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EN
The article discusses problems connected with the strategy of dialect translation of lyrics by S. Yesenin into the Polish language. The author of the article shows the most important functions, which dialects serve in lyrics, and analyses the strategy that are the most frequently employed in their translation. The results of the investigation show the following distinctive features of transferring dialect from Russian to the Polish language: translators usually decide to replace dialect with neutral lexis or they give up translating dialect at all. As a consequence of such decisions, two phenomena can be observed: changes in the pragmatics of language function and impoverishment of the author’s poetic language.
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EN
This paper presents and discusses two main theses. Firstly, the author claims that, contrary to what is commonly thought, neither the subject matter nor the meaning of Kazimierz Wierzyński’s later poems diff er significantly from the topics taken up in his debut volumes. The poet never lost his youthful faith in the order of the world, nor did he quench his admiration for the work of creation. It is the main and essential feature of his poetry. Secondly, an important element of Wierzyński’s poems, which reveals itself in various forms and shapes, is prayer. This form of expression is referenced directly in many titles and often functions as the central theme of the poems. Moreover, many of Wierzyński’s works represent exactly this speech genre. His volumes contain poetic prayers differing thematically and functionally, for all seasons and all times of a day, for various holidays, celebrations, and other occasions. The poetry by Kazimierz Wierzyński is in fact one big prayer of supplication, humility, delight, and thanksgivings.
EN
The article deals with a detailed review and analysis of the peculiarities of precedent phenomena in the poetic work of Yuri Andrukhovych. The author concludes that in his poetry Yuri Andrukhovych has actively used precedent phe­nomena with different typological characteristics: on the precedentity level there are represented socio-precedent units, nationally precedent and universally precedent ones; on the verbalization form there are shown names (anthroponyms, goronyms, oikonyms, urbanonyms, hydronyms, oro­nyms, theonyms, geortonyms, ekklesionyms, cosmonyms), statements, a text, and a situation; units of literary, biblical, mythological, folklore, historical and philosophical origin; on the basis of trans­formality there are found some examples which have not been modified while introduced into the poetry text, as well as those that function as modified variants obtained by structural and semantic (truncation, addition), structural and graphic, and actually semantic modification; on the basis of attribution / non-tribution there are found units with attribution and without it, which constitute the majority of the analyzed examples. The mentioned precedent phenomena in the poetic texts by Yuri Andrukhovych perform the following functions: informative-signal, nominative, organizational and compositional, ludic, forecasting, characterizing and metaphoricizing ones. The foregoing gives grounds to assert that the analyzed precedent phenomena presented in the poetic works are their organic component, and represented as an active text-forming and stylistic unit.
Świat i Słowo
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2022
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vol. 39
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issue 2
187-207
EN
Literature and impressionism. The linguistic world of Wincenty Byrski’s poetic imagination The article concerns the poetry (poetic language) of Wincenty Byski. The author presents the affinity of Byrski’s literary work with the ways of impressionist writing. Linguistic analysis consists in identifying lexemes and poetic tropes excerpted from selected poems and poems. The author analyzes the units that relate to the sun (partly also to the moon) and light reflections, colors and their shades.
EN
Poetry stimulates the development of cognitive processes and significantly affects the emotional development of the small child. The analysis and interpretation of poetry plays an important role in mastering a language, shaping and developing memory, and developing the child’s creative imagination. Nowadays, it seems necessary to reach for highly artistic poetry with a deep poetic message. Such are the poems of Wisława Szymborska who practises a kind of poetic pedagogy and play on words. The recipients of Szymborska’s poetry were five-year-old children, for whom the poems became an object of “great fun” and aesthetic satisfaction. The author of the article has been conducting classes with children based on highly artistic literary texts by Szymborska, Miłosz, Herbert, and Kulmowa for many years. According to the author, the small child needs unconventional experiences and sensations, philosophical and libertarian impulses – such as those provided by Szymborska’s poetry. “Only poetic language can interest a young Facebook user of today” – said Caroll Ann Duffy, Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, in 2009. This article is a contribution to the reflection on the role of poetry in the context of early education.
PL
Poezja stymuluje rozwój procesów poznawczych i w znaczący sposób wpływa na rozwój emocjonalny małego dziecka. Analiza i interpretacja utworów poetyckich odgrywa ważną rolę w opanowaniu poprawnego języka, kształtowaniu i rozwijaniu pamięci, rozwijaniu wyobraźni twórczej dziecka. W dzisiejszych czasach wydaje się konieczne sięganie do wysokoartystycznej poezji o głębokim poetyckim przesłaniu. Takie są wiersze Wisławy Szymborskiej, która uprawia swoistą pedagogię poetycką i zabawę w słowa. Odbiorcami poezji Szymborskiej były pięcioletnie dzieci, dla których wiersze stały się przedmiotem „wielkiej zabawy” i satysfakcji estetycznej. Autorka artykułu od lat prowadzi zajęcia z dziećmi oparte na wysokoartystycznych tekstach literackich Szymborskiej, Miłosza, Herberta, Kulmowej. Zdaniem autorki małe dziecko potrzebuje niekonwencjonalnych przeżyć i doznań, impulsów filozoficznych i wolnościowych – takich, jakie daje właśnie poezja Szymborskiej „Tylko język poetycki dzisiaj może zainteresować młodego użytkownika Facebooka” – mówiła w 2009 roku Caroll Ann Duffy, nadworna poetka brytyjskiej rodziny królewskiej. Niniejszy artykuł jest przyczynkiem do rozważań na temat roli poezji w kontekście wczesnej edukacji.
EN
The article presents a constellation of poets who in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th c. expressed their protest by means of extreme personalization of their poetic voice: an exposure of their – primarily corporeal – intimacy. Their poetry is compared with the theory of Julia Kristeva whose concept of “revolution in poetic language” appeared at the similar time and – similarly – was intended for support of the potentially subversive work of language. As it turns out, strategies for negation encompassed in the poetry of S. Grochowiak, R. Wojaczek, A. Bursa or S. Czycz solidify death drive and trauma and, as a result, negation is not transformed. Such transformation, however, does happen in the poetry of Halina Poświatowska whose creative subjectivity is open to various affects and sensual experiences, which shows itself in her poetic language: metaphorical and vivid. It is such a poetic language, which expresses its aesthetic autonomy in a positive way, that finally opens up the aesthetic emancipatory potential.
Stylistyka
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2010
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vol. 19
239-262
EN
The paper deals with the relations between poetic language (especially obscenity and scatology) and the social milieu of the recipients of the bourgeois poetry. The humour and the comic are precisely the basic sphere where representations of human sexuality occur. In this context, a distinct reduction o f the comic fields connected to sexuality in the 16th and 17th centuries is vital. Literature is one more testimony of the increasing division into the “sophisticated” and “vulgar” (both in regard to subjective reference as well as to the language used here). “The Civilizing Process” (N. Elias) expressed the elite’s urge to separate from the masses on the level o f custom and language. Further on, the “carnival” language admired for its specific “vitality” (a “popular” spirit is often attributed to it) becomes marginalized - the 18th century classicism is here the crowning of this process. On the other hand, one should be aware that the “subversive” use of the language code is inscribed in the registers o f the early culture. In this period, the “serious” culture of the elites still combined the texts that expressed for instance certain principles of courtly love with their opposites, that can be called burlesque, grotesque or with less justification, realistic. This rule is reflected by collections of bourgeois poetry, including such texts. Not only values o f knightly (or noble) code, “high erotica”, expressed in the official literature, should be included in this “high culture”, but also elements which are their parodies and opposites that sound low and not high. If those texts - mistakenly perceived as “popular” - are being called “camivalesque”, this is only by virtue o f an attempt at positive valorisation o f texts with a predominantly obscene character.
EN
The pathetic or melancholy tone of Serbian Romanticism was quite unacceptable for modern poets who preferred irony, oxymoron, contrast, and a disharmonic world image. In the poetry of Stevan Raičković and Desanka Maksimović, connected by certain poetic affinities, we find a distinct lyrical overtone and an orientation towards a simple, mythopoeic world image, inspired by the heritage of Serbian Romanticism. In Serbian Romanticism, poetry had a populist role and that sort of function did not quite correspond to the functions of post-war poetry. After the war, poetry was marked by a struggle for poetic freedom or cautious efforts on the social and political level in poetry of Vasko Popa, Ivan V. Lalic and Ljubomir Simovic. Contemporary poetry did not relinquish that task, but its poetic language is more nuanced, more delicate, freed from the vocabulary and the rhetoric of oral poetry, as well as from its pathetic-melancholy tone.
EN
Variability of the poetic norm in the context of globalization and nationally oriented processes, corresponding as two parts o f modem creation o f culture, currently prevails. 1 he main conseąuence o f globalization in Ukrainian lingual creative practice at the end o f the twentieth and beginning of twenty-first century, and the poetry o f New York Group, are the rethinking and renewal o f the traditional lexical-and-semantic paradigms as paradigms relating to image and text creation, making an effort to place Ukrainian poetry in the context of the broadest expanse o f world literaturę. Nationally oriented processes lead to an increase attention to the lingual-and-aesthetic signs of national culture and to the verbalization the national-and-philosophical idea.
EN
The specificity of poetic language boils down to changing the meaning of words that have already been used many times. Starting from the basic level of a word categorization, a poet, thanks to subjective associations, knowledge and experience transforms them into a new quality characterized by semantic precision and emotional sophistication. The cycle of poems of Inna Lisnyanskaya Слово без имени (2007) is an example of such a conceptualization.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2021
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vol. 112
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issue 3
211-221
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony pracom norwidologicznym Michała Głowińskiego. Autor artykułu próbuje ustalić miejsce tych prac w szerszym kontekście badań Głowińskiego nad poezją polską, przywołuje więc jego publikacje o Tuwimie i Leśmianie, a także szkice mające charakter teoretyczny, w których poezja Norwida służy jako swoiste exemplum dla wypowiadanych sądów. Koncentruje uwagę przede wszystkim na odkrywczych rozpoznaniach Głowińskiego dotyczących struktury przypowieści w wierszach z tomu „Vade-mecum”. Zadaje pytania o znaczenie owych rozpoznań dla rozwoju badań nad Norwidem, ujmując te badania w perspektywie historycznej. Szuka związków między studiami Głowińskiego nad alegorią Norwida a Gadamerowską „rehabilitacją alegorii”. Rekonstruuje właściwy dla tych studiów styl lektury tzw. ciemnej poezji, oparty głównie na sztuce interpretacji.
EN
The article is devoted to Michał Głowiński’s papers in Norwid studies. The author attempts to situate Głowiński’s papers in the broad context of his examinations of Polish poetry, thus the investigations into Tuwim and Leśmian, as well as such theoretical sketches in which Norwid’s poetry serves as an instructive exemplum to support the observations, are recalled. The author’s attention is primarily focused on Głowiński’s revealing identifications referring to the structure of parables in the poems from the volume “Vade-mecum.” Trybuś poses questions about the significance of the aforementioned identifications to the development of Norwid studies and sets them into a historical perspective, seeks relationships between Głowiński’s research in Norwid’s allegory and Gadamer’s “rehabilitation of allegory,” and finally reconstructs the peculiar style of reading of so-called dark poetry based mostly on the art of interpretation.
EN
Text, showing the most important ways in the 20th century to think about poetry, refers to modernist epiphany (Ryszard Nycz). On the example of Małgorzata Hillar’s poetry, the author shows the inadequacy of this concept. It focused on the linguistic aspect of transmitting emotions, bypassing their bodily sensations. The recent studies on the relationship between emotions and language also allow to present a relationship with language and poetry. Recent studies on the relationship between emotions and language also allow us to otherwise present the relationship between language and poetry.
PL
The authors of the article, knowing about Wat’s interest in language mechanisms, focus their attention on namopaniki – the genre created by the poet. Arguing with the previous findings which concentrated on the presentation of the properties of semantics of the non-rational futuristic word, they propose an interpretation based on the demonstration of the inner energy of text.
EN
The purpose of this article is to reconsider Czesław Miłosz’s two anthologies of poetry, "Wypisy z ksiąg użytecznych" (1994) and its counterpart in the English language "A Book of Luminous Things" (1996), as metapoetic reflections on the obligations of contemporary poetry. In particular, it highlights the nature of Miłosz’s ideological contention with Wallace Stevens and Richard Rorty.
PL
The text is an attempt to look at the problem of the contemporary studies into poetic language through the prism of poststructuralist reflection. The discussion, which originally referred to the theory of literature, concerned the themes also present in the studies of linguists and resulting from a critical analysis of the assumptions of structuralist thought. The perspective adopted in this abstract made it possible to present a research proposal comprising the category of redundancy in literary communication, as well as – in more detail – the category of relationality of verse, syntactical hypotheses or special predication with regard to poetic language. Free verse is apprehended here with reference to the findings of modern scholars of verse, which involves a special way of thinking about syntax in poetry, and also – about the specific aspects of semantics. The attached examples (from a collection of modern Polish poetry) provide the necessary illustration of the linguistic phenomena demonstrated in the text.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2022
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vol. 113
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issue 2
185-193
PL
W artykule podjęto zagadnienie zagadkowego słowa „buzyra” występującego w „Dafnis drzewem bobkowym” (1638) Samuela Twardowskiego. Uwzględniając pominięte we wcześniejszych badaniach konteksty z twórczości barokowego poety oraz fragment „Institutio principis Christiani” Erazma z Rotterdamu, w którym mowa o tyranie Buzyrysie, autor artykułu dowodzi, że słowo to oznacza dziką bestię i stanowi składnik języka poetyckiego Twardowskiego. Z podobnym użyciem terminu można się spotkać w jednym z utworów Adriana Wieszczyckiego. Przywołując późniejszą twórczość, autor ustalił, że forma „Buzyr” stała się w polszczyźnie w drugiej połowie XVII wieku – być może pod wpływem Twardowskiego – również oboczną postacią imienia starożytnego tyrana (spotykaną jeszcze na początku XIX stulecia). Oba słowa różnią się jednak rodzajem gramatycznym: „buzyra” to rzeczownik pospolity rodzaju żeńskiego, „Buzyr” to nazwa własna rodzaju męskiego.
EN
The article takes up the issue of the enigmatic word “buzyra” present in Samuel Twardowski’s “Dafnis drzewem bobkowym” (“Daphne Transformed into a Laurel Tree”, 1638). Allowing for the contexts of the baroque poet’s output that were absent from the research to this day as well as for a fragment of “Institutio principis Christiani” (“The Education of a Christian Prince”) by Desiderius Erasmus—the piece that mentions the tyrant Busiris, the author of the paper proves that the word refers to a wild beast and is a part of Twardowski’s poetic language. A similar usage is found in a piece by Adrian Wieszczycki. Referring to late output, the author settles that the form “Buzyr” became in the second half of the 17th century Polish language, possibly influenced by Twardowski, also an alternant form of the ancient tyrant’s name (found also at the beginning of the 19th century). The two words, however, differ in grammatical gender: “buzyra” is a common feminine noun, while “Buzyr” is a masculine proper noun.
PL
Celem jest analiza wybranych z utworu Juliana Tuwima czasownikowych derywatów odzwierzęcych: przekomarzać się, zacietrzewić się, zasępić się, osowieć, rozindyczyć się, zbaranieć. Prześledzono ich losy w historii języka, wskazano leksemy synonimiczne, a także odwołano się do ich kulturowej motywacji. Wiersz Tuwima stanowi jedynie punkt wyjścia, źródło, z którego wyodrębniono warte analizy językoznawczej zjawiska. Ponadto omówiono, jak poeta wykorzystał grę słów, jaką funkcję pełni nagromadzenie czasownikowych derywatów odzwierzęcych w budowaniu ekspresji wypowiedzi poetyckiej.
EN
The objective of the article is an analysis of some verbal animal derivatives taken from one poem Figielek by Julian Tuwin: przekomarzać się ‘to banter with somebody’ [komar ‘mosquito’], zacietrzewić się ‘to grow/get heated over something’ [cietrzew ‘black grouse’], zasępić się ‘to be distressed’ [sęp ‘vulture’], osowieć ‘to be dejected’ [sowa ‘owl’], rozindyczyć się ‘to fly into a rage’ [indyk ‘turkey’], zbaranieć ‘to be flabbergasted’ [baran ‘ram’]. The article contains an analysis of the fate of those words in the history of language and a list of synonymous lexemes; also their cultural motivation has been referred to. Tuwim’s poem is only a starting point, a source, from which some phenomena worth exploring have been extracted. In addition, the article shows how Tuwim used a play on words and what function is played by the accumulation of verbal animal derivatives in creating his poetic expression.
EN
This text is devoted to Nelly Sachs’s “Ihr Zuschauenden,” published in a volume entitled In den Wohnungen des Todes (1947). Beginning with a comparative reading of English and Polish translations (including those by Zbigniew Herbert and Ryszard Krynicki), this article distances itself from the frequently used category of a witness, understood as a passive observer of the Holocaust, and proposes to focus on the complex figure of the spectator of the Shoah. Furthermore, the symbolic language (Fromm) of Sachs’s poem is analysed as well, as the article describes its connections with Judaism and German culture. The figures of a turtle, a well, and – more importantly – a violet and an oak seem to allude not only to romanticism, but also to Shakespearean tropes. Significantly, an oak might also symbolise the German genesis. Such links paradoxically merge the sense of childhood nostalgia (“a lullaby”) and German natural landscape (“a violet,” “an oak”) with irretrievable loss caused by the Shoah. The last part of the article is dedicated to the reception of Sachs’s works, which, unnoticed at first, turned out to be the paragon of the Holocaust literature in the 1960, and then were appropriated and reduced to a school canon by the German culture she problematised so well in her works.
PL
Tekst poświęcony został analizie utworu Nelly Sachs pt. Wy, widzowie z tomu In den Wohnungen des Todes (1947). Wychodząc od analizy porównawczej dostępnych nam tłumaczeń wiersza (anglojęzycznych oraz polskich, autorstwa Zbigniewa Herberta i Ryszarda Krynickiego), autor artykułu przechodzi do węzłowej kategorii widza Zagłady, którego rozumie aktywnie, nie jak przyjmuje się najczęściej, czyli używając kategorii świadka Holokaustu – biernego obserwatora. W dalszej części badacz podejmuje próbę interpretacji języka symbolicznego (Fromm) utworu Sachs, zauważając, że posługuje się nim ona w całej twórczości, czerpiąc przy tym szeroko z judaizmu, przede wszystkim zaś z kultury niemieckiej. Czysto romantyczną lub nawet wcześniejszą, szekspirowską proweniencję mają motywy turkawki, studni, a zwłaszcza fiołka i dębu. Ten ostatni odwołuje się przy tym najprawdopodobniej do germańskiej genezy. Wszystko to tworzy paradoksalne połączenie tęsknoty za czasami dzieciństwa („kołysanki”) i niemiecką przyrodą („fiołek”, „dąb”) z nieodwracalną stratą spowodowaną Zagładą. Ostatnia część szkicu została poświęcona krótkiemu omówieniu recepcji poezji Sachs, która – początkowo niedostrzegana – w latach 60. stała się swoistą „zakładową maskotką”, by w końcu zostać zawłaszczoną i sprowadzoną do szkolnej interpretacji przez kulturę niemiecką, którą w swej poezji problematyzowała.
EN
The article explores the linguistic lexical means that served Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz to express the selected colours of the poetic world he created in the three initial volumes of his poetry, regarded as his juvenilia (Oktostychy, Dionizje, and Kasydy zakończone siedmioma wierszami). The subject of the author’s particular interest are lexemes that refer to the colours gold (złoty) and golden (złocisty), as well as the colours similar to them (i.e. yellow, citron, and amber). Their description is formal-semantic, performed in accordance with the principles of stylistic grammar, not considering the poetic function of the used linguistic means. The exponents of the abovementioned colours make up 18% of the usage of all the words referring to colours. The primary names of the indicated colours are the simple adjectives złoty, złocisty, topazowy, żółty, bursztynowy, cytrynowy, and the compound adjectives biało-złoty, różowo-złocisty, złotolisty, złotooki, złotoskrzydły, złotowłosy, żółtooki, żółto-jedwabny, as well as the adverbs złoto and złociście. Secondary in relation to them are the nouns złoto, złocistość, żółtość, and the verbs złocić (here in the form of the participles złocąc and złocony) and żółcić (in the third person singular form żółci). In the analysed poems Iwaszkiewicz appears as a poet sensitive to colours, of which the colour gold is the most intensive and renders the best the sensuality of the world of his poetic juvenilia.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest językowym środkom leksykalnym, które posłużyły Jarosławowi Iwaszkiewiczowi do wyrażenia wybranych barw świata poetyckiego, jaki stworzył w trzech pierwszych tomach swych wierszy uznawanych za juwenilia (Oktostychy, Dionizje i Kasydy zakończone siedmioma wierszami). Przedmiotem szczegółowego zainteresowania są leksemy odnoszące się do barw złotej i złocistej oraz kolorów do nich zbliżonych (żółtego, cytrynowego i bursztynowego). Ich opis ma charakter formalno-semantyczny, zgodny z zasadami gramatyki stylistycznej, bez rozpatrywania funkcji poetyckiej użytych środków językowych. Wykładniki wymienionych wyżej kolorów stanowią 18% użyć wszystkich wyrazów odnoszących się do barw. Prymarnie wskazane barwy wyrażają przymiotniki proste złoty, złocisty, topazowy, żółty, bursztynowy, cytrynowy i przymiotniki złożone biało-złoty, różowo-złocisty, złotolisty, złotooki, złotoskrzydły, złotowłosy, żółtooki, żółto-jedwabny oraz przysłówki złoto i złociście. Wtórne wobec nich są rzeczowniki złoto, złocistość i żółtość oraz czasowniki złocić (zrealizowany jako imiesłowy złocąc i złocony), a także żółcić w formie trzecioosobowej żółci. Iwaszkiewicz w analizowanych wierszach jawi się jako twórca wrażliwy na kolory, spośród których barwa złota jest najintensywniejsza i najlepiej oddaje zmysłowość świata jego poetyckich juweniliów.
EN
The aim of our study is to review the meaning of the term “poeticism” and consider its vitality within contemporary poetry. It identifies specific features of contemporary Czech poetic language that distinguish it from the commonly spoken and written language. For this purpose, we utilise data collected in the Corpus of Contemporary Czech Poetry, using a keyword-extraction tool. We argue that poeticisms in contemporary poetry can be identified based on their frequency as keywords which significantly exceeds the frequency of the same words in common language. Our study concludes by drawing a distinction between two types of poeticisms: functional ones are defined by their frequency, while essential ones are used exclusively in poetic language.
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