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IT
Le considerazioni contenute nell'articolo aspirano a certe generalizzazioni utili per propagare il fenomeno, il quale era la tragedia greca, dunque a indicare le sue proprieta immanenti ed i modi della loro realizzazione nella struttura drammaturgica. La trilogia troiana di Euripide divento l'esemplificazione di questi tratti e fenomeni che caracterizzano in modo particolare la tragedia greca.
RU
Three one-act plays – 'The Elevator', 'The Rebellion' and 'The Freud' – written by Wiesław Gorecki are analysed in the paper. These plays were premiered in 1934 by a theatre group Mikroscena, founded by Tadeusz Kudliński. In my opinion, Wiesław Gorecki’s dramas are examples of modern aesthetics (as defined by Richard Sheppard). We can read these works as a poetic drama ('The Elevator'), the Ibsenesque psychological theatre ('The Fraud') and a game with scenic illusion in the style of Pirandello ('The Rebellion'). Finally, I created a new term for Goreckis’ plays: 'miniature, light and bourgeois modernism'.
EN
Three one-act plays – 'The Elevator', 'The Rebellion' and 'The Freud' – written by Wiesław Gorecki are analysed in the paper. These plays were premiered in 1934 by a theatre group Mikroscena, founded by Tadeusz Kudliński. In my opinion, Wiesław Gorecki’s dramas are examples of modern aesthetics (as defined by Richard Sheppard). We can read these works as a poetic drama ('The Elevator'), the Ibsenesque psychological theatre ('The Fraud') and a game with scenic illusion in the style of Pirandello ('The Rebellion'). Finally, I created a new term for Goreckis’ plays: 'miniature, light and bourgeois modernism.
EN
This article presents an unpublished text by Irena Sławińska: Dramat imaginacyjny Stanisława Wyspiańskiego [Stanisław Wyspiański’s Drama of Imagination], probably dating from 1938. It discusses Sławińska’s possible sources of inspiration and her most important research steps in reconstructing the imaginative poetics of Wyspiański’s dramas (Protesilas i Laodamia, Legion, Wesele [The Wedding], Noc listopadowa [November Night], Wyzwolenie [Liberation], Akropolis, Sędziowie [The Judges]). Based on an analysis of Wyspiański’s concept of space, character construction, dialogue, and the function of the choruses and stage directions, Sławińska argues that a constitutive feature of his poetics of imagination was the principle of blurring the border between the world of vision and the real world by interlinking them structurally, while at the same time emphasizing their fundamental separateness. Sławińska also reassesses the chronology of the formation of Wyspiański’s vision of new theater, proposing that it should be dated from 1895. The article indicates the elements of the unpublished text that today may serve as an inspiration for further research on Wyspiański’s work.
EN
I Am the Wind is one of the last works Jon Fosse wrote for theatre. The piece was first staged during the Bergen Festival in 2007. Even though it was only a few years later that Fosse declared the end of his dramatic career, his playwriting with this play is clearly moving on its way out of the theatre and into a borderland between thought and action; it manifests an extremely subjective and the physical presence in which items from Fosse’s poetry are more clearly seen. In this article, I want to read I Am the Wind primarily as a theatre piece, that is, a text written for the stage, and emphasize the use of poetic elements. The piece’s sections of dialogue revolve around existential and individual psychological questions at the boundary of the banal; it thematizes both the need and the fear of loneliness. It also deals with nature’s magical attraction to humans and with the importance of silence on several levels. The work stages the death wish of late modern humanity, and provides lyrical and language-philosophical interpretations of this, which I wish to read into the apparently simple plot of the piece. I Am the Wind can be described through a number of features that also characterize both earlier and later pieces of Fosse’s writing. Simply put, the play is about two people’s voyage to the open sea in a boat; one of the characters jumps overboard and commits suicide. The situation in the play takes place either in the head of the one who witnesses the suicide, or there is a meeting between the two characters after death. Either way, this is a basic situation which assumes that the expectations of a realistic stage action are to be set aside. But what is the reason why Fosse shifts his piece against a dramatic zero point? What is the purpose of reducing the stage expression to a lyrical outline that almost destroys the theatrical form? Fosse often opts for silent moments in his pieces. I Am the Wind is an infinite and enigmatic boat trip that requires us to look at the play as a landscape without being forced to define it in words: for the words disappear during the boat trip; they are taken and gone with the wind; “there is no point in saying anything.”
EN
  This article presents the theater scholarship of Irena Sławińska (1913–2004), an eminent humanist affiliated with the Catholic University of Lublin for more than five decades, co-founder of Polish drama and theater studies. The author discusses Sławińska’s research on the language of drama, poetic and religious drama, as well as her methodological proposals for drama and theater analysis, anthropology, and philosophy. The article also describes the scholar’s role in developing relations between Polish and Western theatre studies, especially with regard to Anglo- and Francophone research, and highlights her original contribution to the analysis of anthropological foundations of the idea of theater that refers to classical philosophy and Christianity.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na przedstawieniu prac teatrologicznych Ireny Sławińskiej (1913–2004), wybitnej humanistki przez ponad pół wieku związanej z Katolickim Uniwersytetem Lubelskim, współtwórczyni polskich badań nad dramatem i teatrem. Omówiono jej badania nad językiem dramatu, dramatem poetyckim i religijnym oraz propozycje metodologiczne dotyczące analizy, antropologii i filozofii dramatu i teatru. Scharakteryzowano rolę Sławińskiej w budowaniu relacji między polską teatrologią a badaniami prowadzonymi na Zachodzie, zwłaszcza w kręgu języka angielskiego i francuskiego. Podkreślono oryginalny wkład uczonej w analizę antropologicznych podstaw wizji teatru odwołującej się do filozofii klasycznej i do chrześcijaństwa.
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EN
The article is an academic review of the multi-author monograph Dramaty Cypriana Norwida. Teksty – konteksty – interteksty [Cyprian Norwid’s dramatic works: texts, contexts and intertexts] edited by Wiesław Rzońca and Karol Samsel (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Wydziału Polonistyki, 2019). It surveys and examines studies contained in the volume, placing them in the context of current state of research on Norwid’s dramatic works. The review argues that the chief merit of the discussed book consists primarily in presenting new interpretations of Norwid’s dramas, which account for fresh contexts and represent a variety of research angles, including philology, textology and scientific editing, studies of theatre, aesthetics, anthropology as well as cultural and comparative studies. The volume also reconsiders the place of Norwid’s dramatic works in literary history, most chapters foregrounding the strong relationship this author had with the literature and culture of pre-modernism and modernism. Owing to this, the review also addresses the meaning of the Romantic drama tradition for Norwid’s specific artistic position as a dramatist.
PL
Artykuł jest recenzją naukową książki: Dramaty Cypriana Norwida. Teksty – konteksty – interteksty, red. naukowa W. Rzońca, K. Samsel, Warszawa 2019. Autorka dokonuje przeglądu i interpretacji zamieszczonych w książce studiów, sytuując je na tle aktualnego stanu badań nad dramaturgią Norwida. Recenzja ukazuje wartość książki, polegającą przede wszystkim na prezentacji nowych odczytań Norwidowskiego dramatu ‒ przez pryzmat nowych kontekstów i z różnorodnych perspektyw badawczych: filologicznej, teatrologicznej, tekstologiczno-edytorskiej, estetycznej, antropologicznej, kulturologicznej, komparatystycznej. Książka jest też głosem w sprawie miejsca dramaturgii Norwida w procesie literackim, bowiem w większości opublikowanych w niej prac wyeksponowany został ścisły związek pisarza z literaturą i kulturą premodernizmu lub modernizmu. W związku z tym podjęta została w recenzji kwestia znaczenia tradycji dramatu romantycznego dla specyfiki postawy twórczej Norwida-dramaturga.
Pamiętnik Teatralny
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2022
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vol. 71
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issue 1
95-118
EN
Mariusz Bielinski’s Księga Psa (The Book of Dog) and Jarosław Jakubowski’s Pies (The Dog) are two dramatic texts portraying the relationship between humans and animals in an original way. In both plays, the dog is an entity in its own right, a representative of the “companion species” to the human being (Haraway), “member of the family group” (Baratay) and the “zoe-egalitarian” community as understood in contemporary posthumanism (Braidotti). The author of the essay evokes these categories and then transcends them by exploring the metaphysical concept of human-animal relations depicted in the plays under discussion. Bieliński’s and Jakubowski’s protagonists turn to retrospective, which takes the form of writerly and existential mourning rite for a dead dog, leading to a profound transformation of their consciousness. By juxtaposing the fate of the suffering animal with the Passion of Christ, both authors deconstruct the petrified truths of Christian faith, renewing and incorporating them into the space of their own experience and discourse. Therefore, the proposed interpretation of the dramas combines the ecological perspective with theology. The author refers to Linzey’s concept of “animal theology” (the sacrifice of Jesus Christ as a model of interspecies relations) and posits, drawing on Gadamer and Lévinas, that both plays are centred around the hermeneutical question of whether the “spiritual distance” that has arisen between God and humans in our era can be overcome by modern humanity by turning towards the animal in order to “assimilate” its “strangeness” and thus open up to the “strangeness” of God.
PL
Księga psa Mariusza Bielińskiego i Pies Jarosława Jakubowskiego to dwa teksty dramatyczne, które w oryginalny sposób ukazują relacje między człowiekiem i zwierzęciem. W obu sztukach pies jest samoistnym bytem, „gatunkiem stowarzyszonym” z człowiekiem (Haraway), „członkiem wspólnoty rodzinnej” (Baratay) i „zoe-egalitarystycznej” wspólnoty w znaczeniu, jakie nadaje temu pojęciu współczesny posthumanizm (Braidotti). Autor eseju odwołuje się do tych kategorii, by je następnie przekroczyć, badając metafizyczną koncepcję ludzko-zwierzęcych relacji ukazaną w dramatach. Podejmowana przez bohaterów Bielińskiego i Jakubowskiego retrospekcja przyjmuje postać pisarsko-egzystencjalnego obrządku żałobnego po zmarłym psie i prowadzi do głębokiej przemiany ich świadomości. Poprzez zderzenie losu cierpiącego zwierzęcia z historią Męki Pańskiej obaj pisarze dekonstruują spetryfikowane prawdy wiary chrześcijańskiej, odnawiając je i włączając w przestrzeń własnego doświadczenia i własnego dyskursu. Dlatego w interpretacji dramatów perspektywa ekologiczna została połączona z teologiczną. Autor odwołuje się do koncepcji „teologii zwierząt” Linzeya (ofiara Jezusa Chrystusa jako wzór międzygatunkowych relacji), a następnie, podążając za myślą Gadamera i Lévinasa, stawia tezę, że osią obu utworów jest hermeneutyczne pytanie o to, czy „duchowy dystans”, jaki w naszej epoce powstał między Bogiem a ludźmi, człowiek nowoczesny może pokonać, zwracając się w stronę zwierzęcia, by „przyswoić sobie” jego „obcość”, która otworzy go na „obcość” Boga.
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