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Poland’s transformation: Facts and myths about the period 1990–2020 and the country’s chances of attaining the economic level of the USA and Germany after 2020

100%

Gomułka S.

Nauka

2020

issue 4

This paper studies path-breaking economic developments in Poland following the start of the systemic transformation in 1989. Three groups of countries are used for comparative analysis: those economically most advanced, those less developed but striving to catch up during the last 30–40 years, and as a subgroup of the latter, the transition economies. The paper has three objectives. The first is to show that many opinions regarding major aspects of the Polish transformation are at variance with the plain statistical facts. The second is to evaluate the pace and the extent of the progress so far in the effort to narrow the income and wealth gaps between Poland and most developed countries, particularly pre-2004 members of the European Union. The third consists of a discussion of factors which are likely to impede the pace of Poland’s economic development in the years to come.

Migration – Germany’s past and present. Thoughts and figures

63%

Eltges M., Strubelt W.

European Spatial Research and Policy

2019

vol. 26

issue 2

35-58

In this article, the history of emigration from Germany and the immigration to Germany especially in relation to its changing borders in the 20th century is discussed. After 1945 Germany was confronted with the integration of a million German refugees. Starting in the 1950s, Germany intentionally attracted foreign workers, and integrated them fairly well. The article analyses the current discussions in Germany in relation to the impact of massive immigration of refugees from non-European areas around 2015. It concludes with a position that in the time of globalisation migration needs a society-focussed and political learning process which has not yet ended and will require more learning. But countries with a declining population are well advised to see immigration as an opportunity for future growth and social diversity.

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1 European Spatial Research and Policy

1 Nauka

1 Eltges M.

1 Gomułka S.

1 Strubelt W.

1 2020

1 2019

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Poland’s transformation: Facts and myths about the period 1990–2020 and the country’s chances of attaining the economic level of the USA and Germany after 2020

Migration – Germany’s past and present. Thoughts and figures