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XX
Review article of the book "Foto-historia. Fotografia w edukacji historycznej", red. V. Julkowska, Poznań 2012, ss. 199.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą zdefiniowania fotoreportażu oraz opisu jego dotychczasowego rozwoju. Wychodząc od kontestacji obowiązujących definicji, powstający rys problematyki odnosi się do aktualnych zmian i trendów. Po ustaleniu ram rodzajowych opisany zostaje rozwój fotoreportażu w perspektywie diachronicznej, prowadzący do ustalenia współczesnego statusu gatunku.
EN
This article is an attempt to define photojournalism and a description of its current development. Starting from the contestation of the existing definitions, problems resulting figure refers to the current transformations and trends. After determining the generic framework, the development of photojournalism is described in a diachronic perspective, leading to the determination of the contemporary status of the genre.
EN
The text reflects on photographic methods of documenting the city. The paper is parted into four sections: the first presents the issues surrounding documenting, the second discusses historical examples of urban documentary, the third analyses the modern tendency of construction and, finally, the last fourth section introduces examples of contemporary art practice. Written with regard to the concepts of François Soulages I will discuss, among others, the following projects: The Inventory (Inwentaryzacja) by Ireneusz Zjeżdżałka, A Sky over Warsaw by Juliusz Sokołowski and The Other City (Inne miasto) by Wojciech Wilczyk and Elżbieta Janicka. All examples focus on different aspects of documentation: they allow preserving in a viewer’s mind the lost past, create a contra-image of a city or reveal the unseen and forgotten fragments of history.
EN
The subject of the article are ekphrases of photograps in the album Słowo historii. Fotoeseje (Białystok 2015). This album contains of thirty anonymous photos documenting the return of Poles from Russia after World War I. The photos were taken in unidentified places und unknown times. Thereafter, they became the topic of ekphrastic narrations created by reporters and essayists: Piotr Nestorowicz, Wojciech Nowicki, Daniel Odija, Michał Olszewski, Filip Springer, Ilona Wiśniewska.
EN
Around the turn of the century, the notion of topos (τόπος) underwent an interesting and necessary transformation. Presumably due to the popularization of digital technology, scholars started to progressively uncover the complex nature of the word by expanding on its general meaning as it pertains to the sphere of speech. This phenomenon granted to narratives some spatial characteristics, and at the same time brought into the light an old and critical relationship between text and image. In the form of a conversation, this essay deals with this critical relationship between text and image, and the way this conflictual relationship shapes social imaginaries, propaganda, and automatisms when representing social events. The essay will address these questions through an analysis of a series of pictures that had a great impact on Latin America’s social imaginary.
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„Fotoinstalacje” Krzysztofa Cichosza

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This article presents a comprehensive study on the original photography technique called photoinstallations, developed by Krzysztof Cichosz. In his works, the artist critically analyzes the functioning of images in contemporary culture. The discussed photographic objects have been made by the use of other photographs that are placed in a new context, which deconstructs their original meaning. As the basis for the interpretation of the artist’s methodology served the philosophical and historical theories of Walter Benjamin, the concept of quotation proposed by Guy Debord which restores the lost meaning of the text, and the considerations of John Berger who analyzes the historically conditioned issues of originality in the arts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia oryginalną, wypracowaną przez Krzysztofa Cichosza technikę fotograficzną o nazwie „fotoinstalacje”. W swojej twórczości artysta poddaje krytycznej analizie funkcjonowanie obrazów w kulturze współczesnej. Jego prace wykorzystują wykonane wcześniej przez innych fotografie, które umieszcza w nowym kontekście, dekonstruując ich pierwotne znaczenie. Za podstawę dla interpretacji metodologii artysty posłużyły historiozoficzne teorie Waltera Benjamina, wyłożona przez Guy Deborda koncepcja cytatu, który przywraca utracone znacznie tekstu, oraz rozważania Johna Bergera, analizującego historycznie uwarunkowaną problematykę oryginału w sztuce.
PL
Autor podejmuje próbę namysłu nad postawą akceptacji błędu ze strony autora (twórcy) jako celowego aktu tworzenia przestrzeni wizualnych. Chodzi o błąd wykorzystywany jako trik w kontekście medium fotografii i filmu. Musiał omawia wybrane przykłady, w których medium filmu na swój sposób wykorzystuje szereg autonomicznych środków wyrazu, technik i technologii wizualizacji, jakie w ciągu dekad zostały wypracowane przez medium fotografii. W artykule został poruszony wątek obrazów realizowanych bez użycia kamery, zjawisko stroboskopowe i efekt powidoków, obrazów w negatywie, procedur zawłaszczania materiałów archiwalnych oraz ich remiksów, obrazów powstających na skutek zakłóceń foto-chemicznych, elektromagnetycznych czy usterek cyfrowych. Estetyka błędu to rodzaj twórczego podejścia do aktu tworzenia, który opiera się na destrukcji i redukowaniu zasadniczej funkcji medium (tj. wiernego dokumentowania). Obrazy-triki, których fundament jest oparty na błędach i usterkach, stanowią wyraz dążenia do nadrzędnego celu, jakim staje się poszukiwanie wizualnych fenomenów drzemiących w samym medium oraz w sposobie subiektywnej rejestracji i transformacji informacji o otaczającym świecie.
EN
The author considers the acceptance of an error by the author (creator) as a deliberate act of creating visual space. It is an error used as a trick in the context of the medium of photography and film. Musiał considers selected examples in which the medium of the film utilizes a number of autonomous means of expression, technologies and visualization techniques that have been developed over the decades by the medium of photography. In this article, the topic of camera-free images, stroboscopic and afterimage effects, negative images, using archive images and remixing them, and images created by photo-chemical, electromagnetic or digital faults are discussed. Aesthetics of error is a kind of creative approach to creation that is based on the destruction and reduction of the essential function of the medium (i.e. faithful documentation). Trick images based on faults and errors express the desire for the overarching goal of finding visual phenomena dormant in the medium itself and in the manner of subjective recording and transformation of information about the surrounding world.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie roli, jaką w wypracowaniu sztuczki z lewitacją odegrała twórczość Eadwearda Muybridge’a, a także szeroko rozumiana fotografia migawkowa, doskonalona w końcu XIX w. między innymi przez braci Lumière. Autorka akcentuje wizualną fascynację spektakularnymi obrazami ciała zawieszonego w powietrzu, która może przybierać rozmaite formy: od efektu zatrzymania ruchu, nasuwającego na myśl także zamrożenie czasu, przez sugestię zawieszenia prawa ciążenia, aż do wizualizacji różnych wymiarów czasowych możliwej dzięki filmowej mobilizacji spojrzenia. Czyniąc punktem wyjścia pokrewieństwo między studiami Muybridge’a a efektem bullet time, autorka przygląda się także związkom między różnymi wariantami sztuczki funkcjonującymi na przełomie XIX i XX w. oraz współcześnie. Popularność tego motywu we współczesnej kulturze audiowizualnej Gruenpeter rozpatruje nie tylko na przykładzie wybranych filmów, ale i w kontekście rekreacyjnego nurtu fotografii oraz sztuki iluzjonistycznej.
EN
The aim of this article is to show the role that Eadweard Muybridge’s work and wide-angle snapshot photography, perfected at the end of the 19th century by the Lumière brothers, played in the development of the levitation technique. The author emphasizes the visual fascination with spectacular images of a body suspended in the air, which can take various forms: from the stop motion effect, bringing to mind the notion of a frozen time, by suggesting the suspension of the law of gravity, to the visualization of the various time dimensions possible through the film mobilization of the gaze. Taking the affinity between Muybridge’s studies and the bullet time effect as her starting point, the author also looks at the relationships between the various versions of the trick of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the present time. Gruenpeter considers the popularity of this theme in modern audio-visual culture using selected films, and in the context of recreational photography and the art of illusion.
EN
The author discusses the transformations of modernity, focusing initially on matters associated with movement and mobility and the production and distribution of goods. He notes that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, cinema – the first entertainment industry on such a massive scale – is be-coming one of the factors intensifying these changes. However one must not forget that the place and status of the moving image in the new logic of circulation were preceded by the dissemination of still photographs. The author analyzes the ontological properties of photography and shows that it is thanks to them that it could contribute to such a profound transformation of identity and body image in modern experience. He notes that both still and moving images are characterized by a fundamental contradiction – at the same time they strengthen the sense of fragmentation and speed and also the need of control, stability and predictability. These phenomena manifest themselves in a particularly vivid way within criminologists’ practice and detective and crime literature. In his exploration of those areas the author demonstrates that photography is one of the major tools of power used for classifying, tracking, analyzing, discipline and supervision of the individual body.
EN
The paper covers theoretical, culture-related basic research on the comparative analysis of the theory of visual arts and the literary theory. It focuses on the anthropological and cultural analysis of the contemporary phenomenon of mutual penetration of arts. The purpose of the research is to gain knowledge on the social and cultural transformations on the basis of an analysis of a discourse in the photographic and literary attempts. The hybrid (photography and literature) will be the research material in this project. The thorough consideration of the relations between photographic images and text, and their structural dependencies, has not been done yet. The assessment of the social aspect of the changes – the impact of the hegemony of an image on the model of perceiving and on the cultural representation – has also been omitted. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, the acquisition of knowledge on the two phenomena which shape the contemporary model of culture in the perspective of historical changes. Both literature and photography are currently and historically the basic models of representation, which also record the changes in the perception of the world. The present transformation of the relation between the analysed fields has not yet been properly and innovatively described.
EN
The article discusses Roland Barthes’ experience of photography and presents its distinctive dramaturgy, which emerges from the reflections of the author of The Light of Image. It is played out between attempts at a theoretical grasp of the essence of photography and a personal, intimate experience of being photographed, but also of being a spectator looking at various photographs. Barthes places this experience in two basic perspectives. The first is connected with the process of taking photographs and the second with the experience of the spectator. This also includes the experience of photography with one’s own image, which according to the author, is always an experience of oneself as someone else, and the experience of searching for “the truth of photography”, especially important in the context of the photographs of his deceased mother. It is significant in Barthes’s concept that he is talking about traditional photography which had a completely different character and performed different functions to digital images do today. Moreover, as the author notes, Barthes’s theoretical findings would be untenable in relation to digital photography.
EN
The article discusses serial publications counted among the literature on photography, which appeared in the 20th century in Poland. Attention is paid to their suitability for amateur photographers.
EN
The text discusses some attempts to present the most essential characteristics of sport with the use of selected photos showing human situations in different sports disciplines. Two albums are reviewed: the first one offering a more psychological aspect of sports processes, and the other focused more on the dramatic tension in sports and the challenges sport poses for the man. Composing such selected collections of photos is a significant method for presenting an image of sport as an organic cultural entity.
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EN
Main topic of this article is the the cover of traditional books (paper), where the main element used in the design of the cover is photography. The composition of the photographs used was analyzed. The following question was asked: how does the use of such visual message affect the recipient? The research method used - content analysis (proposed by Gillian Rose). At the same time we attempted to answer the question whether photography has the power to influence the recipient and whether its use in the space of the cover affects the attractiveness of the book itself
EN
Persuasive discourse observed in youth magazines occurs not only on the verbal level. The article shows the role that visualization plays in the context of persuasive discourse. The main tool of influence is language, however the composition of youth magazines, inwhich the visual component dominates over the verbal layer, is deliberate. The composition has been adjusted to the needs and expectations of the teenage target reader, whose perceptive abilities were shaped mostly by visual mass culture. For the magazine recipient photography is the component which articulates the most, subsequently to language. Modern magazines have a very expanded visual stratum, actually, in numerous magazines it even overshadows the text. Glossy magazines have a trait of hybridity and their characteristic feature is the possibility to read and watch simultaneously, as the message does not only restrain itself to the text, but is also transmitted through photographs. The new style of communication is thus accompanied by a shift in the text–image affiliation. Photography in the context of persuasive discourse conducted in magazines, plays as significant a role as the verbal constituent. Focusing on the persuasive influence of the visual layer of magazines, the article discusses the role of photographytreated as a supplement of the text, but also as an independent statement.
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EN
In the article the author discusses the way of showing photography in films. Photography is defined here: as a single picture, an act of taking a photo and as a specific way of expressing and discovering reality. The ways of showing photography in particular films were amounted to one main aspect. The author, using the example of 25 films, proves that photography in the cinema is still – despite contemporary awareness of picture ontology – used as a source of cognition, medium of truth and lie, visual form of testifying to material reality.
EN
The article discusses the issue of stereotypes and their presentation in the opinion-forming press. The study is a part of more comprehensive research focusing on negative attitudes (stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, identity issues). In this paper, the focus is on the visual presentation of different groups of people – the photographs in the opinion-forming press in Slovakia (Sme, Pravda). Press material collected over six months was analysed, and the results showed that the media present stereotypical portrayals of groups (men, women, the elderly) and create a new kind of stereotype: child = problem
EN
The work aims to show the importance of photography in tourism and recreation promotion. A diagnostic survey in the form of a questionnaire was used to collect the test material. The group of respondents was positioned by tourists and travel agency employees. Analysis of research results has shown that photography is an inseparable part of the offers presented in tourist travels, which is therefore part of the promotion of tourism and recreation. For tourists and recreational is also an important issue, thanks to the pictures are offered interested in a given trip or recreation.
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