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Experti, právo a socialistický stát : právní věda v ČSAV a její činnost v letech 1952-1960

100%
Sommer V.
Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 1-2
118-136
EN
This article is concerned with the formataion of the culture of experts, wich played an important role in the process of shaping institutions and mechanisms of government in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s. The author explores how Czechoslovak legal theorists continuously intervened in the process of ''building Socialism''. He begins by considering the development of the institutional basis of jurisprudence in the structure of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Using the example of the Institute of State and Law at the Academy, he demonstrates how social-science institutions were created to meet the demands of new, socialist scholarship, and also to demonstrate the growing importance that expert knowledge had for State Socialist government. In the second part of the article, he considers debates about the ''Czechoslovak revolution'' and ''people democracy'' providing insight on the theoretical basis of Socialist scholarship on the State and law. The debates, which lasted several years, demonstrate that a key area of disagreement was the question of adapting Marxist-Leninist theory to Czechoslovak conditions and Czechoslovak historical experience. It was also clear from the debates that the most important form of Socialist government was, in the theorists´ view, the Socialist State as an institutional consequence of revolutionary transformation and the indubitable organizational framework of people´s democracy. The last part discusses legal theorists as experts and considers their role in the framing of the ''Socialist Constitution'' of 1960.
CS
Studie se zabývá formováním konkrétní expertní kultury, která hrála významnou úlohu v procesu utváření institucí a mechanismů vládnutí v Československu v padesátých letech dvacátého století. Autor zkoumá, jak českoslovenští právní vědci zasahovali do procesu ''budování socialismu''. V úvodní části textu se věnuje vývoji institucionálního zázemí právní vědy ve struktuře Československé akademie věd (ČSAV). Na příkladu Ústavu státu a práva ČSAV ukazuje, jak vznikaly společenskovědní instituce, které měly odpovídat nárokům nové socialistické vědy, a současně dokládá vzrůstající význam expertního vědění pro státněsocialistické vládnutí. Ve druhé části článku se věnuje diskusi o "československé revoluci" a ''lidové demokracii'', přičemž dává nahlédnout do teoretického zázemí socialistické vědy o státu a právu. Několik let trvající polemika ukázala, že jednou z oblastí sporu byla otázka možností přizpůsobení marxisticko-leninské teorie československým podmínkám a československé historické zkušenosti. Z diskuse také vyplynulo, že nejdůležitější formou socialistického vládnutí byl pro diskutující teoretiky socialistický stát jako institucionální výsledek revolučních proměn a nezpochybnitelný organizační rámec lidové demokracie. Závěrečná část článku představuje právní vědce jako experty a zkoumá jejich podíl na vzniku takzvané socialistické ústavy z roku 1960.
2
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«Народная демократия»: рождение, развитие и реализация идеи (1935–1948 гг.)

84%
Марьина В. В. М.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
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2013
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vol. 21
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issue 2
131-161
EN
The emergence and evolution of the concept of “people’s democracy” as a transitional system between “capitalism” and “socialism” is discussed. The idea originated from discussions in the leadership of the Communist International during the 1920s and 1930s, particularly from those that were taking place after the Nazis had come to power in 1933. As a result, a fundamental change occurred in the attitude to and the development of the “People’s Front” concept. A turningpoint was the VII Congress of the Communist International held in 1935 that defined people’s democracy as a transitional system of antifascist state. The policy of people’s democracy became a very important element of the Soviet imperialist policy at the final stage of World War II, in 1944–1945. It was used, on the one hand, to create a broad grouping of resistance forces, from Communists to nationally and democratically oriented parts of bourgeoisie, and, on the other hand, as a tool to facilitate the access of Communists to political and government power in the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe in the postwar period.
3

„Demokracja ludowa” w powiecie wolsztyńskim w latach 1945-1947. Wybrane struktury władzy i reakcje społeczne

59%
Zając P.
Roczniki Historii Kosciola (Annals of Church History)
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2009
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vol. 1(56)
177-211
EN
Consolidation of the Communists’ position in Poland in the years 1945-1947 followed from the international situation at the final stage of World War II. The Communist authority, paradoxically called „people’s democracy”, was imposed on Poland against the people's will. In the present article two realities are compared. The first one is the systematic formation of new authority structures, and the second one are hopes for the possibility of complete sovereignty of the country liberated from the German occupation expressed by representatives of various social groups - farmers, craftsmen, teachers, the clergy. The security organs and the civil administration diligently noted all manifestations of independent thinking in order to eliminate them or to control them according to their own plans, by way of spreading propaganda or intimidating people. The chronological and territorial perspective of the article is narrow - the Wolsztyn District in the years 1945-1947. Still it allows the author to illustrate well enough the situation in Poland after the war - the situation of gradually destroying people’s freedom of conscience in the name of the „people’s democracy” that was being built. Although the article does not focus on the attitude and activities undertaken by the clergy, it should be remembered that independent attitude was usually inspired by the Catholic formation of the conscience.
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