means near (somebody / something); it is a gradable adverb that governs an obligatory point of reference (in the form of the accusative, the dative, or the prepositional phrase a [ab] with the ablative). This point of reference may, however, be subject to context-dependent ellipsis when the recipient has an opportunity to reliably reconstruct it.
11
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Recenzja książki: "Errando discimus?" – O pewnej gramatyce języka łacińskiego

70%
Pieczonka J.
Collectanea Philologica
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2021
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issue 24
235-244
EN
The article concerns the Latin Grammar by Emilia Kubicka, published in 2019. The book presents the rules of the Latin pronunciation, conjugation, declension of the nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and the indeclinable parts of speech such as adverbs and prepositions. However, the grammar does not present all the principles that govern the structure of Latin sentences, and the book has numerous errors.
12
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Jak mówią postaci „Lalki” Bolesława Prusa. Analiza stylometryczna

66%
Foltman J.
Polonica
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2018
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vol. 38
51-66
EN
This article investigates if there is some distinctive way in which characters of Bolesław Prus novel “The Doll” are speaking. It is well known that author endowed his characters with diff erent social backgrounds, views, ethics. Literary critics often emphasized diff erences in vocabulary and numerous language stylizations among social classes, but in most of the cases only the most characteristic words were taken into con16 Jarosław Foltman sideration and function words (prepositions, conjunctions, personal pronouns and other) were omitted in the research. The aim of this study, in contrast to the previous, is to examine individual characters’ way of speaking by measuring frequencies of using most frequent words and given parts of speech. Tests have been performed using the Delta method with a couple of data visualization techniques. The results show some signifi cant variations in individual idiolects.
13
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Modelli di descrizione grammaticale nei manuali di italiano per apprendenti di madrelingua tedesca

58%
Serena E.
Italica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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issue 9.1
247-269
IT
Il presente contributo analizza l’apparato concettuale e terminologico impiegato nelle sezioni grammaticali dei manuali di italiano per apprendenti adulti/e di madrelingua tedesca. L’articolo si propone in particolare di stabilire che tipo di relazione queste sezioni intrattengono con l’apparato concettuale della grammatica tradizionale (GT) e con i modelli della linguistica moderna (LM). L’analisi considera in particolare le seguenti variabili: 1) trattamento delle parti del discorso con particolare attenzione per la modalità di presentazione e per i criteri di definizione; 2) presenza o assenza di riferimenti espliciti o impliciti alla nozione di sintagma; 3) trattamento delle funzioni sintattiche di soggetto, oggetto diretto e indiretto e complementi; 4) terminologia impiegata. Dall’analisi scaturiscono le seguenti conclusioni: le differenze più vistose nel modo in cui vengono trattate le parti del discorso riguardano gli articoli e le classi trasversali come dimostrativi, indefiniti e possessivi; le definizioni delle parti del discorso non seguono criteri omogenei; i riferimenti al concetto di sintagma ̶ fondamentale nella LM e sconosciuta o ignorata nella GT ̶ sono solo impliciti; le funzioni di soggetto, oggetto e complementi sono più volte citate senza che, però ne vengano fornite definizioni esplicite; le scelte terminologiche presentano infine un certo grado di eclettismo, dal momento che includono sia termini della terminologia metalinguistica internazionale sia termini della tradizione scolastica tedesca e italiana.
EN
This paper investigates the conceptual and terminological framework employed in the grammatical sections of Italian textbooks for German-speaking adult learners. The paper especially aims to establish what relationship these sections have with the framework of traditional grammar (TG) and models of grammatical description in modern linguistics (ML). The analysis takes the following variables into account: 1) treatment of parts of speech, paying particular attention to manners of presentation and criteria of definition; 2) presence or absence of explicit or implicit references to the concept of “phrase”; 3) treatment of the syntactic functions of subject, direct and indirect objects, and complements; and 4) employed terminology. The analysis leads to several conclusions. First, the most remarkable differences in the treatment of parts of speech from textbook to textbook concern articles and transversal classes such as demonstratives, indefinites, and possessives. Additionally, when parts of speech are explicitly defined, the definitions do not follow homogeneous criteria. Furthermore, references to the concept of “phrase”, fundamental in ML and unknown or ignored in TG, are only implicit. Moreover, though the functions of subject, object, and complements are mentioned often, they are never explicitly defined. Finally, terminological choices are somewhat eclectic, as they include terms from international metalinguistic terminology as well as technical vocabulary from the German and Italian school traditions.
14
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Un exemple des limites du calque latin dans la description du nom : la théorie des cas au XVIIIe siècle

58%
Dagnet S.
e-Scripta Romanica
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2017
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vol. 4
27-42
EN
When describing the different components of French speech, the grammarians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries resorted, like their predecessors, to Latin, viewed then as a model of excellence. More specifically, as far as the noun is concerned, their emulation led them to declare that its occurrence varies in gender, number, and case, just as with its ancient counterpart. Far from constituting an obstacle, the difficulty surrounding the lack of case morphemes in the French substantive is circumvented: in French, the declension of the noun is more properly that of the article, an anteposed occurrence that both clarifies the reference implied by the noun element and varies according to the grammatical function occupied by the noun group. Thus the occurrence la femme (subject or direct object) corresponds to the nominative and the accusative, while the occurrence à la femme (indirect object) would equate to a dative. This theory, already endangered in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was very widely challenged in the eighteenth century. The controversy did nothing to discourage Régnier-Desmarais (1706) and Vallart (1744), who defend the theory of case variation and establish declension paradigms that they clarify and justify at length (first part). Their well-supported arguments clash with reports by Girard (1744) and Du Marsais (1769), who perceive the Latin calque as a syntactic misinterpretation and a misunderstanding of the characteristics of the article, at the time a poorly-regarded class of words (second part). Beauzée (1767) reconciles the two trends, claiming that even if the noun does not undergo declension, French remains a case language as far as the pronoun is concerned. Thereby restoring the legitimacy of the case while limiting it to a precise type of word, he more generally questions the role of this grammatical category (third part).
FR
Au moment de décrire les parties d’oraison du français, les grammairiens des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles se tournent, comme leurs prédécesseurs, vers le latin, perçu comme un modèle d’excellence. Plus spécifiquement en ce qui concerne le nom, cette imitation les conduit à décréter que cette occurrence varie comme son homologue antique en genre, en nombre et en cas. La difficulté liée à l’absence de morphème casuel du substantif français, loin de constituer un frein, est contournée : en français la déclinaison du nom serait surtout celle de l’article, occurrence antéposée qui tout en précisant la référence opérée par l’élément nominal, varie au gré de la fonction grammaticale occupée par le groupe nominal. Ainsi, l’occurrence la femme (sujet ou complément d’objet) correspondrait au nominatif et à l’accusatif, tandis que l’occurrence à la femme (complément d’attribution) équivaudrait à un datif. Cette théorie, déjà en péril aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, est très largement remise en cause au XVIIIe siècle. La controverse ne décourage pas Régnier-Desmarais (1706) et Vallart (1744), qui défendent la thèse d’une variation en cas et établissent des paradigmes de déclinaisons, longuement explicités et justifiés (première partie). Leurs argumentations étayées se heurtent aux exposés de Girard (1744) et de Du Marsais (1769), qui perçoivent le calque du latin comme un contresens syntaxique et une méconnaissance des caractéristiques de l’article, classe de mots en mal de statut (deuxième partie). Beauzée (1767) réconcilie les deux tendances en affirmant que si le nom ne possède pas de déclinaison, le français reste une langue casuelle en ce qui concerne le pronom. Rétablissant ainsi la légitimité du cas tout en le limitant à un type de mots précis, il s’interroge plus globalement sur le rôle de cette catégorie grammaticale (troisième partie).
15

Trzy razy NIE. O kwalifikacji gramatycznej leksemów nieodmiennych o postaci nie w języku polskim

58%
Menantaud H.
Język Polski
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2015
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vol. 95
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issue 5
446-456
PL
Punktem wyjścia dyskusji jest krytyczna analiza artykułu Grochowskiego z 2007 r. o kwalifikacji gramatycznej leksemów nieodmiennych o postaci „nie” w języku polskim. Proponuje się nowe rozwiązanie tego problemu. Wysuwa się hipotezę, że istnieją w polskim trzy leksemy o stałej postaci nie: NIE1 — ortotoniczny czasownik (Czy to pańskie rękawiczki? — Nie), NIE2 — partykuła rematyzująca i proklityka niezwiązana (Nie Jan tańczył wczoraj z Marią), NIE3 — przysłówek nierematyzujący i proklityka związana (Ta szklanka nie jest czysta). Odrzuca się tym samym hipotezę o dodatkowej części mowy, do której należałaby polska negacja.
EN
First, the paper critically examines Grochowski (2007) regarding grammatical qualification of invariable lexemes with the form "nie" in Polish. A new solution of the same problem is then proposed based on the hypothesis that three invariable lexemes with the form "nie" exist in Polish: NIE1 as an orthotonic verb (Czy to pańskie rękawiczki? — Nie. "Are these your gloves ? — No"), NIE2 as a rhematizing particle and a non-aggregate proclitic (Nie Jan tańczył wczoraj z Marią. “It is not John who danced with Mary yesterday”), NIE3 as a non rhematizing adverb and an aggregate proclitic (Ta szklanka nie jest czysta. “This glass is not clean”). The hypothesis of Polish negation belonging to a new part of speech is thus rejected.
16
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Nebyla šťastná, nebo byla nešťastná?

58%
Hrdlička M.
Bohemistyka
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2022
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issue 3
476-477
EN
The article addresses various types of negatives in contemporary Czech. Speakers have many options to express semantic nuances. Advanced foreign students of Czech shall learn which variant prevails in different communication situations and what is its communication effect.
CS
Článek pojednává o různých druzích záporu v současné češtině. Mluvčí má k dispozici různé možnosti, pomocí kterých je možné vyjadřovat významové nuance. Pokročilejší zahraniční bohemista by si měl osvojit, která varianta v určité komunikační situaci převažuje a jaký je její komunikační účinek.
17
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O precyzji terminologicznej w kontekście badań diachronicznych (na przykładzie przyimków)

58%
Janowska A.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2020
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vol. 76
207-2016
PL
Precyzja terminologiczna stanowi jedno z najważniejszych wyróżników nauki, gdyż ściśle wiąże się z precyzją myślenia. W naukach humanistycznych, także w językoznawstwie, wymóg ten jednak często jest omijany. Trudno bowiem w rygorystycznych ramach naukowych umieścić większość zjawisk językowych. W artykule Autorka skupia swoją uwagę na problemie zakreślania granic klasy przyimków (chodzi głównie o przyimki wtórne wzdłuż, wobec, celem, na początku, pod wodzą), klasy bardzo trudnej do opisu ze względu na niejednorodność i dynamizm zjawisk z nią związanych. Jest to bowiem część mowy kształtująca się niejako „na naszych oczach”. Swoje rozważania Autorka rozpoczyna od przeglądu dotychczasowych różnorodnych propozycji definicyjnych: od ujęć w znacznym stopniu zawężających tę klasę leksemów do form „pewnych”, zleksykalizowanych aż do opisów zwracających uwagę na cały szereg zjawisk składniowych, wiążących się z omawianą grupą jednostek, opisów uwzględniających wszelkie zjawiska pograniczne. Interesuje ją, które z tych ujęć jest przydatne w zrozumieniu fenomenu klasy przyimkowej i które powinny (mogą) być brane pod uwagę w analizach historycznych. Autorka poświęca też uwagę kwestii dopasowania terminów stosowanych w językoznawstwie synchronicznym i diachronicznym
EN
Terminological precision in the context of diachronic research (exemplified by approaches to prepositions). Summary: Terminological precision constitutes one the most important determinants of scholarship because it is directly associated with precise thinking. However, in the humanities, also in linguistics, this requirement is frequently omitted, for it is hardly possible to capture the majority of linguistic phenomena within a rigid scientific framework. The paper focuses on the problem of defining the boundaries of the class of prepositions (we are concerned mainly with secondary prepositions: wzdłuż, wobec, celem, na początku, pod wodzą), a class whose description is difficult due to the lack of uniformity and the dynamic nature of the phenomena related to the use of prepositions. It is a part of speech which in a way is developing “right before our eyes”. The author presents an overview of the multifarious definitions of prepositions proposed to date. They range from approaches which to a great extent narrow down this class of lexemes to “certain”, lexicalised forms, to descriptions which take into account a whole range of syntactic features related to the analysed lexical units, as well as some borderline phenomena. The author intends to point to the most useful approach to the understanding of the phenomenon of the prepositional class and indicate which approaches should be (or may be) taken into account in historical analyses. The author also addresses the problem of the adjustment of terms used in synchronic and diachronic linguistics. Keywords: secondary preposition, scholarly terminology, diachronic research, parts of speech
18

Refleksje leksykalno-statystyczne nad wypowiedziami dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym. Część 1 – słownictwo częste

58%
Święcicka M.
Język Polski
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2022
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vol. 102
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issue 2
77-92
PL
Celem niniejszego szkicu jest charakterystyka wyrazów statystycznie częstych w słowniku dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, obejmująca zarówno ich strukturę funkcjonalną, jak i semantyczną. Analizy, prowadzone w nurcie lingwistyki statystycznej oraz semantyki językoznawczej, potwierdzają niewielki udział wyrazów częstych w słowniku oraz znaczącą ich rolę w strukturze tekstów mówionych. Hasła częste to głównie wyrazy autosemantyczne, zwłaszcza rzeczowniki i czasowniki. Z kolei częste wyrazy pomocnicze, choć niezbyt liczne, odznaczają się wysokimi rangami i frekwencjami tekstowymi. Słownik oparty jest na reprezentatywnych grupach znaczeniowych, odzwierciedlających świat dziecka, jego doświadczenia i uczucia. Zaobserwowane cechy ilościowe oraz jakościowe dziecięcego słownika częstego potwierdzają prawidłowości statystyczne tekstów innych odmian polszczyzny, są zgodne z własnościami języka naturalnego, stylu mówionego oraz właściwościami rozwojowymi mowy dziecka.
EN
The purpose of this essay is to characterize statistically frequent words in a pre-school children’s dictionary, including both their functional and semantic structure. Analyses conducted in the field of statistical linguistics and linguistic semantics confirm the small share of frequent words in the dictionary and their significant role in the structure of spoken texts. Frequent entries are mostly autosemantic words, especially nouns and verbs. On the other hand, frequent auxiliary words, although not very numerous, are characterized by high ranks and text frequencies. The dictionary is based on representative meaning groups that reflect the child’s world, experiences and feelings. The observed quantitative and qualitative features of the children’s frequent dictionary confirm the statistical regularities of the texts of other varieties of Polish, they are consistent with the properties of the natural language, the spoken style and the developmental properties of the child’s speech.
19
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„Malá slova“ a jejich podíl na stylu mluvených projevů

58%
Hoffmannová J.
Stylistyka
|
2017
|
vol. 26
155-171
EN
In contrast to written language, spoken utterances evince a much higher incidence of deictics, indefinite and pseudo-demonstrative pronouns, contact particles (phatic expressions), specific conjunctions and other connectives, interjections, fillers and hesitation sounds. Corpus-based data should make it possible to attempt a new typology of such expressions (of a broad category of “discourse markers”), independent of the traditional categorization of the parts of speech. The research of spoken Czech syntax must take into account these groups of lexical means that are innate to spoken discourse, i.e. this important area where lexis and syntax meet. Such words as the Czech jako, teda, jakoe, jakoby seem to be semantically vague or empty, but they have a special effect on the connectedness and cohesion of spoken discourse. Moreover, the syntax of spoken discourse has to be investigated in terms of its dialogic and processual nature, inevitably respecting the relationships between utterances and dialogue turns; that is why special attention must be given to “small words” employed at the beginning or end of various types of turns. Their participation in the turn-taking mechanismus, as well as other functions, demonstrates that the “small words” in most cases cannot be regarded as redundant expressions, and that they contribute to the style of spoken discourse.
20
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Kategorie gramatyczne w dorobku Romana Laskowskiego

50%
Grochowski M.
Polonica
|
2019
|
vol. 39
71-84
EN
Five years have passed since Professor Roman Laskowski’s death. The author can recall the Professor’s outstanding achievements in the field of Polish grammar and methodology of linguistics. The first part of the article discusses Laskowski’s theory of parts of speech, as well as his original and innovative proposals in functional classifications of Polish lexemes. The second part of the review focuses on Laskowski’s achievements in research on morphological categories related to the inflected parts of speech. Laskowski’s most important works on both verbal and nominal categories are also presented in the article.
PL
W piątą rocznicę śmierci Romana Laskowskiego (1936–2014), wybitnego teoretyka języka, polonisty i slawisty, autor chce przypomnieć w sposób syntetyczny o jego dokonaniach w zakresie metodologicznych podstaw gramatyki polskiej. Artykuł jest przeznaczony przede wszystkim dla językoznawców niezajmujących się gramatyką. Roman Laskowski zbudował aparat pojęciowy współczesnej morfologii funkcjonalnej, metodologicznie podporządkowany składni, zdeterminowanej semantycznie. W pierwszej części artykułu omawiana jest koncepcja części mowy autorstwa uczonego i jego nowatorskie, oryginalne klasyfikacje funkcjonalne leksemów polskich (przedstawione w dwóch wydaniach dzieła Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego. Morfologia) na tle klasyfikacji innych autorów współczesnych. Druga część artykułu, odwołująca się do licznych publikacji Romana Laskowskiego, przedstawia jego osiągnięcia w badaniach nad kategoriami morfologicznymi, przysługującymi nominalnym i werbalnym klasom leksemów, a w szczególności proponowane przez niego zasady opisu tych kategorii we współczesnej polszczyźnie.
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