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Du côté de l’oeil. La perception visuelle

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EN
The aim of this paper is to show how visual aids can be used in the field of teaching. Nowadays culture is often called a visual culture. Indeed, thanks to the technological and scientific development, visual image has became one of the basic elements of the world perception. Furthermore, it is also one of the basic elements that construct the world. As far as human physiology is concerned, 70% of the knowledge about the surrounding world originates from visual perception. The human eye is the most specialized and sensitive receptor, which is used to transfer the stimulus directly to the brain. Moreover, during ontogenesis the ability of visual communication was formed earlier than the ability of verbal communication. A starting point of this paper will be a definition of a visual perception. Furthermore, factors that determine visual perception will be discussed. The last part of the paper will be devoted to the practical application of the knowledge in the foreign language teaching.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wykorzystania obrazu w dziedzinie dydaktyki. Współczesna kultura nosi często miano wizualnej. W istocie, dzięki rozwojowi nauki i techniki, obraz stał się jednym z podstawowych elementów konstrukcji i postrzegania świata. Z punktu widzenia fi zjologii człowiek uzyskuje ok. 70% wiedzy o otaczającym go świecie właśnie za pośrednictwem obrazu. Oko ludzkie jest najwyżej wyspecjalizowanym i najczulszym receptorem, którego rolą jest przekazywanie bodźców bezpośrednio do mózgu. Również w rozwoju osobniczym człowieka umiejętność komunikacji wizualnej wykształciła się wcześniej niż komunikacja werbalna. Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest pojęcie percepcji wizualnej. Następnie omówione zostały determinujące ją czynniki. Ostatnia część artykułu poświęcona jest praktycznemu wykorzystaniu tej wiedzy przez dydaktykę języków obcych.
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Umění (Art)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 5
368-387
EN
The portrait of the young Michael Kreisinger of Eckersfeld, determined and dated as the work of painter Jan Kupecký, originated in 1700 in Rome. The image of the young man with wide-open eyes and slightly open mouth, telling us a great deal about Kupecký’s ‘Italian’ visual experience, was altered by radical overpainting at some point during the 18th century. To Kreisinger’s face a hitherto unidentified artist added a new body and new clothing. It was only just before the middle of the 20th century that an x-ray photograph revealed, beneath the additional painting of antique-style armour with a spectacular helmet, a differently posed figure in civilian dress, soon afterwards uncovered definitively through a radical restoration intervention. With the removal of the overpainting the picture was restored to its present form, but the removal of the paint layer nevertheless meant it was deprived of the layer of authentic meaning subsequently lent to the portrait. If art-historical literature so far has paid any attention at all to the question of what this additive meaning might be, it has usually been satisfied with the explanation that the portrait of the ‘effeminately beautiful’ young man was, on the orders of its new owner, transformed into an allegorical depiction of Minerva. None of the elements of the armour corresponds, however, to the iconographic scheme usually attributed to Minerva, and it is not even feminine in type. If we concede that the figure depicted by the overpainting is masculine in gender, then we open, in keeping with the criticism of the prevailing narrative, fixed generally on the problematic term ‘effeminacy’, new possibilities for the interpretation of the overpainting. Findings about the life and personal relations of Michael Kreisinger indicate that the radical transformation of the painting may have taken place on his own instruction. Such a conclusion not only enables a fresh interpretation of the overpainting; it also permits us to reach a satisfactory hypothesis about its possible author, who may have been another important artist of the first half of the 18th century - Václav Vavřinec Reiner.
CS
Portrét mladého Michaela Kreisingera z Eckersfeldu, určená a datovaná práce malíře Jana Kupeckého, vznikl roku 1700 v Římě. Podobizna mladíka se široce rozevřenýma očima a pootevřenými ústy, prozrazující mnohé o Kupeckého „italské“ vizuální zkušenosti, byla někdy v průběhu 18. století proměněna radikální přemalbou. Kreisingerova tvář byla dosud neurčeným malířem doplněna o nové tělo a nový šat. Až před polovinou 20. století odhalil rentgenový snímek pod přimalovanou antikizující zbrojí s výpravnou helmou odlišně stojící, civilně oděnou postavu, brzy poté definitivně odhalenou radikálním restaurátorským zásahem. Sejmutím přemalby byl obraz uveden do dnešní podoby, odstraněním barevné vrstvy nicméně ochuzen o vrstvu autentického významu podobizně dodatečně propůjčeného. Pokud se dosavadní uměleckohistorická literatura vůbec zabývala otázkou, jaký tento aditivní význam mohl být, spokojila se nejčastěji s vysvětlením, že byl portrét „zženštile krásného“ mladého muže zadáním nového majitele proměněn v alegorické znázornění Minervy. Žádný z prvků zbroje ovšem neodpovídá ikonografickému schématu, který se Minervě zpravidla přisuzuje, dokonce ani její typ není ženský. Připustíme-li mužský rod bytosti znázorněné přemalbou, otevíráme zároveň s kritikou převládajícího narativu, fixovaného obecně k problematickému termínu „zženštilosti“, nové možnosti interpretace přemalby. Poznatky o životě a osobních vazbách Michaela Kreisingera totiž nasvědčují tomu, že k radikální proměně obrazu mohlo dojít právě na jeho vlastní pokyn. Takový závěr dovoluje přemalbu nejen nově interpretovat. Umožňuje také přistoupit k uspokojivé hypotéze o možném jejím autorovi, kterým mohl být další významný malíř první poloviny 18. století — Václav Vavřinec Reiner.
EN
This paper presents the picture of the post-apocalyptic man and world based on Komornik[Bailiff] by Michał Gołkowski and Starość aksolotla [The Old Axolotl] by Jacek Dukaj – the novelswritten by two of the most popular Polish science fiction and fantasy writers. It shows the causesof the apocalypse in these books and how the post-apocalyptic world is changing. It also describesand analyses the motives behind the protagonists’ approach, what they are missing and how theyaffect the post-apocalyptic world.
EN
Starting from a definition of the word ‘picture’ as a real-world object that shows other objects on its surface as a representation of its image, I propose that the intermediality of pictures of all kinds is only possible through their images, after they have been separated from their material basis or foundation (for example, a painting in its physical reality can never be directly connected with a movie). In all technical reproductions of images, such as printing processes, an image is taken from a negative matrix in order to realize multiple prints of the same representation. The most effective model of this procedure is photography: photographic images can easily be connected with their media forms to produce other, more complex forms, such as magazines, printed books, or films. Intermediate images in the form of matrices - sometimes transparent (e.g. in the light beam of a film projection), sometimes opaque - are required to transform one pictorial media form into another. Finally, for the digital matrix-image, there is no longer any difference between the matrix and the image: the matrix has become its own image, which can be linked to all other media forms.
PL
The article contains fragments of three chapters form the book Image Science. Iconology, Visual Culture and Media Aesthetics (Chicago 2015), titled The are no Visual Media , Back to the Drawing Board  and Foundational Sites and Occupied Spaces . W. J. T. Mitchell created in his previous works the key concepts which imply an approach to images as true objects of investigation – an “image science”. Author, continuing with his influential line of thoughts, amplifies interdisciplinary studies of visual media. The chapters also delve into such topics as conections between new media and architecture or the occupation of space in contemporary popular uprisings. Image science  is a call for a method of studying images that overcomes the “two-culture split” between the natural and human sciences.
EN
The article contains fragments of three chapters form the book Image Science. Iconology, Visual Culture and Media Aesthetics (Chicago 2015), titled The are no Visual Media , Back to the Drawing Board  and Foundational Sites and Occupied Spaces . W. J. T. Mitchell created in his previous works the key concepts which imply an approach to images as true objects of investigation – an “image science”. Author, continuing with his influential line of thoughts, amplifies interdisciplinary studies of visual media. The chapters also delve into such topics as conections between new media and architecture or the occupation of space in contemporary popular uprisings. Image science  is a call for a method of studying images that overcomes the “two-culture split” between the natural and human sciences.
EN
This paper tends to explore ,Fontane's picture gallery' referring to its genesis, characteristic and effect. In doing so the art critic Fontane is improving a distinctive image as an expert especially of English art und of the at that time in Germany leading Dusseldorf School of Painting (Düsseldorfer Malerschule). Furthermore it will be set out how the writer Fontane is acting in his work with pictures and pictorial perception. Eventually there is a suggestion for recovering ,Fontane's picture gallery' to make it possible for the contemporary audience to read Fontane's works in a wider and subtly differentiated manner.
EN
The article is devoted to an analysis of various representations of the “Artist’s book” genre in modern Russian and world art. These representationsfunction within the framework of the paradigm of art that refers to issues such as inter- and multimedia, the model of a broadly talented artist, the concept of a multi-material work of art and the interactive act of perception.  The analysis  of  the  issues  connected  with  verbal  and  visual representations  of  the “Artist’s  book”  has  been  based  on  the  superordinate ‘word  and  picture’  formula  and  the interpretative  indicators  determined  by  generic  diversification  and  the  dialogue  with  other kinds of art: the relationship with painting and sculpture, the book as an object, ready made, mail-art, an artistic project (audiovisual book, photo- and body-art book, book-performance), as  well  as  by  the  act  of  reception.  In  intermedia  discourse,  the  “Artist’s  book”  functions within the cultural, artistic and aesthetic perspective, between art and communication.
RU
The article is devoted to an analysis of various representations of the “Artist’s book” genre in modern Russian and world art. These representationsfunction within the framework of the paradigm of art that refers to issues such as inter- and multimedia, the model of a broadly talented artist, the concept of a multi-material work of art and the interactive act of perception.  The analysis  of  the  issues  connected  with  verbal  and  visual representations  of  the “Artist’s  book”  has  been  based  on  the  superordinate ‘word  and  picture’  formula  and  the interpretative  indicators  determined  by  generic  diversification  and  the  dialogue  with  other kinds of art: the relationship with painting and sculpture, the book as an object, ready made, mail-art, an artistic project (audiovisual book, photo- and body-art book, book performance), as  well  as  by  the  act  of  reception.  In  intermedia  discourse,  the  “Artist’s  book”  functions within the cultural, artistic and aesthetic perspective, between art and communication. 
EN
Linguistic sensitivity to the reality around us, particularly the one in the social dimension, is an intriguing research area. In the wake of the ever faster rushing world, the language tries to catch up in different ways, not always in its own way. It borrows, calques, phonetically assimilates the foreign lexicon; moreover, it creates neologisms, fabricates and inserts new, “author’s” words, expressions and phrases. The linguocultural space, implied as a special area, where the language is intertwined with the described culture of a society — ethnic, national or linguistic, should look forward to the change of its own denomination. Calling phenomena linguocultural indicates the succession from language to reality. It is rather “demanding” linguistically. If indeed we adopt the sequence of events, the space in question is essentially linguocultural. The language must catch up and name new situations, phenomena, artifacts rather than create the reality which is made up of them. The relationship is analysed in the article and illustrated by examples thematically related to the image changes of a man.
DE
Bildern kommt eine beträchtliche Rolle sowohl in der Alltagskommunikation als auch in medialen Texten zu. In diesem Beitrag stehen ausgewählte Typen von Bildern und ihre Relationen mit dem Text im Vordergrund, wobei das Korpus der Untersuchung Pressetexte aus deutschen Titeln der Regenbogenpresse bildet. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass Bilder als eine Kommunikationsform in gewisser Hinsicht eindeutiger und auch bequemer sind sowie sich durch eine größere informativ-persuasive und visuelle Kraft als Wörter und Texte kennzeichnen. In der Studie wird die Regenbogenpresse auf die Präsenz und Verwendung von Bildern hin untersucht.
EN
An extraordinary role is assigned to images not only in everyday communication, but also in media texts. The focus of this article is on selected types of images and their relationships with texts. The corpus of the study is comprised of press texts from selected glossy magazines. The starting point is an argument that images as forms of communication are in a certain sense more unambiguous and more convenient in some situations and have greater information-persuasive and visual potential than texts. Starting from this assumption, the article attempts to analyze glossy magazines in regard of presence and usage of images.
PL
Contemporary culture – as already noted – is becoming more and more visual. Contemporary catechesis, referring to its rich, centuries-long experience, should also use different types of images. The first part of this article presents the visual principle as one of basic educating principles, and the second part presents the correlation between the teaching of Catholic religion, and art education in Polish schools. One specific example of using religious painting are in textbooks.Masterpieces of painting, created during centuries and expressing particular desires of their creators, still remain an important inspiration, among others, to the religious search. Faith, though strongly anchored in words, needs representations, specific references, which allow receiving, understanding, and experiencing it. Paintings give this possibility, and even – taking into consideration the contemporary civilization – impose the necessity to use them, in order to effectively reach the contemporary receiver.Using images in education is not only the achievement of specific objectives in catechesis, but also gives an opportunity to creatively engage students and shape their aesthetic sensibility. Working with the image creates the possibility of discovering the beauty, to see it in reality and “keeping the heart”, that is the enrichment of the beauty of one’s humanity.
EN
The Act of March 31, 2020 changed, inter alia, the content of the provision of Art. 190 a § 2 of the Polish Criminal Code. In the original wording of this provision, conduct consisting of impersonating another person using his/her image or other personal data in order to inflict material or personal harm on her/ him was criminalized. Image is not an easy concept to define. It is assumed to include the appearance of a person and other externally perceptible features that allow for their identification. The concept of personal data has been defined in the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) as any information relating to an identifiable natural person. Currently, the legislator has introduced an additional element - 'other data by means of which it is publicly identified'. The legitimacy of introducing this characteristic and the way it was shaped raise doubts; in particular, the terms 'in public' and 'is identified'. Both the concept of image and personal data fall under the term 'other data'.
PL
Ustawa z dnia 31 marca 2020 r. o zmianie ustawy o szczególnych rozwiązaniach związanych z zapobieganiem, przeciwdziałaniem i zwalczaniem COVID-19, innych chorób zakaźnych oraz wywoływanych nimi sytuacji kryzysowych zmieniła m.in. treść przepisu art. 190 a § 2 k.k. W pierwotnym brzmieniu tego przepisu kryminalizowane było zachowanie polegające na podszywanie się pod inną osobę z wykorzystaniem jej wizerunku lub innych danych osobowych w celu wyrządzenia jej szkody majątkowej lub osobistej. Wizerunek jest pojęciem niełatwym do zdefiniowania. Przyjmuje się, że obejmuje obraz człowieka oraz inne cechy postrzegalne zewnętrznie pozwalające na jego identyfikację. Pojęcie danych osobowych zostało zdefiniowane w rozporządzeniu Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) jako wszelkie informacje o możliwej do zidentyfikowania osobie fizycznej. Obecnie ustawodawca wprowadził dodatkowe znamię – „inne dane, za pomocą których jest ona publicznie identyfikowana”. Zasadność wprowadzenia tego znamienia oraz sposób jego ukształtowania budzi wątpliwości; w szczególności określenia „publicznie” oraz „jest identyfikowana”. Zarówno pojęcie wizerunku, jak i danych osobowych, mieszczą się w znamieniu „innych danych”.
EN
The article presents flyers informing about a cultural event as a written form of communication between the organizer of the event and the potential audience. The aim of the flyer is just to inform about cultural events and encourage the potential audience to come to see it. It represents various branches of culture, such as theatre, music, film and art, reflecting the cultural life of a big city. The process of communication is realized with a number of linguistic means, which are the subject of presented analysis. Precise research shows that a cultural flyer apart from its pure informative function has a strong emotional impact as it contains a lot of linguistic means that create certain units with strong emotional function. The author chose examples out of 500 cultural events advertised in flyers from Munich to show lexical means typical for a cultural flyer and its possible future development. The research helped to discover an emotional function of the flyer. This has been achieved by the use of certain linguistic means. The detailed analysis of this form of communication can deepen our knowledge of other cultures and their senses.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy analizy prawnej art. 191a kk wprowadzonego ustawą z dnia 5 listopada 2009 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks karny, ustawy – Kodeks postępowania karnego, ustawy – Kodeks karny wykonawczy, ustawy – Kodeks karny skarbowy oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Ten przepis dotyczy utrwalania wizerunku nagiej osoby lub osoby w trakcie czynności seksualnej, przy użyciu wobec niej przemocy, groźby bezprawnej lub podstępu, albo rozpowszechnia bez jej zgody wizerunku nagiej osoby lub osoby w trakcie czynności seksualnej. Zachowania takie mają miejsce także wobec małoletnich, a ich sprawcami bywają rówieśnicy pokrzywdzonych.
EN
This paper presents a legal analysis of Article 191a of the Penal Code, included in the Act of 5 Nov 2009 on amending the following acts: the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Executive Penal Code, the Fiscal Penal Code, and several other laws. This regulation concerns recording images of a naked person or a person engaging in a sexual act, by use of violence, unlawful threat or deceit, or disseminating images of a naked person or a person engaging in a sexual act without his or her permission. Such behaviours affect minors, too, and some of the perpetrators are the victims’ peers.
Vox Patrum
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2003
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vol. 44
375-380
ES
Contenido pacto concluido, en 1596, la union entre la Iglesia Oriental et Occidental inflfa tambien el arte de ambos Iglesias, que estaban en las fronteras de Polonia. El cuadro de san Nicolas de Opole Podedwórze est el ejemplo de la pintura donde esta la influencia del arte Oriental et Occidental. El cuadro presenta al tema conocido en los modelos de la iconografia, que presentó en la convención del arte barocco.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
113-146
EN
In the Phaedrus, the expression τὰ γεγραμμένα φαῦλα ἀποδεῖξαι, „to demonstrate the inadequacy of its own written” could mean „to make a palinody.” The requirements to define someone as a philosopher that Socrates provides (Phdr. 278) describe in theoretical and normative form what the dialogue has already represented in its dramatic form. Plato has targeted the speech of Lysias and the first speech of Socrates as belonging to a literary genre that is still in statu nascendi: a sophistic conference in which the writing is supposed to be read aloud and there is established a particularl emotional relationship between the reader and listener with the subordination of the latter to the former. For Socrates this relationship should be different and the speeches as well as books should have a completely different intent, content and form: philosopher must offer to the one whom he loves a chaste and virtuous conduct: such conduct, in its imitation of the divine, is precisely what distinguishes him from other scholars: τιμιώτερα. The philosophical relationship must involve a different kind of reading: a silent one that can neutralize the deleterious and seductive effects of the voice. This does not imply, however, that all books are the same. Philosophical writing is not a palindrome on a statue, like a picture. Its qualifying element is the linear and irreversibile sequence. Time flows between one segment and the next. Thus, thoughts presented in writing move in space, whereas characters that have thoughts in them also move over time, changing and modifying themselves. That is precisely how philosophical writing, such as the platonic dialogue, can reproduce logos.
EN
The paper explores the anthropological meanings of photography and its connections with other visual media representing the human being. Complementing a long tradition of anthropolo­gical conceptualizations of the mask, Hans Belting’s theory of photography – treating it as a new form of a death mask – allows one to identify additional senses and paradoxes of this particular art form. By adopting Belting’s perspective, the author seeks to demonstrate how this medium manifests itself as unique by allowing one to trace historical transformations in our approach to the human body and its finitude. Also, by simultaneously defying death and acknowledging it, photography surfaces as an exceptional testimony to the twentieth-century drive to conceal death as well as to the universal desire to preserve life. Thus, Belting’s concept of photography may be argued to offer a point of departure for an analysis of photography as a life simulation strategy.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został antropologicznemu znaczeniu fotografii i jej odniesieniom do innych mediów reprezentujących obraz człowieka. Fotografię, jak pisał Hans Belting, zwolennik koncepcji antropologicznego spojrzenia na sztukę, należy rozumieć jako nowy rodzaj maski pośmiertnej. Teoria rozumienia fotografii jako maski ma długą tradycję i została poświadczona w głównych tekstach programowych poświęconych sztuce fotografii (Benjamin, Sontag, Barthes). Perspektywa Beltinga pozwala jednak na wyodrębnienie ukrytych znaczeń i paradoksów wynikających z funeralnych korzeni przedstawienia człowieka. W tekście zostają zrekonstruowane główne koncepcje maski powstałe na przestrzeni dziejów (maska pośmiertna, maska teatralna, maska balowa), dzięki czemu znaczenie fotografii traktowanej jako maska staje się pełniejsze. W ten sposób ujęta zostaje wyjątkowość fotograficznego przedstawienia, łączącego wszystkie konteksty rozumienia maski. Potraktowanie fotografii jako kolejnego w historii medium służącego ludzkiej reprezentacji pozwala na prześledzenie głównych zmian w podejściu do ciała i ludzkiej skończoności. Fotografia okazuje się najbardziej wyjątkową techniką reprezentacji ponieważ sprzeciwia się śmierci i zarazem ją potwierdza – jest świadectwem XX-wiecznej próby ukrycia śmierci i uniwersalnego pragnienia zachowania życia. Fotografia bowiem, wpisując się w zmianę jaka dokonała się w XVIII i XIX wieku, zapewnia fotografowanemu pamięć, która traktowana jest wówczas jako symbolicznie “miejsce” pośmiertnego życia. Koncepcja obrazu i medium Beltinga stwarza kontekst do rozważań o fotografii jako strategii mającej na celu symulację życia.  
EN
The image of Jan Hus’s death in literary and film works The article shows, on selected examples from Czech literature and film, different images of the Czech reformer’s death. The fundamental texts of this article are the testimonies of two witnesses of that event: a member of Hus’s escort, Peter from Mladoňovice, and a burgher from Konstantz, Ulrich Rychental. Confesional dependent visions, that both of them were creating, initiated two traditions in the perception of Jan Hus: as a martyr and as a heretic. The vision of Mladoňovic dominated thinking about Hus in Czech society until the beginning of the recatholization. During the 19th century it was also supported by historism typical for the National Revival epoch (F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého), persisted in journalism, literature, art and, after some modifications, operated until the middle of the 20th century (O. Vávra, Jan Hus). Later literary and film productions (E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus) take into account Rychental’s testimony, so the one-sided picture of the death of the Bethlehem preacher gained a new dimension.
CS
Literární a filmové obrazy smrti Jana Husa Článek na vybraných příkladech z české literatury a filmu ukazuje dva různé obrazy smrti českého reformátora. Základními texty jsou zprávy dvou očitých svědků události: člena Husova doprovodu Petra z Mladoňovic a kostnického měšťana Ulricha Richentala. Konfesijně podmíněné obrazy, které oba atoři kreují, stojí na počátku dvou rodících se tradic v pojímání Husa: jako mučedníka a jako kacíře. V českém prostředí dominoval až do počátku rekatolizace Mladoňovicův obraz, který byl v 19. století převzat obrozeneckým dějepisectvím (F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého) a následně publicistikou, literaturou a výtvarným uměním a v různých modifikacích přetrval zhruba do poloviny 20. století (O. Vávra, Jan Hus). Pozdější literární a filmová produkce (E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus) zohledňuje také Richentalovo svědectví, čímž do té doby jednostranný obraz smrti betlémského kazatele získal novou dimenzi.
EN
The description of the headlines of some selected issues of Oberschlesische Nachrichten, and its successor newspapers, as the only present newspaper of the German minority in Poland, is the starting point and the basis for answering the question, which features of the micro- and macrotypography exert an influence (and what kind) on the reception of the signs which are to be found in them. The analysis shows that not only the significance of the speech signs plays an important part as far as the delivery of specified information is concerned. It also emphasizes that their visual form, their distribution on the space available, or their combination with non-speech signs is vital. They all have a different affective effect on the reader and cause different reception of the prevailing headline.
EN
The metaphorical title A Picture Painted in Phraseology is meant to refer to the created picture of EMOTIONS, though the material used here is not paint, but the phrasemes employed in the description of EMOTIONS. By default, the phraseology of EMOTIONS is destined to create their picture. This picture is usually conventional since phrasemes are linguistically well entrenched and conventional. The correlation between the appearance of an experiencer, the picture of his or her face and behaviour, and his or her emotional state becomes a basis for the creation of numerous phrasemes, which are indicative of this correlation. The picture exists both in language and cognition. Phrasemes produce a specific picture of an experiencer who undergoes an emotion in such a way that one may argue that a picture is actually painted in phraseology. The final result is the picture of FACE and BODY, displaying joy, sadness, fear or surprise, which is exclusively characteristic of a particular emotion.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł opiera się na podejściach semiotycznych, w których obrazy zalicza się do kategorii znaku, a jednocześnie stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o pozycję obrazów jako znaków. Podjęta w nim dyskusja rozciąga się od pytania o znakowość obrazów tradycyjnych i wczesnych obrazów cyfrowych, aż po pytanie o współczesną koncepcję obrazu i znakowość obrazów współczesnych, obecnych w dzisiejszych mediach.
EN
The following paper is based on the semiotic approaches, which give pictures the status of signs, and addresses concurrently the problem of the condition of pictures as signs. The discussion in this article ranges from the question of the sign character of traditional and earlier digital pictures, to the question of the contemporary concept of picture and of the sign character of the contemporary pictures, which are present in the modern media.
DE
In dem Beitrag wird von semiotischen Ansätzen ausgegangen, in denen Bildern ein Zeichen-Status eingeräumt und gleichzeitig das Problem der Kondition dieser Bilder als Zeichen betrachtet wird. Das Spektrum der hierbei geführten Diskussion reicht von der Frage der Zeichenhaftigkeit traditioneller und früherer digitaler Bilder bis hin zur Frage des heutigen Bild-Begriffs und der Zeichenhaftigkeit heutiger Bilder, denen man in gegenwärtigen Medien begegnet.
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