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EN
The article presents a study of the typical lyrical plot, representing the hero-poet in his study room. Comparative analysis of Russian lyric poems of different genres (elegy and others) and authors (Batyushkov, Pushkin, Fet, Polonsky and others) reveals the certain traditions in evolution of this plot – in comparison with the similar tradition in novel (investigated earlier by N. Nyagolova). In the beginning of 20th century these traditions can be observed in Bunin’s poetry and two poems of I. Annensky and N. Gumilev.
EN
The article is an attempt to remember the recently deceased, eminent researcher, Prof. Dr. Sylwester Dworacki, based on his article on prologues in Menander’s ancient Greek comedy.
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Václav Havel a jeho zápletky

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EN
This paper deals with the genre of biography as a specific mode of organisation of commemoration citing the example of biographies of Václav Havel. The author analyses four biographies of Václav Havel from the perspective of the construction of their plots.
PL
This article reviews current basic methods of lyrics episation in the context of literary genres and forms evolution. The role of the poetry size accompanied by epic characteristics, such as diff erent descriptions, additional characters and plot elements are discussed. The study analyzes poetry peculiarities caused by narration, in particular, the narrator type and narrative. The author uses the narrator typology, proposed by W. Schmid. The poetry composition peculiarities related to the plot are defi ned. The article reveals the uniqueness of time and spatial relations and the function of descriptions and additional characters in poetry. It also investigates the infl uence of genres characters borrowed from traditional epic on the generic nature of poetry. The correlation of certain poetries with the genres of parables, fairy tales and fables are partially examined.
EN
The paper aims at analyzing the relationship between Eric Rohmer’s A Tale of Winter (Conte d’hiver, 1992) and Shakespeare’s late comedy. Although both works are entitled similarly, at first glance they have hardly anything in common, aside from one scene in which the two main characters watch Shakespeare’s play staged in a theatre. The author argues, however, that many references to original comedy, both on the level of plot and structure, can be found in Rohmer’s movie, which can therefore be perceived as a loose adaptation of Shakespeare’s work. 
PL
The paper aims at analyzing the relationship between Eric Rohmer’s A Tale of Winter (Conte d’hiver, 1992) and Shakespeare’s late comedy. Although both works are entitled similarly, at first glance they have hardly anything in common, aside from one scene in which the two main characters watch Shakespeare’s play staged in a theatre. The author argues, however, that many references to original comedy, both on the level of plot and structure, can be found in Rohmer’s movie, which can therefore be perceived as a loose adaptation of Shakespeare’s work.  
EN
Antun Gustav Matoš has affirmed the Croatian short story and that is why his short story collections have initiated a major „breakthrough” in terms of this genre’s reception. His narrative oeuvre includes the following collections: Iverje (Wood Shavings, 1899), Novo iverje (New Wood Shavings, 1900) and Umorne priče (Tired Tales, 1909). Depending on the type of motif, his short stories have been read as follows: 1. stories about local people and events; 2. humorous stories about people at home and abroad; 3. stories about unusual, unbelievable „unreal” events; 4. stories of enchanting and yearning love; 5. lyrical cadenzas. His symbolic-grotesque-fantastic story Moć savjesti (The Power of Conscience) marked his entry into the world of narrative literature. In this story, the binary relationship between the theme and the motif is recognised in the gap between the world of wakefulness and the world of dreams, reality and fantasy, what is real and what is unreal, the actual life and the ideal life, the object and the subject. At the same time, however, Matoš is trying to unite these opposites. In his other short stories, unusual plots become an expression of a deep ontological crisis which engulfed the European culture and art during modernism. The maxim of modern art at the turn of the century is „the world is a text”: art is a subjective reconstruction of the world and therefore plots, with all their logical cause and effect relationships, are no longer important since they cannot express other spheres of consciousness. In his short stories, the bizarre plots were used by Matoš to join two worlds, the world of outward reality and the world of imagination, the empirical and the fantastic, the possible and the impossible.
PL
Antun Gustav Matoš has affirmed the Croatian short story and that is why his short story collections have initiated a major „breakthrough” in terms of this genre’s reception. His narrative oeuvre includes the following collections: Iverje (Wood Shavings, 1899), Novo iverje (New Wood Shavings, 1900) and Umorne priče (Tired Tales, 1909). Depending on the type of motif, his short stories have been read as follows: 1. stories about local people and events; 2. humorous stories about people at home and abroad; 3. stories about unusual, unbelievable „unreal” events; 4. stories of enchanting and yearning love; 5. lyrical cadenzas. His symbolic-grotesque-fantastic story Moć savjesti (The Power of Conscience) marked his entry into the world of narrative literature. In this story, the binary relationship between the theme and the motif is recognised in the gap between the world of wakefulness and the world of dreams, reality and fantasy, what is real and what is unreal, the actual life and the ideal life, the object and the subject. At the same time, however, Matoš is trying to unite these opposites. In his other short stories, unusual plots become an expression of a deep ontological crisis which engulfed the European culture and art during modernism. The maxim of modern art at the turn of the century is „the world is a text”: art is a subjective reconstruction of the world and therefore plots, with all their logical cause and effect relationships, are no longer important since they cannot express other spheres of consciousness. In his short stories, the bizarre plots were used by Matoš to join two worlds, the world of outward reality and the world of imagination, the empirical and the fantastic, the possible and the impossible.
EN
In the article contemporary natal narrative is studied from the perspective of the influence of mythological and story types of texts on it. Natal narrative being similar to mythological text confirms some norms of world outlook and behavior. Natal narrative, like many texts of the story type, is about extraordinary events in a woman’s life or about an exceptional situation, which has happened to her acquaintances. The heroine of the natal narrative crosses a definite semantic border, reasserting the status of her exceptional nature.
PL
The aim of the study is to investigate common motifs, characters, metaphors and plots in Sergey Dovlatov’s Compromise and Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov’s novels The Twelve Chairs and The Little Golden Calf using the structural and comparative-historical methods. In this case study Compromise is treated as the text, in which Dovlatov determines the underlying principle for reading the short stories contained in his Compromise collection in the context of the novels The Twelve Chairs and The Little Golden Calf by Ilf and Petrov. The results of the research are confirmed by the contextual study of Dovlatov’s correspondence. This allows us to state that the novels of Ilf and Petrov are the subtext of Sergei Dovlatov’s work. The article opens totally new and inspiring directions of Dovlatov studies, since no other scholars have ever turned their attention to the relationships between Dovlatov’s works and the traditions of Ilf and Petrov.
EN
The analyses presented in the article reverse the traditional course of studies which assume that the poetics of a dramatic text is instrumentally superior to that of the libretto. In order to adapt the hypothesis that contemporary drama is increasingly libretto-like, inserted into its structure is, excerpted by opera theatre researchers, the libretto poetics treated as a genealogical directive specific to the genre which differentiates it from the “third kind” in its classical expressions. The breakup of the basic categories constituting a drama ( character, dialogue and plot ) brings it visibly closer to the traditional operatic libretto with features characterised by Albert Gier, among others. The post-dramatic aesthetics adapted by contemporary opera and drama, which removes the character or reduces it to a voice treated merely as a medium, absolutising the way a word sounds and the poetics of a transsystemic remix all result in the emergence of a common aesthetics of the stage chimaera genre.
EN
The article examines moral responsibility as a specific subjective-objective phenomenon of oral folk art using the example of folklore non-ritual lyric-epic texts. It is analyzed the conceptual dilemma of responsibility – irresponsibility and its role in implementing the functions of oral traditional culture. The authors focus on the correlation between the concepts of individual and social responsibility. In addition, the problem of social responsibility as an evident form of the relations between the individual and society driven by the need to comply with coexistence rules is actualized. Folk consciousness accumulates knowledge about responsibility as one of the forms of social relations, which objectively exists, is reflected in the psychological and spiritual aspects, and hence is an internal (towards oneself) and external (towards the community and humanity as a whole) manifestation of responsibility. Essential characteristics and forms of textualization of moral responsibility in folk songs are outlined: every time a practical act is compared with a proper one in real life, i.e., a moral ideal, through the reflection of the characters of a folklore work and the manifestation of behavior in a particular life situation. It is established that morality in oral literature appears simultaneously as a regulatory structure and a system of meanings of the subject and society as a whole. The imperativeness inherent in the belief system of a traditional work becomes not only a statement of a particular position but also a request for understanding the idea of life purpose at the author-audience level. The tragic event reinterpreted by folk consciousness transfers the axiological content of the depicted act to the collective memory. The essence of the responsibility–irresponsibility dilemma unfolds through a specific human reality. The analysis of non-ritual lyric-epic songs highlights a crucial axiom: moral responsibility is, first of all, the affirmation of the view of life, beliefs, and principles of a person who perceives these moments as own, imagined, and suffered. Having separated temptations of the empirical world, the essential from the insignificant, a person isolates the dominant landmarks of their existence, often leveling out the possibility of personal happiness, acting for the benefit of others. A folklore work conceives the relevance of individual and social consciousness since the depicted folk event raises the current problem to the level of collective comprehension, highlighting the imperative of human life value.
EN
The primary topic of the article is the analysis of three detective novels by a columnist Kisiel: Zbrodnia w Dzielnicy Północnej (1948), Wszystko inaczej (1986) and Zanim nadejdzie śmierć (1995). The first one represents “a classical crime novel”; the second one – “an open work”, “postmodern”, “anti-crime novel”; the third one – an allegedly uncompleted crime novel. Each of these works, referring to a linear-regressive narrative and a plot scheme of a crime story in a different way, uses the structure of a crime novel for slightly different purposes, which is mostly enhanced by final sequences of events. Hence the title of the article and the adopted method of analysis as both theory of a (crime) novel and theory of (classical) rhetoric as well, emphasize the key importance of the narrative and plot ending, and rhetoric enables to clarify its relevance, i.e. fulfilling various functions, thanks to evoking contexts and con-situations significant in (also literary) communication. The cognitive, educational and aesthetic, and therefore persuasive, functions of a crime novel depend, among other things, on the “open” or “closed” shape of the endings of the narrative and plot. These endings in case of each of the original, unconventional and valuable works are in fact unique.
PL
Zasadniczy przedmiot artykułu stanowi analiza trzech powieści kryminalnych Stefana Kisielewskiego: Zbrodnia w Dzielnicy Północnej (1948), Wszystko inaczej (1986) i Zanim nadejdzie śmierć (1995). Pierwsza reprezentuje „klasyczną powieść kryminalną”; druga – „dzieło otwarte”, „postmodernistyczne”, „antykryminał”; trzecia – kryminał rzekomo niezakończony. Każdy z tych utworów, odmiennie odwołując się do kryminalnej narracji linearno-powrotnej i kryminalnego schematu fabularnego, do odmiennych też nieco celów strukturę powieści kryminalnej wykorzystuje, co najbardziej uwydatniają finałowe sekwencje zdarzeń. Stąd tytuł artykułu oraz przyjęta w nim metoda analizy, gdyż zarówno teoria powieści (kryminalnej), jak też teoria retoryki (klasycznej), obie podkreślają duże znaczenie narracyjnego i fabularnego finiszu, a retoryka pozwala dookreślić jego celowość, czyli pełnienie przezeń różnorakich funkcji, dzięki przywołaniu istotnych w komunikacji (także literackiej) kontekstów oraz konsytuacji. Poznawcze, wychowawcze i estetyczne, a więc perswazyjne funkcje powieści kryminalnej zależą m.in. od „otwartego” bądź „zamkniętego” kształtu zakończeń narracji i fabuły. Te zakończenia w przypadku każdego z oryginalnych, niesztampowych i wartościowych dzieł są w istocie niepowtarzalne.
EN
The assimilation of Byzantine culture in the Slavic lands was accompanied by the exegesis of the New Testament and the formation of the phenomenal value of symbolic images, which were part of the literary and artistic consciousness of that time. The force field of Christian archetypes has preserved a long tradition in the Ukrainian literature. Christian archetypes of the Resurrection and the Crucifixion in Shevchenko’s painting and literary work are studied with modern approaches to comparative literature and theological exegesis, taking into account artistic Christology, philosophical and aesthetic approach to art, and key ideas of archetypal interpretation. It is found out that, in Shevchenko’s poetry, the archetypes of the Resurrection and the Crucifixion are manifested in a number of modifications, where resurrection / crucifixion has a symbolic meaning in the sense of the resurrection / crucifixion of Ukraine, the resurrection / crucifixion of the people, the resurrection / crucifixion of a lyrical hero, etc. In painting, Christian archetypes are directly related to the transmission of the New Testament history.
EN
The article highlights research findings of the ballad plots from the folklore repertoire of Volyn and Western Polissia of the end of the 19th century revealed in the records of Lesya Ukrainka and her family members (Mykhailo and Olha Kosach, Olena Pchilka) and also known in close Polish analogues of those days. The ballads, recorded by the Kosachs, are dominated by stories of family relationships and conflicts caused by marriage without love, long-term separation (the topic of incest), and the mother’s interference in a marital relationship that leads to murder, poisoning, and other tragic situations. A comparative analysis of ballad variants in two languages allows identifying not only the geographical area of spreading of ballad plots in the folklore of neighbouring nations, the specifics of plots, motifs, images, but also points to the features of the Ukrainian and Polish folklore works interaction on the borderlands. In the ballads, belonging to the International Ballad Fund, the plot-lines about wanderings of a dishonoured girl, the incest-related topics, mother’s poisoning of her daughter-in-law and son, about the death of a servant because of his/her mistress’ caprices, the wife’s murder of her husband are typical and similar to various languages. Ukrainian and Polish versions of the ballad-songs have similar features in the structural components of the lyrics, describing mostly life tragic collisions, everyday situations, dialogues of the characters, and artistic details. Despite the affi nity of plots, images, artistic means of expression, multilingual texts off er diff erent, oft en radically diff erent ways of resolving personal and family confl icts. In addition, they are oft en marked with national colouration and refl ect the features of local life, the social life realities of the Ukrainians, Poles, and other ethnic groups. Th e study has revealed that national attribution of the characters, their specifi c national names (especially in the Polish texts), polarization on the principle of ours/a stranger, a native/foreigner are the most noticeable features. Th e Ukrainian and Polish plots express mental ethnic stereotypes of folklore carriers, in particular, regarding women’s role in family and society.
RU
Статья знакомит с поэтикой русского драматурга, автора девяти пьес, написанных в 2004–2011 гг. и еще не исследованных. Анализ двух из них ("Треугольник" и "Под небесами") на фоне других позволяет думать о том, что современная драма характеризуется не только раз- рывом с опытом предшественников в провокациях «новой драмы». Н. Мошина представлена как талантливый драматург, развивающий потенциал интеллектуальной, эпической драмы ХХ века в парадигмах новейшей неклассической поэтики.
EN
The paper surveys the work of the Russian playwright, author of nine dramas, written in 2004–2011 and not subjected to research yet. Two of the plays ("A Triangle" and "Under Heavens") are analysed and also compared with others. This makes possible the conclusion that the modern drama is characterized not only by breaking off with the experience of the predecessors, manifest in post-modernist provocations of „the new drama”. Natalia Moshina is presented as a talented playwright developing the potential of the intellectual, epic drama of the 20th century within the paradigm of the latest non-classical poetics.
PL
Artykuł zawiera porównanie opowieści Nikołaja Karamzina Biedna Liza (1792) i dramatu w 5 aktach Wasilija Fiodorowa Liza, czyli skutki dumy i uwiedzenia (1804) w kontekście naśladownictw Biednej Lizy i rozwoju rosyjskiej literatury sentymentalnej. Wykorzystana została metoda Kazimierza Bartoszyńskiego. Przedmiotem omówienia jest fabuła (zdarzenia i ich finał) oraz koncepcja postaci (np. chłopskie pochodzenie Lizy i jej matki w opowieści Karamzina – nieznane pochodzenie społeczne Lizy i jej ojca w dramacie Fiodorowa, nieszczęśliwe zakończenie w opowieści Karamzina – szczęśliwe zakończenie w dramacie Fiodorowa).
EN
The article presents a study of taste epithets in the Russian poetry, their forms and image-creating function, especially in the 19th–20th centuries. Beginning in Romanticism, poets prefer direct and diverse taste epithets to present the sensual experiences of personality. Yet, they use metaphorical versions to form compound images and lyric plots. Different ways of connecting the direct and the metaphorical are illustrated in the article based on the example of poems of N. Nekrasov, I. Bunin, O. Mandelstam, A. Voznesensky, D. Samoilov and others.
EN
The plot functions of the motivе of deathin the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky The article deals with а meaningful functions of one of the most frequent plot in the works by Fyodor Dostoevsky — death of a character. The narrative role of the image of death is analyzed. Philosophical meaning of this plot and its connection with the theodicy in Dostoevsky’s novels are revealed.
UK
Сюжетні функції мотиву смертів романах Федіра Достоєвського У статті розглянуто змістове значення однієї з найбільш поширених сюжетних ситуацій у творах Федіра Достоєвського — смерті персонажа. Аналізуються розповідні функції зображення смерті героїв. Розглядається філософський сенс даної сюжетної ситуації та її зв’язок з теодицією у романах Достоєвського.
EN
The archaeological excavations conducted in the spring of 2011 in yard No. 7 in the vicinity of old market at Plac 20 Października (20th October Square) were the first in the history of the town large-scale investigations of residential urban area in Mosina. Late-medieval and modern relics of buildings have been unearthed, and an extremely interesting assemblage of the fifteenth-eighteenth century pottery and small objects of everyday use collected. The absence of materials dating from the fifteentheighteenth- century Middle Ages speaks in favour of the thesis suggested by researchers that Mosina might have been translocated into its present location from neighbouring Niwka.
EN
Literary historian Jaroslava Janáčková has been inquiring into Czech literature of the 19th century for several decades. In order to pay homage to her substantial contribution to the knowledge of the period and development of fiction poetics on the occasion of her birthday, the author of the paper summarizes some of the crucial approaches of Janáčková´s research to apply them further in analyzing a novel by Alois Jirásek, on whose work she focused mainly in the 1980s.
CS
Literární historička Jaroslava Janáčková zkoumá českou literaturu 19. století již řadu desetiletí. Se záměrem ocenit u příležitosti jejích narozenin její podstatný přínos k poznání tohoto období a vývoje poetiky prózy shrnuje autorka příspěvku některé klíčové přístupy v bádání Jaroslavy Janáčkové a následně je uplatňuje v analýze románu Aloise Jiráska, na jehož dílo se jubilantka soustředila hlavně v osmdesátých letech.
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