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EN
The Confederation of Independent Poland was the first democratic political party in the People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents its activity between 1979 and 1991 and concentrates on its internal organization, its program and above all on its place in the political system. Additionally, it presents the party’s evolution from an illegal and anti-regime political party to a classical parliamentary fraction. Deliberations concentrate on the period of regime transformation after the Round Table, focusing on the Confederation’s election campaigns: in 1989 – contractual parliamentary elections, in 1990 – local elections, in 1990 – presidential elections and in 1991 – parliamentary election. However the article focuses mainly on the preparations and the course of the 1991 parliamentary elections, as they were the first free and democratic parliamentary election in Poland after the Second World War, and its organisation was the Confederation’s most important goal since its establishment.
EN
Public administration bodiesare obliged to take all the steps required for a accurate explanation of the facts. According to the concertization of the principle of objective truth, the public authority is obliged to exhaustively collect and consider all the evidence.
EN
In 2012 and 2013, in Poland, did not take place any national election. It was excellent perspective to lead comparison research. The subject of this article is presidentialization of electoral preferences. This process depends on situation, when style of parliamentary campaign has become similarly like presidential election and people focus on parties leaders competition. Usually presidentialisation increased without any changes of election rules. The Author focuses on two aspects: determinantes of decisions in potential parliamentary elections and opinion connected with organizing television debates during campaigns. In the article were compared preferences among electoral five main Polish parties. Results of the polls were compared with effects previous surveys (in 2012), which included two the same questions about presidentialisation. First question (about presidentialisation) apply to determinates of decision in potential parliamentary election. In every parties electoral more respondents choose ‘party option’ than ‘leader variant’. The most questioned, who show party leader, find among Law and Justice (PiS) electoral (26,2 per cent). It could be predicted, because JarosławKaczyński (PiS president) is main party symbol and predominant person inside the organization. As surprise can be treated preferences of Civil Platform (PO) electoral. Here value of this ratings reveal 18,3 per cent. In comparison to previous survey (in 2012) it signifies decline about 2,4 per cent. Donald Tusk (the prime minister and PO leader) is the most important component of this party and his attitude was main factor of the winning of two last parliamentary elections (2007 and 2011). Second question apply to organization television debates in every elections. Among electoral every parties find more followers than oppositionists this solution. However in comparison this results to previous polls we can conclude about decrease amount of supporter this postulate. In reality, debates became important element of campaign if politicians understand a role of this issues. But presently political parties and public opinion are not interested in this issue.
EN
The article deals with the issue of administrative procedural law and civil court proceedings. The author describes a special right of the parties to administrative proceedings, which is the right to bring an action against an administrative decision, and attempts to analyse the action in relation to the administrative decision against the control of common courts against individual acts of public administration. This analysis is carried out in the light of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, as well as on the legal grounds for bringing actions against administrative decisions. The article was enriched with a number of judgments of common and administrative courts. At the end of the article, the author formulates de lege ferenda conclusions.
EN
Explanation and understanding of the nature and function of the procedural acts as essential constituent elements forming the structure of the proceedings before the administrative court is fundamental to the scientific explanation of the procedural issues. Today, it is difficult to imagine a full study of any institution of procedural law without reference to the debate on the general assumptions resulting from the nature, function and properties of procedural acts. Consequently, procedural acts in administrative court proceedings are to be counted as the most important phenomena of the process, and the very concept of a procedural step to basic research equipment of the proceedings before the administrative court, without which it is difficult to properly introduce and explain the institutions of this procedure. Procedural acts, extracted from a wider range of procedural facts, build the structures in the proceedings before the administrative court. These are the elements of a process that dynamize the process. Procedural acts lead to the initiation, development and implementation of the main purpose of the procedure, which is the judgment of the court deciding a dispute over the legality of the action, inaction or chronic proceedings by a public authority. In the proceedings before the administrative court the procedural acts of the parties should be analyzed in conjunction with the construction of the capacity to bring an action before the court. Differentiation of the capacity to bring an action before the court because of the type of protected interest is important from the point of view of reflection on the specific features of procedural acts of the parties that show some differences, depending on whether the party to the proceedings is an entity acting in the interests of the individual, public or social.
EN
A coup d’etat is defined as “a sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force.” As one looks through all the coup d’etats that have occurred throughout the history in various parts of the world, one can observe that often the protagonists of such events are political enemies, military leaders, or distressed insiders. Indeed, one is hard pressed to find where a coup d’etat has been executed by way of a poor legal reasoning of a Constitutional Court. Well, that is until now! In the newest country in Europe, the Republic of Kosovo, major international and domestic investments are being made on institution building. One of the beneficiaries of such investments has been the newly formed Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kosovo. Soon after its establishment, this young court faced its first tough decision, namely a challenge to the President of the country regarding his alleged serious violation of the Constitution by holding posts as President of the country and Chairman of his party. In a highly controversial case, marred with procedural irregularities, judicial misconduct, lack of due process, human rights violations, regular media leaks, and behind-the-scenes international and domestic political influences on the Court, a split Court decided that the President had seriously violated the Constitution. This decision led to the President’s resignation, which caused a political imbalance that still lingers, further harming Kosovo’s long term interests and prospects. But more importantly, some argue that this marks the first case where a coup d’etat that took down a President was executed by a Constitutional Court. This paper argues that the Court should have dismissed the claim of the MPs as inadmissible on procedural grounds, specifically that it was filed by the MPs after the time permitted by law and that the MPs never maintained the number of 30 members that were needed for the group to be an authorized party. Additionally, even on the merits, the Court failed to distinguish between the constitutional requirement to not exercise a party function, which the President in this case did not do, but rather simply held the position in a suspended mode. Moreover, even had the President’s holding of the position amounted to a violation of the Constitution, in no way did that equate to a serious constitutional violation. Still, the Court held contrary to the Constitution, applicable laws, and the available evidence before it and found that the President had seriously violated the Constitution.
PL
Powstała w październiku 1905 roku Partia Konstytucyjno-Demokratyczna na swoim pierwszym zjeździe przyjęła program, w którym również znalazły się punkty dotyczące kwestii chłopskiej. Między innymi proponowano bezrolnym i małorolnym chłopom przydzielenie ziemi państwowej i apanażowej, a także częściowe uwłaszczenie ziemi obszarniczej za wynagrodzeniem dotychczasowym właścicielom w tych regionach, gdzie by jej nie wystarczało. Postulowano utworzenie państwowego funduszu ziemi, przesiedlanie chłopów i uregulowanie kwestii dzierżawy. Program ten na posiedzeniu Komitetu Centralnego i na drugim zjeździe partii w styczniu 1906 roku uznano za niewystarczający i proponowano jego zmianę. Jednak liderzy partii z Pawłem Milukowem na czele uznali, że nie należy dokonywać żadnych zmian, co odbiło się na rezultatach wyborów do I Dumy Państwowej w 1906 roku, kiedy tylko 4% chłopów głosowało na partię kadetów.
EN
The Constitutional Democratic Party, which was established in October 1905, during its First Congress adopted a program that took into consideration the peasant issue. Among many others, party members proposed landless peasants and smallholders to allocate state and appanage land as well as partial enfranchisement of lands, with refund paid to its owners in the regions with no land to offer. They postulated the creation of a state fund land, resettlement of peasants and regulation of the lease. The program in question was declared insufficient at the meeting of the Central Committee and the Second Party Congress in January 1906. However, party leaders with Paul Miliukov amongst them, decided that no changes should be implemented, which gravely affected the results of the elections to the State Duma in 1906 with only 4% of farmers voting for the party of cadets.
RU
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PL
Z istoty zasady czynnego udziału strony w postępowaniu administracyjnym wynika obowiązek organu do zagwarantowania jej uczestnictwa na każdym jego etapie. Strona powinna być m.in. zawiadamiana o wszystkich podejmowanych czynnościach procesowych organu, mieć możliwość aktywnego uczestnictwa w ich przeprowadzaniu oraz zapewniony dostęp do akt sprawy, a przed wydaniem decyzji możliwość wypowiedzenia się co do całości zebranego materiału dowodowego w postępowaniu wyjaśniającym. Problemy pojawiają się w sytuacji, gdy strona jest nieobecna, a organ prowadzący postępowanie nie jest w stanie ustalić miejsca jej pobytu. Wówczas jest zobowiązany do podjęcia działań mających na celu zapewnienie nieobecnemu ochrony jego praw. Artykuł omawia charakter prawny instytucji kuratora dla nieobecnego, procedurę jego ustanawiania oraz związane z tym trudności prawne.
EN
The principle of active participation of parties in administrative proceedings imposes an obligation on authorities to guarantee them the possibility of participation at every single stage. Parties should be notified of all the process activities undertaken by authorities to be able to participate in them actively and granted access to the files, as well as being offered the possibility of commenting on the evidence collected in the explanatory proceeding before the final verdict is announced. Problems arise when a party is absent, and the bodies conducting the proceedings is not able to determine their whereabouts. They are obliged to take measures to ensure the protection of the absentee’s rights. This article discusses the nature of the institution referred to as the superintendent for the absent party, the procedure for its establishment and the relevant legal difficulties
EN
The paper deals with the problem of quantitative and qualitative functioning of the political parties in modern Ukraine. It studies particular political structures which avoid their active political positioning, have an unsystematic, sporadic character of their political activity or imitate their active participation in the political life. Existence of the “phantom” parties in the Ukrainian political system has negative consequences as it withholds the party system qualitative structuring process.
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EN
The main topic of research and analysis in the article is party municipal government on the example of the city of Zamość. It defined the concept of political parties, local groups and non-party and party among the candidates for the position of the President of the city. The article brings attention to the issue of the role of residents in civil society, their opportunities for participation in the election and the empirical research. It shows the opinions of the residents about the influences that political parties have on municipal government and its consequences for urban policy. The research have proven that the problem of party and nonparty in local politics should be considered not only with the data analysis on provided data, such as results of the NEC (National Electoral Commision), but also using field observation and review of interviews with local residents and their opinions, as it had place in city of Zamość.
PL
Artykuł bada i analizuje partyjność władz miejskich na przykładzie miasta Zamościa. Zdefiniowano w nim pojęcia: partia polityczna, ugrupowanie lokalne oraz bezpartyjność i partyjność kandydatów na prezydentów miasta. Poświęcono również uwagę roli mieszkańców w społeczeństwie obywatelskim, możliwościom ich partycypacji w życiu społeczno-politycznym i wynikom badań empirycznych. Przedstawiono opinie mieszkańców na temat upartyjnienia władzy miejskiej i wynikających z tego konsekwencji dla polityki miejskiej. Badania dowiodły, że problem partyjności i bezpartyjności w polityce lokalnej powinien być analizowany nie tylko na podstawie danych zastanych, tj. wyników ogłaszanych przez PKW, lecz także w oparciu o obserwacje terenowe i badania opinii mieszkańców regionu, jak to miało miejsce w Zamościu.
PL
Problematykę imprez masowych regulują przepisy ustawy z dnia 20 marca 2009 r. o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych, zwanej dalej u.b.i.m. Imprezy tego typu stały się współcześnie bardzo popularne ze względu na łatwość w szybkim przemieszczaniu się dużych grup społeczeństwa, zarówno na terytoriach państw, jak i między państwami, istnienie lepszych możliwości porozumiewania się na odległość oraz niewysokie, dla wielu ich uczestników, koszty udziału w takich imprezach. Zgodnie z przepisami art. 3u.b.i.m. za imprezy masowe uznaje się masowe imprezy artystyczno-rozrywkowe oraz masowe imprezy sportowe, w tym mecze piłki nożnej. Imprezy artystyczno-rozrywkowe to imprezy o charakterze artystycznym, roz-rywkowym lub zorganizowane publiczne oglądanie przekazu telewizyjnego na ekranach lub urządzeniach umożliwiających uzyskanie obrazu, a imprezy sportowe to imprezy mające na celu współzawodnictwo sportowe lub popularyzowanie kultury fizycznej. Meczem piłki nożnej jest impreza sportowa mająca na celu współzawodnictwow dyscyplinie piłki nożnej. Żeby uznać te imprezy za masowe, muszą one być przewidziane dla co najmniej 1000 osób, jeżeli odbywają się na stadionach lub innych otwartych miejscach, albo 500 osób w przypadku imprez artystyczno-rozrywkowych lub 300 osób w przypadku imprez sportowych, jeżeli odbywają się one w budynkach. Autor przedstawia w swoim artykule najważniejsze przepisy prawne obowiązujące w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej regulujące zasady organizowania oraz zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych w rozumieniu tych przepisów. Omawia również regulacje innych ustaw i aktów wykonawczych, które nie mają zastosowania do imprez masowych, ale regulują zasady organizacji równie dużych imprez, których definicje nie mieszczą się w ustawie o imprezach masowych jak np. imprezy organizowane przez organizacje kościelne lub imprezy państwowe o dużej liczbie uczestników.
EN
The problem of mass events was regulated by the provisions of the Act of 20 March 2009. on the security of mass events (i.e., Dz. U. of 2015. pos. 2139). Such events have become very popular today because of the ease of fast-moving large groups of society, both within countries and between countries, the existence of better opportunities to communicate at a distance and not high cost of participation in such events for many participants. In accordance with the provisions of Article 3 of the said Act for mass events is considered mass events artistic entertainment and mass sports events, including football matches. Events art and entertainment to events of artistic, entertainment or organized public viewing television broadcast on screens or devices which can produce the image, and sporting events are events to competitive sport or popularizing physical culture, a football match is a sports event aimed at competition in the discipline of football. To recognize these events for the mass must be provided for at least 1,000 people if held in stadiums or other open places, or 500 people for events, arts and entertainment, or 300 people for sporting events if they are held in buildings. The author presents the most important legal provisions in force in the Republic of Poland governing the organization and security of mass events within the meaning of these provisions. He also analysed the other laws and regulations, which do not apply to mass events but govern the organization as large-scale events, whose definitions do not fall within the law on mass events like. Events organized by church organizations or event state with a large number of participants
EN
Today’s political sociologists are once again interested in the study of the crisis of mass-based parties, anti-politics and anti-parliamentarism, crisis in the authority of the political class, prevailing corporate interests within republican institutions, and populism. Political sociology however, takes the party, as a construct of political sociology alone, without consideration upon its militancy and action, as the party, which objectifies the foundation of a State, and as a result the party becomes, simply an historical category. We approach the problem of the modern state from many angles; analysing the nature of a political party as such; the ideological dangers of determinism and spontaneism which a party necessarily must struggle with; the type of non-administrative internal regime which is necessary for a party to be effective and so on. The problem we seek to elaborate is the specific character of the collective action that makes possible the passage from a sectored, corporate and subordinate role of purely negative opposition, to a leading role of conscious action towards not merely a partial adjustment within the system, but posing the issue of the State in its entirety. In developing this theme – as a study of the real relations between the political party, the classes and the State – a two-fold consideration is devoted to the study of Machiavelli and Marx: first from the angle of the real relations between the two, as thinkers of revolutionary politics, of action; and secondly from a perspective which would derive from the Marxist doctrines an articulated system of contemporary politics, as found in The Prince.
EN
American society has been the subject of many changes in recent years. In this context, important was an increasing liberalization of communities of large cities. But also, as a response to this process, there could be seen a growing influence of the conservative Tea Party supporters. Changes in the national structure consisting of reducing the share of white community for African Americans and immigrants are also noticeable. Important implications also caused the recent economic crisis resulting in differentiation of the standard of living of different social groups. It is therefore interesting to analyze how two major American parties responded to these changes. The ground for such an analysis are especially presidential elections because of the importance that the head of state has in the policy of the United States.
PL
The article raises a quite important issue, hardly present in Polish scientific literature – the relation between presidential elections and the party system. This is an attempt to show how the party indicates the presidential candidate in the elections and at the same time a tentative to answer the question: how the results of the presidential elections translates into the score of the parliamentary one. Political parties, as organizations, attach too little attention to internal democracy and to how personal decisions are made. The article presents a solution proposal based on the example of France. For the parties a lot more important is the time elapsed between the elections and what was the outcome than the candidate himself. The article is in fact a qualitative research and was limited to Polish material, but too few election held allows us only you to identify some trends or possible impacts – but does not allow a broader generalization.
PL
międzywojennym Na przestrzeni lat 1920-1930 działalność ukraińskiego radykalnego ruchu lewicowego była jednym z decydujących czynników wpływających na układ stosunków politycznych we wschodnich województwach Polski. Działalność partii i organizacji prokomunistycznych miała szczególny wpływ na życie polityczne międzywojennego Wołynia. Wspieranie radykalnych idei przez miejscową ludność świadczyło o tym, iż władze nie rozwiązywały wielu problemów natury społecznej, gospodarczej, politycznej, kulturalnej i narodowościowej. Ponadto polityka ZSRS, który w ciągu całego dwudziestolecia międzywojennego prowadził na tych terenach aktywną działalność dywersyjną i szpiegowską, sprzyjała rozpowszechnianiu się propagandy bolszewickiej. Biorąc pod uwagę, iż wspomniane kwestie nie są dostatecznie zbadane zarówno w historiografii ukraińskiej, jak i zagranicznej, niniejszy artykuł ma na celu pogłębienie zagadnienia ukraińskiego radykalnego ruchu lewicowego na ziemiach Wołynia Zachodniego w latach 1920-1930. Przedmiotem analizy jest działalność ukraińskich partii i organizacji lewicowo-radykalnych, działających na terenie województwa wołyńskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Należy omówić przyczyny i źródła rozpowszechnienia się ideologii skrajnie lewicowej wśród miejscowej ludności, a także metody propagandy komunistycznej i scharakteryzować wysiłki administracji polskiej zmierzające do zahamowania radykalizacji ukraińskiego świata politycznego na Wołyniu w okresie międzywojennym.
EN
The subject of this article comprises the experiences of representatives of the Polish peasant strata who, in the first post-war years, became politically active as party activists or state officials. The main thesis of the paper is that the pre-war Polish communist movement and post-war structures of power constitute a space of simultaneous overlapping and tensions between people’s history and political history. The personal files of working-class and peasant activists may be regarded as source material for the above. In this article, the author indicates the benefits that historians and sociologists can draw from an in-depth and empathetic analysis of this source base, revealing patterns of political socialisation, the dynamics of biographical transformations and their perception, the status uncertainty of “former labourers” and “former peasants”, the horizons of their aspirations and their claims to agency and its political limitations.
PL
Tematem tego artykułu są doświadczenia przedstawicieli i przedstawicielek polskich warstw ludowych, którzy w pierwszych latach powojennych weszli w pole czynnego zaangażowania politycznego jako działacze partyjni czy funkcjonariusze państwowi. Główną tezą tekstu jest stwierdzenie, że przedwojenny polski ruch komunistyczny i powojenne struktury władzy stanowią przestrzeń jednocześnie zachodzenia na siebie oraz napięć pomiędzy między historią ludową oraz historią polityczną,. W wymiarze źródłowym taką rolę spełniać mogą zaś akta osobowe działaczy i działaczek pochodzenia robotniczego i chłopskiego. W tekście sygnalizuję korzyści jakie historycy i socjologowie wynieść mogą z pogłębionej i empatycznej analizy tej bazy źródłowej, ukazującej wzorce socjalizacji politycznej, dynamikę biograficznych transformacji oraz ich postrzegania, statusową niepewność „byłych robotników” i „byłych chłopów”, horyzonty ich aspiracji oraz roszczenia do sprawczości i jej polityczne ograniczenia.
EN
The principle of openness, as one of the basic principles in criminal proceedings, is realised – with exceptions – in the course of the entire process. However, it is not clear, whether this principle includes only openness external, being a form of the availability to the public of the proceedings, or it includes openness internal too. This second aspect of the openness is mainly the availability process for the parties and their representatives. The article is devoted to the issue contained in question: does the principle of openness include also openness internal? The subject of the paper is the analysis of views of doctrine in this respect. The author focuses also on the presentation of his standpoints supported by broad argumentation. The conclusion of the paper is based on the formulation of the thesis on need to include openness internal to the scope of the principle of openness.   
PL
Zasada jawności, jako jedna z podstawowych zasad procesu karnego, jest realizowana – z  wyjątkami – w toku całego postępowania. Nie jest jednak jednoznaczne, czy ta zasada obejmuje tylko jawność zewnętrzną rozumianą jako dostępność procesu dla społeczeństwa, czy także jawność wewnętrzną. Ten drugi aspekt jawności oznacza głównie dostępność procesu dla stron i ich przedstawicieli. Artykuł został poświęcony problemowi ujętemu w pytaniu: czy zasada jawności obejmuje także jawność wewnętrzną? Przedmiotem opracowania była analiza poglądów doktryny w tym przedmiocie. W konsekwencji autor zaprezentował też własne zapatrywania poparte szeroką argumentacją. Konkluzja artykułu polega na sformułowaniu tezy o potrzebie włączenia jawności wewnętrznej do zakresu zasady jawności.
EN
The article consists of the analysis of the party’s rights in the resolution procedure. This regulation, which was designed in the form of administrative proceedings, is dedicated to improve restructuring or liquidation of the compromised entities. Its aim is not only to possibly maximise the balance of the entity’s assets, but also to involve public budget to a very minor extent. The cost of procedure should be born by the entities‘ shareholders and creditors. Resolution is treated as an ultimate measure and it should be introduced only when the other possible instruments will not be able to protect financial system against the crisis. In the framework of Polish regulation the parties‘ rights were significantly restricted. The Act’s provisions exclude the principle of active parties‘ participation and the possiblity to appeal against the decision. They also restrict the possibility of receiving compensation for incorrect decision and shorten deadlines to introduce proceedings against the decision before administrative court. The aim of the article is to analyse those restrictions in the light of resolution’s goals and hypothetical incompatibility to Constitution of Poland.
PL
Artykuł stanowi analizę praw strony postępowania w sprawie przymusowej restrukturyzacji (resolution). Regulacja ta, ukształtowana w formie postępowania administracyjnego, służy usprawnieniu restrukturyzacji lub likwidacji podmiotów zagrożonych upadłością w taki sposób, by w miarę możliwości zmaksymalizować bilans aktywów zagrożonego podmiotu, ale i by w jak najmniejszy sposób zaangażować środki publiczne, a kosztami procedury obciążyć raczej akcjonariuszy i wierzycieli podmiotu. Mechanizm ten jest traktowany jako środek ostateczny, gdy wszelkie inne środki nie będą w stanie uchronić sektora przed ryzykiem kryzysu. W ramach polskiej regulacji znacząco ograniczone zostały prawa strony postępowania administracyjnego. Przepisy wyłączają stosowanie zasady czynnego udziału stron w postępowaniu, możliwość wniesienia odwołania od decyzji oraz ograniczają możliwość otrzymania odszkodowania za nieprawidłową decyzję, jak też skracają terminy do zaskarżenia decyzji do sądu administracyjnego. Artykuł analizuje te restrykcje w kontekście celów resolution i zestawia je z możliwą niezgodnością przepisów z Konstytucją RP.
PL
The article is a new contribution to the local history of Opole of 1933–1945 in the light of not known and not published archival documents about the pre-war Nazi leaders of the Opole Regency and the anti-Hitler opposition as well. Those documents are stored both in the State Archive in Opole (file: Gestapo Oppeln) and in the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Archive – various archive files). The first part of the article describes the Nazi elite of the Opole Regency in the period of 1933–1945. This interesting and complicated history of Opole and Opole region concerns the operation of the NSDAP monoparty, as well as its affiliated organizations and repressive organs of a totalitarian state. This part of the article was developed mainly from various files from the Institute of National Remembrance. The second part describes the anti-Hitler opposition in the Opole Regency in the period of 1933–1945. Very interesting and also not known in the scientific circulation are materials about political opponents, collected by Gestapostelle Oppeln, which are right now being published by the author of the article, following the previous article about the files relating to the Jews (dealt with in articles by J. Oszytko) and to the Poles (in a book by Dermin and Popiołek) which were kept by the Gestapo in Opole. To summarize, the article casts light on the history of the city, with respect to, on the one hand, the rise of German totalitarianism changing into one-party domination of the NSDAP party, and – on the other hand – the scope of persecution of parties and persons standing in opposition to Hitler’s rule in our city and region.  
EN
The article indicates the context of the formation as well as the purpose of the Movement, whose intention is to introduce the majority electoral system to the elections to the Sejm in Poland through introducing singlemember constituencies. The paper presents the characteristics of the Movement as a new social movement. It presents the development phases of the Movement as well as its main directions and actions. In the years 1999−2005 the Movement was in a phase of developed political activity, effectively influencing public opinion in Poland. Additionally, the article evaluates its actions during the 22 years of existence, pointing out that the activity of the Movement opened the debate on the electoral system in Poland and encouraged the Poles to approve of the introduction of the majority electoral system.
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