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EN
This article presents the course of economic and political cooperation between the Republic of Moldova (RM) and the European Union over the past 20 years. In the first half of the 90s, relations between Moldova and the EU were both established and strengthened through the implementation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Another manifestation of Moldova’s pro-European policy was its 2001 membership in the Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe. After the eastward EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007, Moldova began to play a role in EU foreign policy. After Moldova declared its support for Europe, the country was included in the European Neighbourhood Policy, and since 2009 has been covered by the Eastern Partnership. In January of 2010 Moldova started negotiations with the EU aimed at concluding a new agreement to replace the expiring Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. In addition to political co-operation a programme of economic cooperation between the EU and RM was also introduced.
EN
The article addresses an important and complex problem concerning the analysis of the implications of shaping a new international order for Germany’s policy towards Russia. It consists of three parts: General tendencies of German research on changes in the international order, The essence of the new German policy strategy vis-à-vis Russia, Challenges for the implementation of Germany’s policy towards Russia. As the leading EU country with extensive global interests, Germany – being the fourth global economy – in the 21st century benefited largely from the achievements of globalization and the international neoliberal order with the dominant role of the United States. In this context, cooperation with Russia as a strategic partner was of key importance to Germany. It was curtailed after Russia’s transition to a policy of explicit aggression against Ukraine in 2014 (annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Donbas), thus undermining the existing international order. As a consequence of imposing sanctions on Russia – by the USA, NATO countries and the EU – the Kremlin’s leadership team headed by W. Putin made a shift towards deepening cooperation with China, aiming at weakening US influence and building a competitive multilateral order. Tensions and difficulties in transatlantic relations against the background of “America first” policy of the new US president D. Trump from the beginning of 2017 prompted Germany to maintain relations with Russia and China in a bilateral and multilateral dimension.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje ważny oraz złożony problem, związany z analizą wpływu kształtowania nowego porządku międzynarodowego dla polityki Niemiec wobec Rosji. Składa się on z trzech części: 1) ogólne tendencje niemieckich badań nad przemianami porządku międzynarodowego; 2) istota nowej strategii polityki Niemiec wobec Rosji; 3) wyzwania realizacji polityki Niemiec wobec Rosji. Jako czołowe państwo UE o rozbudowanych interesach globalnych Niemcy będące czwartą gospodarką światową korzystały w XXI w. w dużym stopniu ze zdobyczy globalizacji oraz dominującego w skali całego świata – międzynarodowego porządku neoliberalnego. W tym kontekście pierwszoplanowe znaczenie dla Niemiec miała współpraca z Rosją jako partnerem strategicznym. Uległa ona ograniczeniu po przejściu Rosji do polityki jawnej agresji przeciw Ukrainie w 2014 r. (aneksja Krymu oraz wsparcia dla Separatystów w Donbasie), podważając tym samym istniejący porządek międzynarodowy. W konsekwencji nałożenia na Rosję sankcji – przez USA, kraje NATO i UE – ekipa rządząca na Kremlu na czele z W. Putinem dokonała zwrotu w kierunku pogłębienia współpracy z Chinami, zmierzając zarazem do osłabienia wpływów USA i budowy konkurencyjnego porządku multilateralnego. Napięcia i trudności w relacjach transatlantyckich na tle polityki „America first” nowego prezydenta USA D. Trumpa od początku 2017 skłoniła Niemcy do podtrzymania relacji z Rosją oraz Chinami w wymiarze bilateralnym i wielostronnym.
EN
In the first half of 1990s, Lithuanian–Belarusian relationships were characterised by their low intensity. This situation remained unchanged also when Alexander Lukashenko came to power in Belarus in 1994. Lithuania and Belarus followed a completely different course in their political, economic and military integration. The European and Atlantic course won in the Lithuanian politics, while in the Belarusian politics the Eastern direction prevailed. After presidential elections in 2001, bilateral relations in Belarus were frozen. Only in 2007 there was a convergence of Lithuanian and Belarusian interests, when increasing Russian influence started to pose a threat to their sovereignty. There was a new opening in Lithuanian policy towards Belarus. Political and economic cooperation tightened. An extent of Lithuanian investments in Belarus also increased. Belarus has played an increasingly important role in Lithuanian politics. Lithuania also acts as a mediator in a conflict between Belarus and EU. Both countries also criticised Russian involvement in the Ukrainian conflict. In the nearest future, further development of economic and political cooperation between these two countries should be expected.
RU
В первой половине 90. годов XX века литовско-белорусские отношения характеризовались не очень значительной интенсивностью. Такое положение дел не изменил также приход в 1994 году к власти в Беларуси Алек сандра Лукашенко. Литва и Беларусь выбрали совсем разные направления политической, экономической и военной интеграции. В литовской политике победило евроатлантическое направление, а в белоруской – восточное. После президентских выборов в Беларуси в 2001 году наступил период приостановки двухсторонних отношений. Лишь в 2007 году наступилосближение литовских и белорусских интересов, когда растущее российское влияние начало создавать угрозу их суверенитету. Имеет место новое открытие в политике Литвы к Беларуси. Расширяются политические и экономические отношения. Также увеличивается размер литовских инвестиций в Беларуси. В литовской политике Беларусь играет все более значительную роль. Литва также выполняет роль медиатора в конфликте Беларуси с ЕС. Оба государства критически отнеслись к участию России в украинском конфликте. В ближайшей перспективе следует ожидать расширения экономического и политического сотрудничества обеих государств.
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