The aim of the article was to present factors influencing voting behaviours of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship citizens during European Parliament elections in 2014, in the light of the conducted empirical research. The indicators that guided voters when casting votes to ballot boxes were analysed on the basis of a set of variables, such as: the attractiveness of election programmes and political parties, competences of candidates, the role of the Catholic Church during the election campaign, or the awareness of voters (self-reliance in making electoral decisions or its lack). The analysis and interpretations from the conducted research were preceded by a voting description of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, treated, on a electoral map of Poland, as a specific region due to its above average support given to candidates and parties of right-wing provenance. In the final part conclusions drawn from the analytical process were presented.
The increasing complexity of the business environment, growing knowledge requirements, development of information technologies, and competitiveness implies the need of implementation of information management systems. Moreover, welter of information about online customers, their individual behavior, and their expectations force entrepreneurs to manage information in a personalized way. Monitoring Internet users behavior, creating their profiles (based on data about age, sex, lifestyle, interests, family, work, etc.), and controlling current traffic on the Web site give wide range of possibilities in creating a real model of potential customers preference and using it in online communication. This study concentrates on possibilities of using personalized communication in the information management by online stores in 4C model.
An issue of interest is the process of personalization of politics. I am going to examine it from the point of view of social engineering. There is no doubt that we can find many things in common between social engineering and personalization. Personalization is a broader syndrome of traits that can be reduced to a change in the nature of leadership in democracy, especially in campaign. As one might expect cause of this state of affairs, on the one hand it is still a growing number of those who serve as prime minister on the basis of “presidential style of administration”, on the other hand – the actual (institutional) changes in parliamentary systems.
The internet is usually presented as a medium that gives unlimited freedom to the user. The main purpose of the article is to characterize the concept of the filter bubble. It describes the mechanism that can significantly affect the type of content that Internet users encounter on the Web. By limiting content to those that are compatible with the worldview of the person seeking information, the filter bubble can significantly limit the freedom of seeking information. The article also presents several ways that can limit the negative impact of this phenomenon.
The development of modern technologies used in the analysis of customer information allows not only for the collection of past data on buyers’ preferences, but also makes it possible to analyse consumer behaviour on the Internet, online payments, social media and other real-time sources. The aim of the paper is to present the possibilities of using big data in the process of customizing the offer in the context of buyer behaviour. The paper analyses the process of collecting and processing data for the purposes of customizing the offer and identifies practical examples of using big data in the international business practice. It has been stated that the ability to meet the individual needs of buyers has become the basis of modern competitiveness. The real-time acquisition of non-structural data and the ability to analyse it are a condition of successful operation for businesses in technologically developed economies. To build market position, companies need to use big data analysis capabilities, anticipating future customer behaviour and customize not only the product but also all the components of the marketing mix.
In parliamentary democracies a tendency to show policy in a more personalized way has revealed. Although such a process actually takes places so much the criteria based on which voters make decisions on voting they are not clear. You can assume that voters more susceptible to the personalization process will make a decision based on nonpolitical characteristics of the leader. Is it certain, that on the basis of a superficial assessment image of the leader they make the right choice? During the voting - do we also take more rational criteria such as the power to solve important problems or leadership abilities?
PL
W demokracjach parlamentarnych, uwidoczniła się tendencja do pokazywania polityki w bardziej spersonalizowany sposób. O ile taki proces faktycznie ma miejsc, o tyle kryteria w oparciu o które wyborcy podejmują decyzje dotyczące głosowania nie sąjasne. Można bowiem przypuszczać, że wyborcy bardziej podatni na proces personalizacji będą podejmować decyzję w oparciu o kryteria związane z opinią na temat niepolitycznych cech danego przywódcy. Czy pewnym jest jednak, że na podstawie powierzchownej oceny imagu lidera dokonają właściwego wyboru? Czy głosując uwzględnią także bardziej racjonalne kryteria, takie choćbyjak: kompetencje do rozwiązywania ważnych problemów, czy zdolności przywódcze?
In this article the author analyses the process by means of the quantitative and proportional distribution of answers regarding two questions. The first one concerns the leader effect and the second the social approval for television debates participated by the leaders of the two major political parties (the questions can be found next to the tables presenting the results of the study). In the research under consideration were used the same questions as in 2012 and 2013, when no nation-wide election was organized. The comparison of the results gathered in those “election-free” years and in 2015, when two important votings (presidential and parliamentary) took place may bring particularly interesting conclusions.
In 2012 and 2013, in Poland, did not take place any national election. It was excellent perspective to lead comparison research. The subject of this article is presidentialization of electoral preferences. This process depends on situation, when style of parliamentary campaign has become similarly like presidential election and people focus on parties leaders competition. Usually presidentialisation increased without any changes of election rules. The Author focuses on two aspects: determinantes of decisions in potential parliamentary elections and opinion connected with organizing television debates during campaigns. In the article were compared preferences among electoral five main Polish parties. Results of the polls were compared with effects previous surveys (in 2012), which included two the same questions about presidentialisation. First question (about presidentialisation) apply to determinates of decision in potential parliamentary election. In every parties electoral more respondents choose ‘party option’ than ‘leader variant’. The most questioned, who show party leader, find among Law and Justice (PiS) electoral (26,2 per cent). It could be predicted, because JarosławKaczyński (PiS president) is main party symbol and predominant person inside the organization. As surprise can be treated preferences of Civil Platform (PO) electoral. Here value of this ratings reveal 18,3 per cent. In comparison to previous survey (in 2012) it signifies decline about 2,4 per cent. Donald Tusk (the prime minister and PO leader) is the most important component of this party and his attitude was main factor of the winning of two last parliamentary elections (2007 and 2011). Second question apply to organization television debates in every elections. Among electoral every parties find more followers than oppositionists this solution. However in comparison this results to previous polls we can conclude about decrease amount of supporter this postulate. In reality, debates became important element of campaign if politicians understand a role of this issues. But presently political parties and public opinion are not interested in this issue.
The paper tries to assess the actions of European and Polish hospitality business in the times of economic slowdown. The article bases on the discussion referrig to the economic conditions of hospitality business during the recession caused by the crisis on the American subprime market and European debt crisis. The aim of the work is to show tactics, methods and ways which managers of hotels used to counteract the results of economic slowdown influencing clients’ expenses and their financial decisions. Apart from discussing these techniques (co-branding, personalization, loyalty programs) the author also discussed the actions which in retrospect turned out to be wrong decisions of managers (for example lowering the prices at the expense of retrenchment on guests’ satisfaction or branding). The conclusions are an attempt of assessment of actions of European and Polish hoteliers taken at the time of recession.
The following paper aims to explore some Heraclitus’ fragments that could entail a personified conception of logos. The first part of the paper shows the analysis of the authentic sense of the Greek root ‘leg-’. In this part I followed philologists (among others Chantraine, Narecki) and philosopher Heidegger, who was a great adherent of understanding the original sources of Heraclitus’ philosophy. The closing part points to Heraclitus’ fragments in which the term “logos” is used.
Mass media portraits are key factors for a candidate running for local and regional elections, where low name recognition demands mass media coverage in order to build his “political brand.” Attribute agenda-setting effects are more usual in these circumstances where media focus on certain candidate aspects could play a key role in the social learning of political candidates. This paper focuses on the role of local media in setting the “political brand” of two main candidates during 2007 regional elections in Murcia (Spain) underlining either emotional aspects for a more “human” candidate or professional aspects, trying to see the relevance of media content analysis (print and broadcasting) on public opinion, by using a survey (N = 818) conducted during the campaign.
The article presents the results of empirical research on the use of audiovisual advertising by Polish political parties in election campaigns (both on television and distributed on the Internet). The goal is to show the current trends and most often used means of persuasion during the condensed construction, political information-persuasion message, which is the election advertisement. The commercials were analysed of political parties distributed in the period of the parliamentary election campaign in 2011. The results of the analysis were compared with the results of previous research in this matter, which exhibited certain tendencies in the communication strategies of the Polish political parties.
The aim of the article was to present factors that determined voting behaviour of citizens in national elections in 2015 in the perspective of party and personal attitudes of the interviewees. Except for presenting conclusions that result from the course of the research process in the aforementioned range, also the elements that could have affected eventual responses of the interviewees were indicated. These include changes at the position of PO (civic platform) leaders, appearance of new political entities (Ryszard Petru’s Nowoczesna, Together Party, Kukiz’15), or unification processes on the political right, and partially on the left. Personal conflicts and ways of conducting the campaign that could have affected attitudes of voters were also indicated.
This article includes two main issues: leader effect (parties’ leaders impact on electoral decisions) and increase of social influences on Prime Minister choose. The main aim is to answer two research questions: firstly, to what degree electoral decisions were determined by parties’ leaders, and secondly, to what degree Poles would like to change Prime Minister choose principle? The majority of PO (Civil Platform) electorate (about 30 per cent) were determined by negative attitude to Jarosław Kaczyński. Getting votes against PiS’s (Law and Justice) leader was a tactical choice. The proportion of such answers to the real election results leads to the conclusion that this negative vote was very important cause of PO win. The results of research confirm the thesis about high leader influence on three committees which got the greatest number of all votes. It was especially connected with Palikot’s Movement (RP) results. Here, strong and recognizable leader influenced the victory over PSL (Polish People’s Party) and SLD (Left Democratic Alliance). However, we have to remember about popular slogans of this movement, which was shown by research results. Almost half of all researchers would like to change Prime Minister choose principle. However, we cannot expect a public debate to begin, because Polish Citizens do not propose this issue as subject of sociopolitical discourse. What is more, parties are not interested in this postulate, which is seen in parliamentary debate and parties’ documents.
The paper describes the tools of marketing communication with e-customers and trendsconcerning e-commerce. Special attention has been paid to personalization and recommender systems.The paper treats the characteristics of consumer behaviours on the business-to-customermarket and the main barriers in customer relationship management. In this context the relationshipwith e-customers and the tools of marketing communication in electronic customer relationship havebeen described. The rapid growth of e-commerce has created product overload where customers onthe Web are no longer able to effectively choose the products they are exposed to. There is a lot ofimperfect information and a large supply available for consumers, and so it is extremely difficult toidentify their own needs and preferences and ways for satisfying them. Recommendations are a typeof communication and an especially important issue in e-marketing. It is easy to find many websiteswhere a customer needs advice before taking the decision to purchase a product. Therefore, recommendationsare a powerful tool to assist customers in these decisions. The paper refers to the challengesresulting from the growing importance of network and virtual communities, where the consumeris perceived as a value co-creator.
Most learning difficulties are rooted in the individual learner’s perspective. As a common practice, modern educational systems are formed on the basis of a set of standardized didactic methods, which are then used repeatedly in the teaching of the whole population. However, every learning group consists of individuals with different cognitive model and individual learning process. The key to provide effective knowledge absorption is to adapt the set of teaching methods and use it in such a way that the individual characteristics of the learner are taken into account to the highest, reasonable extent. This paper addresses the problem of defining the personalization and adaptability of the learning process in the context of tutoring systems. The authors propose a methodological apparatus for identifying and acquiring the user’s individual characteristics and transforming it into a set of tools and instruments that can provide adaptability in tutoring systems.
PL
Większość problemów związanych z nauczaniem odnosi się do perspektywy uczącego się. Obecne systemy edukacyjne stanowią zbiory ustandaryzowanych metod dydaktycznych, które następnie stosowane są w powielarny sposób w nauczaniu całych zbiorowości. Grupy składają się jednak z indywidualności, a każda z nich reprezentuje odmienny model kognitywny oraz indywidualny proces uczenia się. Kluczem do efektywnego uczenia się jest takie dostosowywanie zestawu metod dydaktycznych, aby uwzględniały indywidualne cechy uczącego się oraz były w stanie adaptować się z czasem do poziomu osiąganych postępów i zmieniających się potrzeb. W artykule podjęto problem adaptacyjności w inteligentnych systemach wspomagających nauczanie. Autorzy proponują instrumentarium do identyfikacji indywidualnej charakterystyki użytkownika, a następnie transformacji i wykorzystania jej w tworzeniu mechanizmów umożliwiających uzyskanie procesu uczenia dostosowanego do aktualnych, indywidualnych potrzeb użytkowników systemu.
The article presents anthropological, philosophical and theological foundation of the relationship between male/female identities in the light of the biblical-christian tradition. The first part introduces the concept of the primary reciprocity in Gen 1-2 focusing on affinity and difference between man and woman as well as man and woman’s reciprocal essentiality. The second part pertains to male/female reciprocity according to the “theology of the body” by John Paul II which includes a broad notion of freedom. Lastly, the article describes educational tasks including the nuptiality of human body with regards to Christian personalization. Proposed pedagogical vision involves promoting male and female identities according to their difference and to their common dignity.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono antropologiczne, filozoficzne i teologiczne podstawy relacji między tożsamością męską/żeńską w świetle tradycji biblijno-chrześcijańskiej. Pierwsza część wprowadza pojęcie wzajemności pierwotnej w Rdz 1-2, skupiając się na powinowactwie i różnicy między mężczyzną i kobietą oraz wzajemnej niezbędności. Druga część dotyczy wzajemności męsko-żeńskiej zgodnie z „teologią ciała” Jana Pawła II, która zawiera szeroko rozumiane pojęcie wolności. W części końcowej artykuł ukazuje zadania edukacyjne uwzględniające naturę ludzkiego ciała w odniesieniu do personalizmu chrześcijańskiego. Proponowana wizja pedagogiczna opiera się na promowaniu tożsamości męskiej i żeńskiej zgodnie z ich różnicą i wspólną godnością.
Aplikacje konwersacyjne (m.in. Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp) stają się jednym z najważniejszych źródeł pozyskiwania informacji przez czytelników (Kalogeropoulos, 2018). Trend ten zmusza wydawców medialnych do wprowadzenia zmian w ich dotychczasowym modelu działania. Od roku 2017 popularność chatbotów w serwisie społecznościowym Facebook wciąż wzrasta, dotyczy to także redakcji, które w swojej strategii komunikacji z czytelnikami korzystają z platform społecznościowych. Cel: Przedstawienie różnych podejść wydawców medialnych do wykorzystania chatbotów w procesach dysrybucji treści do odbiorców. Autorka w artykule omawia cechy chatbotów, przypadki ich zastosowań oraz prezentuje teoretyczny przegląd zalet i wad w ich adaptacji. Przedstawione analizy koncentrują się wyłącznie na chatbotach jako narzędziu dystrybucji treści dziennikarskich odbiorcom poprzez platformę konwersacyjną Facebook Messenger. Metody badań: Analiza literatury przedmiotu, źródeł internetowych oraz autorskie obserwacje i doświadczenia z korzystania z chatbotów. Wyniki i wnioski: Chatboty, należące do profili wydawców medialnych analizowanych w niniejszym artykule, służą głównie do wysyłania odbiorcom linków do materiałów umieszczanych na portalach internetowych tychże mediów. Jako programom, brakuje im funkcji zachęcających użytkowników do zaangażowania się w konwersacje z nimi - co, obok wartości informacyjnej, powinno stanowić ich główną cechę. Wykorzystanie chatbotów przez wydawców, odpowiada poniekąd na zmieniające się trendy w konsumpcji treści przez odbiorców, trudno jednak jednoznacznie stwierdzić, że wydawcy wykorzystali pełen potencjał tej technologii. Wartość poznawcza: Artykuł włącza się w dyskusje skupione wokół wykorzystywania nowoczesnych technologii w dziennikarstwie oraz zmieniających się nawyków dotyczących konsumpcji treści. W materiale poruszone zostały także zagadnienia związane z zjawiskiem personalizacji treści względem zainteresowań czytelników.
EN
Conversational applications (e.g. Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp) are becoming one of the most important sources of obtaining information by readers (Kalogeropoulos, 2018). This trend is forcing media publishers to change their current content distribution model. Since 2017, the popularity of chatbots on the Facebook social site has been growing steadily. This also applies to the media publishers who use social platforms in their communication strategy. Scientific objective: The article presents different approaches of media publishers to using chatbots in the processes of content distribution to readers. The author in the article discusses features of chatbots, cases of their applications and presents a theoretical review of the advantages and disadvantages in their adaptation. The presented analyses focus exclusively on chatbots as a tool for distributing journalistic content to readers through the Facebook Messenger conversation platform. Research methods: Analysis of the literature on the subject, Internet sources and author's observations and experience of using chatbots. Results and conclusions: Chatbots, that belong to the profiles of media publishers analyzed in this article, are mainly used to send readers links to materials placed on the websites of these media. As programs, they lack the function of encouraging users to engage in conversations with them - which, next to the informational value, should be their main feature. The use of chatbots by publishers is somewhat responsive to changing trends in content consumption by readers, but it is difficult to state unequivocally that publishers are using the full potential of this technology. Cognitive value: The article joins the discussions focused on the use of modern technologies in journalism and the changing habits of content consumption by readers. The material also deals with issues related to the phenomenon of media content personalization in relation to the readers’ interests.
Celem artykułu jest ocena podatności wybranych komponentów polskiego systemu politycznego na personalizację scentralizowaną wyborów do Sejmu. Metodą zastosowaną w tym procesie badawczym jest ilościowo-jakościowa analiza treści. Stworzenie narzędzia, dzięki któremu można byłoby obiektywie zmierzyć ten wpływ w każdym państwie demokratycznym, jest zadaniem niezwykle trudnym. Dlatego też autor zaproponował katalog zmiennych, w których doborze bazował na kryterium istotności ich wpływu na proces personalizacji. Na tej liście znalazły się następujące determinanty: pozycja premiera, system wyborczy, kompetencje i sposób kreowania stanowiska prezydenta RP, finansowanie partii politycznych, reklama wyborcza oraz rola mass mediów. Spośród wymienionych zmiennych kompetencje premiera oraz system wyborczy w sposób kluczowy oddziałują na poziom personalizacji scentralizowanej, co przełożyło się na nadanie tym czynnikom większej rangi w ocenie podatności.
EN
The aim of this article is to assess the susceptibility of chosen components of Polish political system on centralized personalization of the election to the Sejm. The method applied in this process is the qualitative-quantitative content analysis. The construction of the tool that could objectively measure this influence in any democratic country poses an extremely difficult task. For this reason, the author proposed his own catalog of variables, based on the criterion of the relevance of their impact on the process of personalization. This list includes the following determinants: the position of Prime Minister, the electoral system, competencies and the manner of creating the position of the President, the financing of political parties and the role of the mass media. Out of the above-mentioned variables, especially the Prime Minister’s competences and the election system are the key factors that influence the level of centralized personalization, due to which they were graded higher in the assessment of susceptibility.
Cultural divisions of the modern world, the coexistence of collectivist attitudes and individualism, shape the richness of diversity, which in itself can be a source of development and progress. The condition for using the potential of diversity is the ability to exchange ideas and opinions. An open-minded dialogue is necessary. Unfortunately, current situation creates negative side of cultural diversity. Instead of creative dialogue, we can observe the phenomenon of stronger isolation of people and their communities, called personalization. It significantly shapes the conditions for development processes, quality of co-existence and the possibility of cooperation, while these aspects are necessary for achieving any real change. Above all, the perception of the world is shaped by the culture in which we function, including, to a large extent, the dominant language in public space. Focusing on the conflict, on the hostile personalization of political attitudes, sealing in homogeneous environments created by the so-called "filter bubbles", destroys the cooperation of diverse social environments which is necessary for the development. Meanwhile, man was not created to fight with other people, but to cooperate with them. The beginning of such cooperation is to start a dialogue based on a community of experiences. While the personalization is overwhelming, finding areas of community experience is not easy. Despite this, the article in the conclusions section attempts to show the possibilities of such quest.
PL
Podziały kulturowe współczesnego świata, współistnienie postaw kolektywistycznych i indywidualizmu, kształtują bogactwo różnorodności, które samo w sobie może być źródłem rozwoju i postępu. Warunkiem wykorzystania potencjału różnorodności jest możliwość prowadzenia wymiany myśli, idei, poglądów i pomysłów. Niezbędne jest istnienie nieskrępowanego dialogu. Niestety, uwarunkowania kreujące kulturowe zróżnicowanie, zamiast potencjału dialogu zrodziły zjawisko pogłębionej izolacji ludzi i ich wspólnot, nazwane personalizacją. W znaczący sposób kształtuje ono kondycję procesów rozwojowych, jakość współżycia i możliwość kooperacji niezbędnej dla osiągania zmiany. Sposób percepcji świata przede wszystkim kształtowany jest przez kulturę, w jakiej funkcjonujemy, w tym, w ogromnej mierze przez język dominujący w przestrzeni publicznej. Skupianie się na konflikcie, na wrogiej personalizacji postaw politycznych, zasklepianie się w jednorodnych środowiskach tworzonych przez tzw. „bańki informacyjne”, niszczy niezbędne dla rozwoju współdziałanie zróżnicowanych środowisk społecznych. Tymczasem człowiek nie został powołany, by walczyć z drugim, ale by z nim współdziałać. Początkiem takiego współdziałania jest rozpoczęcie dialogu opierającego się na wspólnocie doświadczeń. W warunkach personalizacji wszystkiego, odszukanie obszarów wspólnoty doświadczeń nie jest łatwe. Mimo tego w konkluzjach artykułu czyniona jest próba takich właśnie poszukiwań.
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