Search results

1

Mobilność i migracje chłopów do miast polskich doby preindustrialnej. Z badań nad mikroregionem krakowskim

100%

Wyżga M.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 2

95-128

EN

The migrations of peasants to Polish towns, which are considered inside migrations, in the pre-industrial era were intensive and similar to the ones in the countries of Western Europe. The sources prove the existence of permanent multi-generational migration networks that ensured a better start of a new life in towns for peasants, and an input of reliable workforce for towns. The migration processes slowed down in the 18th century, which was the result of the intensification of secondary serfdom, closing of villages, an economic decline of Polish towns at the expense of the gentry and an overall economic depression. All that is clearly visible in Cracow, where all the municipal registers and a significant part of birth and death certificates have survived. It turns out that towns influenced the increase of peasant territorial and spatial mobility, generated an increase of peasants’ enterprise, helped them to differentiate towards activities not related to agriculture, and weakened the feudal relations.

2

Edukacja dla narodu. Chłopi a procesy narodowościowe

100%

Rauszer M.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2018

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vol. 63(4(250))

124-139

PL

Due to historical reasons, the process of acquiring national identity by the peasants began relatively late. This process, for various reasons, was based on three models of education: formal, informal and non-formal. Schools emerging in the Polish territories were usually associated with the activities of the partitioner, moreover, it often met with distrust of a village quite closed in this respect. The People’s Movement complemented this formal education with performative activities, such as celebrating national holidays, which would give illiterate peasants the opportunity to participate in the acquisition of national identity. Another important part of this process was spontaneous non-formal education, i.e., peasant activity expressed in the acquisition of reading skills, which became the basis for building a national identity. In my text I discuss the process of acquiring national identity by peasants on the example of three models of education: formal, informal and non-formal.

3

Dwa ciała króla i naród polityczny. Kształtowanie się tożsamości chłopskiej w kontekście procesów narodowotwórczych

100%

Rauszer M.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2018

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issue 50

EN

The king’s two bodies and political nation. Formation of peasants’ identity in the nation-building contextIn the 16th century, the political system based on the grangeserfdom economy and early modern elective monarchy was formed in Poland. One of the consequences of this process was an expulsion of the peasants outside of the society. The other one led to the formation of a political nation (a Pole) defined by his attitude towards king, freedom and noble democracy. Therefore, the peasants had no right to be a part of so understood “Polish” nation. The process of peasants inclusion into the tissue of the nation did not start until the late 19th century. In my article, I examine how the Polish nation developed in the context of the political theory of the king’s two bodies (Ernest Kantorowicz). Furthermore, I analyze the peasants’ attitude to the issue of a nation in the context of social changes of that period. Dwa ciała króla i naród polityczny. Kształtowanie się tożsamości chłopskiej w kontekście procesów narodowotwórczychW XVI wieku w Polsce ukształtował się system polityczny gospodarki opartej na pańszczyźnie oraz nowożytna monarchia elekcyjna. Pierwszy proces doprowadził do wyrzucenia poza margines społeczny warstwy chłopskiej. Drugi do wytworzenia się narodu politycznego (Polaka), definiowanego przez jego stosunek do króla, wolności i szlacheckiej demokracji. Chłopi nie mieli więc prawa być częścią tak rozumianego narodu „polskiego”. Proces włączenia się chłopów w tkankę narodu rozpoczął się tak naprawdę dopiero pod koniec XIX wieku. W swoim tekście badam, jak kształtowało się pojęcie narodu polskiego w kontekście teorii politycznej dwóch ciał króla (Ernest Kantorowicz). Ponadto analizuję stosunek chłopów do kwestii narodowej na tle ogólnych społecznych zmian.

4

Problem chłopski na łamach „Pamiętnika Historyczno-Politycznego” Piotra Świtkowskiego

88%

Michaluk K.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

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2017

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vol. Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2017, tom 15

EN

Piotr Świtkowski, both a priest and an editor connected with physiocratic ideas, became famous thanks to publishing “Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczny” (PHP). On the pages of the magazine, he focused a lot on the issues of the situation of peasants in the Republic of Poland at the end of the 18th century. It did not mean though that he was as radical as historians inspired by Marxism wanted these days. The key to interpretation of the texts related to peasants published in the magazines is the doctrine of physiocracy and an attempt to adapt it to Polish conditions. It was supported not only by the texts that were probably written by Świtkowski, but also by the reprints of the magazines or foreign books. ”PHP’’ analyzed the condition of Polish peasants and discussed many examples or new solutions that came from other countries. Moreover, the initiatives of enlightened Polish reformers were thoroughly discussed. Finally, the living conditions of peasants and their housekeeping preferences were also discussed.

5

O perspektywach badania chłopskiego doświadczenia refeormy rolnej. Z warsztatur badawczego

88%

Wylegała A.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

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2017

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issue 10, Antropologia - folklor - historia

273–305

XX

The article aims at presenting and analysing peasants’ experiences of the agricultural reform conducted in Poland by a decree issued by Polish Committee of National Liberation on the 6th of September 1944. The article is mostly based on the peasants’ personal sources: materials from diary competitions (including the original ones that have not been used before in studies on the agricultural reform) memories, interviews, letters. As an aid, official documents and memories by land gentry have also been used. Three dimensions of peasants’ experiences of the agricultural reform have been differentiated for the needs of the article. The first one is made by emotions and attitudes in the time of the reform implementation; the second one includes personal feelings connected with the reform, including long-term influences on biographies; the third one represents evaluations, thoughts, and memories of the reform from a time perspective. The analysis shows a significant diversification of peasants’ experiences, which depends on numerous factors: usually on social status, political involvement, being a beneficiary of the reform or not. However, some elements that undoubtedly are common may be identified: mostly a generally positive attitude towards parcellation of the gentry’s land. Some other common experiences include mixed feelings of insecurity, fear, and joy when accepting the lands, difficulties in developing the allotted plots, as well as conflicts and litigations when parcelling the gentry’s land. The analysis of the peasants’ experiences reveals a very high conflict potential brought by the results of the reform.

6

Problemy z usystematyzowaniem wewnętrznego rozwarstwienia chłopstwa

88%

Galczak-Froch A.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2013

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vol. 18

156-170

EN

Sources of research and subject literature do not give a clear picture of differentiation of the peasantry in terms of financial status. The problem concerns both the amount of property owned by them (land and livestock) and place in the hierarchy. This fact is very much difficult, sometimes even impossible to study the layers of peasant and any generalizations about it. It seems that the only possible way to study the most populous state in the Republic is to track individual fates of individual units that make it possible not precise enough to qualify for the category of the peasantry, but observe the changes taking place in the financial status over time and associated with the action taken.

7

Peasant Communities in Interwar Poland’s Eastern Borderlands: Polish Historiography and the Local Story

88%

Linkiewicz O.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2014

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vol. 109

EN

The nationality issues of interwar Poland’s eastern borderlands (Kresy) have been a popular theme in post-war Polish historiography. A considerable part of this historiography has continued the debates of interwar experts and political activists, which revolved around the two interwar censuses and the question of ethnic identity. For this reason, scholars have given priority to statistical evidence in order to determine the national belonging and categorize the inhabitants of the eastern borderlands into particular ethnic and national groups. What is more, they have drawn their conclusions on the assumption that identity is objectively definable by blood ties. I argue that peasant identity in these borderlands was driven by ‘localness’, that is, a specific symbolic universe, set of values and conventions typical of peasant culture. Thus, identity cannot be comprehensively described through ethnic categories alone. In the article, I explore some practices of localness such as the malleable roles people ascribed to others in everyday life. For large groups of peasants, they were of vital importance in the reception of nationbuilding projects.

8

Střetávání etnologie a historie. Na příkladu studia obyvatel vsi Kročehlavy v letech 1500-1800

88%

Doležal O.

Národopisný věstník

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2009

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vol. 26_(68)

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issue 1

197-202

EN

This article deals with encountering of history and ethnology during the study of the village of the past centuries. On the basis of the study itself I show how often I am obliged to use historical methods, in spite of the fact that I study the subject from the ethnological point of view. Kročehlavy was a small village in the 16th century. It consisted just of seven farmsteads. In the 17th century, two of those farmsteads had been bought for the needs of the manor-house. After the thirty Years’ War, the reconstruction proceeded very slowly. Manorial nobility rebuilt the manor-house and increased so the corvée. On account of the manor-house and the unsatisfactory remedy of the war damage, the area of the villiens’ farmsteads was reduced. simultaneously, the lord of the manor transferred the dues to the pastor of Kladno from the original farmsteads, that were transformed to the manor-house, to the villeins. However, these villeins refused it and rebelled against this practice.Their resistance was so great that they were expelled from the farmhouses, which were then occupied by the German colonists from the Broumov manor. During those turbulent circumstances, the farmland was divided into lots. this period was followed by peaceful development.

9

J. Łosowski, Dokumentacja w życiu chłopów w okresie staropolskim: Studium z dziejów kultury, Wydawnictwo Olech, Lublin 2013, 400 s.

88%

Fokt K.

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa

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2014

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vol. 7

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issue 3

541–544

EN

The reviewed book of Janusz Łosowski attempts to investigate the importance of written documentation in the life of peasants in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th–18th centuries, especially in the lands of the Polish Crown, basing mostly on the sources concerning Lesser Poland (Małopolska). The study of Łosowski has been based upon extensive and thorough archive query, including very interesting groups of sources (some of them excerpted in the annexes). It attempts to deepen the knowledge of early modern legal culture and mentality of peasant societies.

10

Z dziejów kontrreformacji na Śląsku Cieszyńskim albo jak Suchankowie z Brzezówki w XVII i XVIII wieku wiarę zmieniali

88%

Morys-Twarowski M.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2018

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vol. 9

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issue 1

83-99

EN

The starting point of this article is an attempt to answer the following question: why did some peasants in Cieszyn Silesia choose to convert to Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation (1654–1781), while others remained Protestant? This article analyzes the denominational choices of one ordinary peasant family living in Cieszyn Silesia at the time – the Suchanek family, who resided in the village of Brzezówka (now in the Cieszyn district), belonged to the Teschener Kammer (Komora Cieszyńska, Těšínská komora), a princely state owned by the Habsburg family. Contrary to claims made in existing literature, there is no evidence linking an individual’s affluence to their choice of denomination. The decisive factor was in fact the individual’s wife’s denomination – to put it in simple terms, some put emphasis on which church to go to, while others put emphasis on who they go to church with.

11

Stanisław Keturakis – Litwin w służbie rosyjskiej oświaty na terenie guberni piotrkowskiej w latach 1895–1914

87%

Złotkowski D.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2020

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issue 42

123-143

EN

At the end of the 19th century, the teaching profession was the aspiration of many peasant sons. The position of a teacher ensured a modest but quite stable income. A Lithuanian, born in 1989, Stanislaw Keturakis, was one of graduates of the Teachers’ College in Wejwery near Kaunas. This institution offered a state scholarship. In return for this financial help, its graduates had to accept posts in primary schools determined by educational authorities. A few graduates of this school, mostly Lithuanians, were sent to work in village schools of Piotrków province. One of them, Stanislaw Keturakis, began his first teaching job in a school in Jedlno. He was confronted with difficult living conditions, the school was only planned to be built. At this time, he married Józefa Birsztejn and they had two sons: Eugeniusz Józef (1901) and Zdzisław Aleksander (1904). Peasants perceived teachers as tsarist officials. In 1901, S. Keturakis was transferred to Mstów, to work as a teacher, then to Wancerzów, and again back to Jedlno. Taking over a position of a teacher in Zagórze (1907) was clearly a promotion. The school belonged to the private property of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, a brother of Emperor Nicholas II. The last stage of S. Keturakis’s teaching career was his work in a school in Zagórze. Working there in the years 1907–1914, he taught Russian, Polish, Arithmetic, History and Geography. At the end of the summer 1914, he got an opportunity to take over the post of the forester’s assistant in Orłow province, but the outbreak of the war made it impossible. Lack of any sources does not allow us to determine what the further life of Stanislaw Keturakis was like.

12

A Weak Dominance: Winds of Revolt in Florentine Territory (the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century)

75%

Pirillo P.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2019

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vol. 119

PL

This article highlights some of the challenges the nascent Florentine territorial state faced in the second half of the fourteenth century, after it was visited with the Great Plague of 1348. When mercenaries began to cross the territory, and the ruling class found itself unable to handle this kind of emergency, the exurban population turned to forms of self-defence. These initiatives resemble the coeval ones undertaken by the Tuchins in Normandy or those in Languedoc and southern Piedmont.

13

Pamięć o tumulcie toruńskim (1724) w polskiej dziewiętnastowiecznej pieśni ludowej. Wizja świata – propaganda – pobożność i wartości

75%

Kożuchowski Ł.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 85

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issue 2

133-155

EN

The subject of the article is an analysis of a nineteenth-century folk song originating from Lesser Poland and the region of Kielce, which describes the events of the Tumult of Toruń (1724). The author used the historical method (factual analysis), anthropological method (theories of memory and orality) and discourse analysis (a written text as a reflection of mentality) to focus on three main issues. The first one is a polemic with the previous opinions of researchers, who argued that the folk song faithfully represents the events of the riots in Toruń (Thorn). In fact, it seems to be more of a propaganda text. It is impossible to determine precisely the place and time it was created, however, it seems that its author was a clergyman who wanted to convey his vision of the Tumult to the lower social strata. The song presents the community of Toruń as divided into two hostile camps, namely aggressive Protestants and pious Catholics. The article embedded the images of both sides in broader contexts of the German-Protestant stereotype and religious polemics in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The last part of the text is an attempt to answer the question why this particular song was internalized by the common people. The interest in the Tumult of Toruń could result from its sensational character, the fact that it was very well fitted to folk culture, and the possibility to derive satisfaction from the course of this event. The article ends with the presentation of folk songs as an interesting research material for historians, cultural anthropologists and scholars conducting interdisciplinary memory studies.

14

Between the Lord and the Jew: Some Remarks on the Identity Structure of Belarusian kolkhozniks in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty first Centuries

75%

Engelking A.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2014

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vol. 109

EN

Following an ethnographic field study, the author presents her findings on the cognitive collective identity of Belarusian kolkhozniks. Their self-definition as a group is based on the semiotic oppositions: peasant–‘lord’, peasant–Jew, and Christian–Jew, and it testifies to a longevity, or longue durée, of pre-modern mechanisms of conceptualising the social reality. The contemporary kolkhoznik defines himself as a simple (uneducated) but assiduous man, as opposed to his lord; in contrast to Jews, the kolkhozniks cultivate the land (as farmers) and are baptised. The post-serfdom identity of the ‘Christian kolkhozniks of-this-place’ is immersed in a mythical worldview and indifferent to any modern ideological and/or political projects.

15

Первая аграрная программа Конституционно-Демократической Партии

75%

Wiśniewski E.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

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2016

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vol. 16

133-145

PL

Powstała w październiku 1905 roku Partia Konstytucyjno-Demokratyczna na swoim pierwszym zjeździe przyjęła program, w którym również znalazły się punkty dotyczące kwestii chłopskiej. Między innymi proponowano bezrolnym i małorolnym chłopom przydzielenie ziemi państwowej i apanażowej, a także częściowe uwłaszczenie ziemi obszarniczej za wynagrodzeniem dotychczasowym właścicielom w tych regionach, gdzie by jej nie wystarczało. Postulowano utworzenie państwowego funduszu ziemi, przesiedlanie chłopów i uregulowanie kwestii dzierżawy. Program ten na posiedzeniu Komitetu Centralnego i na drugim zjeździe partii w styczniu 1906 roku uznano za niewystarczający i proponowano jego zmianę. Jednak liderzy partii z Pawłem Milukowem na czele uznali, że nie należy dokonywać żadnych zmian, co odbiło się na rezultatach wyborów do I Dumy Państwowej w 1906 roku, kiedy tylko 4% chłopów głosowało na partię kadetów.

EN

The Constitutional Democratic Party, which was established in October 1905, during its First Congress adopted a program that took into consideration the peasant issue. Among many others, party members proposed landless peasants and smallholders to allocate state and appanage land as well as partial enfranchisement of lands, with refund paid to its owners in the regions with no land to offer. They postulated the creation of a state fund land, resettlement of peasants and regulation of the lease. The program in question was declared insufficient at the meeting of the Central Committee and the Second Party Congress in January 1906. However, party leaders with Paul Miliukov amongst them, decided that no changes should be implemented, which gravely affected the results of the elections to the State Duma in 1906 with only 4% of farmers voting for the party of cadets.

RU

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16

Miencielowie (Mięcielowie) – dzieje chłopskiego rodu z Marklowic koło Cieszyna od XVIII do początku XX wieku

75%

Morys-Twarowski M.

Rocznik Muzeum "Górnośląski Park Etnograficzny w Chorzowie"

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2018

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vol. 6

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issue 6

53-79

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zarys dziejów chłopskiego rodu Miencielów/Mięcielów, przede wszystkim skupiając się na linii osiadłej od 1720 roku w Marklowicach koło Cieszyna. Jej najbardziej znanym przedstawicielem był Paweł (ur. 1881), nauczyciel w Międzyświeciu i Gruszowie, dyrektor Publicznej Szkoły Ludowej (ewangelickiej) we Lwowie, przed 1920 rokiem działacz proniemieckiej Śląskiej Partii Ludowej. Zebrany materiał może być wykorzystany do badań między innymi nad imiennictwem chłopów i przebiegiem kontrreformacji na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (Miencielowie przeszli z protestantyzmu na katolicyzm, ale jeden z przedstawicieli rodu po 1781 roku, zapewne pod wpływem matki-luteranki, przeszedł na protestantyzm).

EN

The article presents an outline of the history of the peasant family named Mienciel/Mięciel, primarily focusing on the line settled in 1720 in Marklowice near Cieszyn. Its most famous representative was Paweł (born in 1881), a teacher in Międzyświeć and Gruszów and a headmaster of the People's (Evangelical) School in Lviv, who before 1920 was an activist of the pro-German Silesian People's Party. The collected material can be used for research, among others, over the peasant family names and the course of the Counter-Reformation in Cieszyn Silesia (the Mienciel family converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, but after 1781 one of the family members, probably under the influence of the Lutheran mother, converted to Protestantism).

17

Dzieje rodu Palarczyków z parafii cierlickiej na Śląsku Cieszyńskim od XVIII do początku XX wieku

75%

Morys-Twarowski M.

Rocznik Muzeum "Górnośląski Park Etnograficzny w Chorzowie"

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2023

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vol. 11

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issue 11

133-183

EN

The Palarczyk family was a peasant family originating from the village of Szobiszowice (Soběšovice). The article presents the history of the first generations of the family (until the end of the 18th century) and the fate of the most famous family line, descending from Jan (1705–1765), an innkeeper in Stanisłowice (Stanislavice) and Kocobędz (Chotěbuz). The most famous representative of the family was Karol (1879–1940), a farmer in Goleszów, and a member of the National Council of the Duchy of Cieszyn. Additionally, two general issues were raised using the example of the Palarczyk family. The first is the functioning of peasant elites in the Duchy of Cieszyn, the second - language issues. The Palarczyk family in Szobiszowice spoke Czech (Moravian), whereas the Palarczyk family from the Cierlice parish spoke Polish. A detailed analysis confirms the clear Czech/Moravian-Polish linguistic border indicated, among others, by church sources and the topography of Reginald Kneifel. At the same time these findings force us to reject the theses about the supposed "linguistic transition area" to the west of the Olza River.

PL

Palarczykowie byli rodem chłopskim wywodzącym się ze wsi Szobiszowice (Soběšovice). Artykuł przedstawia dzieje pierwszych pokoleń rodziny (do końca XVIII w.) oraz losy najbardziej znanej linii rodu, wywodzącej się od Jana (1705–1765), karczmarza w Stanisłowicach (Stanislavice) i Kocobędzu (Chotěbuz). Najsłynniejszym przedstawicielem rodu był Karol (1879–1940), rolnik w Goleszowie, członek Rady Narodowej Księstwa Cieszyńskiego. Dodatkowo na przykładzie Palarczyków poruszono dwie kwestie ogólne. Pierwszą jest funkcjonowanie elit chłopskich w Księstwie Cieszyńskim, drugą – zagadnienia językowe. Palarczykowie w Szobiszowicach mówili językiem czeskim (morawskim), Palaczykowie z parafii cierlickiej językiem polskim. Szczegółowa analiza potwierdza wyraźną granicę językową czesko/morawsko-polską wskazywaną m.in. przez źródła kościelne i topografię Reginalda Kneifela, a jednocześnie każe odrzucić tezy o rzekomo „terenie przejściowym językowym” na zachód od rzeki Olzy.

18

Empire, Peasants, National Movements – Galician Postcolonial Triangle?

75%

Zayarnyuk A.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2012

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vol. 42

19

Dwór, wieś i plebania w zachodniej Małopolsce w końcu XVIII i na początku XIX wieku w świetle najnowszych badań

63%

Ślusarek K.

Galicja. Studia i materiały

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2015

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issue 1

48-60

EN

In the article initial results of research conducted within the research project “Court, village and vicarage in the social space of the west Lesser Poland in years 1772-1815” have been presented. It appears that studies done on the basis of sources produces in the conditions of the legal and political system of the First Republic of Poland, of the Austrian and Prussian annexed territories as well as the Duchy of Warsaw are surprisingly good. Most of all it was a very good idea to compare and confront sources of various origin e.g. old-Polish area inventories with Austrian tax and urban records. Thanks to that the image of countryside relations at the era of the Fall of the Polish state may be presented in a new and at the same time more complete light. It should be added that this picture seems to be totally different from the one that was popularized in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century when the thesis about the class battle in the countryside was attempted to be promoted.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wstępne rezultaty badań prowadzonych w ramach projektu badawczego „Dwór, wieś i plebania w przestrzeni społecznej zachodniej Małopolski w latach 1772–1815”. Okazuje się, że studia prowadzone w oparciu o źródła wytworzone w warunkach prawno-ustrojowych I Rzeczypospolitej, zaborów austriackiego i pruskiego, a także Księstwa Warszawskiego są nadspodziewanie dobre. Przede wszystkim udanym zabiegiem było zestawienie i konfrontacja źródeł różnej proweniencji, np. staropolskich inwentarzy gruntowych z austriackimi fasjami podatkowymi i opisaniami urbarialnymi. Dzięki temu obraz stosunków wiejskich w dobie upadku Rzeczypospolitej można przedstawić w nowym i zarazem pełniejszym świetle. Dodajmy, obraz ten wydaje się diametralnie inny od tego, jaki został upowszechniony w latach 50.–60. XX w., kiedy w historiografii starano się lansować tezę o trwającej na wsi walce klasowej.

20

Spory o służebności przechodu, przejazdu i przegonu bydła w relacjach miast i wsi ze zwierzchnością dworską na terenie Galicji w XIX wieku

63%

Popek J.

Galicja. Studia i materiały

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2020

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issue 6

430-449

EN

The article deals with the question of mobility in the context of the common rights of passage, carriage and cattle drive through properties belonging to estates. Till 1848 Galician peasants and townsmen enjoyed them on the basis of charters or custom law. In the second half of the 19th century rights were abolished or regulated. Archival research proved that in the whole century there were many conficts regarding common rights, which is the main hypothesis put forward in the present article. The arrangement of the present text is conventionally structured, i.e. historical background, hypothesis and research questions; discussion of the source base, methodology and research tools; the main body, summary and general conclusions. The article originated on the basis of archival sources, mainly from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, which were utilised for the very frst time. The sources were supplemented by cartographic materials prepared by means of QGIS software.

PL

Artykuł odnosi się do kwestii mobilności w kontekście funkcjonowania służebnego prawa do przemieszczania się, czyli przechodu, przejazdu i przegonu bydła przez nieruchomości dworskie. Do 1848 r. chłopi i mieszczanie galicyjscy korzystali z nich na podstawie nadań lub prawa zwyczajowego. W drugiej połowie XIX w. prawa znoszono lub regulowano. Badania archiwalne dowiodły, iż w całym stuleciu dochodziło do licznych konfiktów o służebności, co jest główną hipotezą stawianą w artykule. Konstrukcja publikacji ma klasyczną budowę składającą się z wprowadzenia zawierającego tło historyczne, hipotezę i pytania badawcze; omówienia podstawy źródłowej, metodologii i narzędzi badawczych; zasadniczej treści oraz podsumowania i ogólnych wniosków. Artykuł powstał na podstawie źródeł archiwalnych, głównie z Centralnego Państwowego Archiwum Historycznego Ukrainy we Lwowie, które zostały po raz pierwszy w nim użyte. Uzupełnienie stanowią materiały kartograficzne opracowane w oprogramowaniu QGIS.

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