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EN
The politics in its nature is a process of making decisions. This approach emphasis on political leader who is responsible for defining a situation; formulation a plan of action and mobilize followers. Especially in Africa's context those problems are topical. Furthermore, a mosaic of cultures and religions imply wide deliberation on political leadership. It suggests to find that kind of theoretical concepts which are appropriate to analyses this vast subject. The article analyses three aspects. Firstly, focuses on the relation between political science and study on political leadership. Secondly, the attention is paid on leaders and followers motives for political participation. Finally, author defined political leadership and presents the most suitable theoretical concepts to analyses this topic in Africa's context. This sort of narrative is dictated by problems of diversity of Africa. The most useful theories showed answers for questions: is political leadership always sensible and affective; what kind of elements should be examines in analyses of political leadership; how features of person and a specificity of political system influence on political leaders; which cultures favour political leadership. All this problems are solved in this article. The conclusions allowed to formulate the basis elements for empirical examine.
Zeszyty Prasoznawcze
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2014
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vol. 57
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issue 2
221-233
EN
The article is devoted to the questions of ethical dilemmas of political activists’ appearance in the media. The author utilizes the results of monitoring the national radio and TV stations and asks – who is the leader of the media? Who is allowed to speak? Who is recognized as an authority? The article tries to re-create the picture of political leaders and their political agenda. In this context the author calls for a public debate on this issue and discussion on contemporary political reality
EN
Scientific discussion on political leadership increasingly takes on the form of interdisciplinary argumentation, in which different research perspectives, models and explanatory conceptual grids overlap. This state of affairs is on the one hand dictated by the contemporary trends in scientific research, especially in the broadly defined social sciences, where the cognitive, explanatory or descriptive relevance is achieved only by taking into account a broader, inter-disciplinary nature of scientific knowledge. In this sense, a thorough, reliable research practice consists primarily in crossing the formal borders of scientific disciplines, where researchers renounce the “complex” of detailed and firm definitions of their own subject of study to turn instead towards integration of knowledge from various, often very different, areas. The above is mainly due to the dispersion of objective scientific knowledge, which is conditioned, among others by: scientific and technical progress, the phenomenon of intertextuality (modern researchers in humanities concentrate their research eff ort on the texts and practices associated with this phenomenon, which means that their primary method in analyses of political phenomena is to fortify the text – specifically, to prepare the scientific text in such a way as to meet the standards of scientific writing and withstand criticism in the absence of the writer); as well as conceptual-theoretical pluralism present in social sciences. On the other hand, it is the result of scientific analysis of the given forms and practices of leadership, where nowadays greater attention is paid to the multi-dimensionality of leadership processes in politics, related to: the multi-level nature of concepts and research (meso, micro and macro-theoretical level analyses) and the need to take into account a large number of variables in the study of leadership (personality and environmental, situational, institutional factors, economic, political or religious variables). The consequence of this state of affairs is the multi-paradigm character of leadership, which in this case means that very often highly different ways of defining and explaining the complex relationship between a particular political leader and followers co-exist within the discipline. In addition, the multiplicity of paradigms of political leadership is a feature demonstrating the interdisciplinary nature of knowledge generated by political science, where various claims, theses, observations or conclusions complement each other, for example those originating in disciplines such as sociology, law, psychology, management sciences and cultural studies.
KO
본고의 목적은 한국의 변화하는 정치 체제의 형성과 운영(기능)과정을 보여주는 것이다. 이 연구는 전독재정치체제가 붕괴되고 남한민주주의가 형성되는 과정을 분석하기 위해 착수되었다. 본 연구서는 1980년대부터 20세기말까지 한국에서 일어난 치열한 정치적 변화 과정에서 정치지도자 (전두환, 노태우, 김영삼, 김대중)의 역할과 참여가 검토된다. 독재정권시대에 한국은 놀라운 경제발전을 기록했지만 정치발전은 없었다. 국가의 민주화에서 정치적 리더십은 여전히 독재적이었다. 정치가의 핵심 가치와 태도는 정치에서 유교의 문화유산이 존재함을 지적했다.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie procesu kształtowania się i funkcjonowania zmieniającego się systemu politycznego w Korei Południowej. Podejmowana zostaje analiza procesu upadku autorytarnego systemu politycznego i formowanie się południowokoreańskiej demokracji. Wskazano na rolę i uczestnictwo liderów politycznych (Chun Doo Hwan, Roh Tae Woo, Kim Young Sam, Kim Dae Jung) w procesie intensywnych zmian politycznych, które miały miejsce w Korei Południowej pod koniec lat 80 XX wieku.W okresie autorytarnych rządów Korea Południowa odnotowała spektakularny rozwój gospodarczy, jednak nie towarzyszył temu rozwój polityczny. Przywództwo polityczne w demokratyzującym się państwie nadal pozostawało autorytarne. Ponadto wyznawane wartości i postawy polityków wskazywały na obecność kulturowego dziedzictwa konfucjanizmu w polityce.
EN
This article aims to show the process of formation and operation (functioning) of the changing political system of South Korea. It is undertaken for the analysis of the process of the collapse of the former authoritarian political system and formation of South Korean democracy. Indicated in this article are the roles and participation of political leaders (Chun Doo Hwan, Roh Tae Woo, Kim Young Sam, and Kim Dae Jung) in the process of intense political change that took place in South Korea from the 1980s to the late twentieth century.During the authoritarian regimes of South Korea, the nation recorded spectacular economic development, but without political development. Political leadership in the democratization of the country was still authoritarian. Core values and attitudes of politicians pointed to the presence of the cultural heritage of Confucianism in politics.
EN
The aim ofthe paper is to present opinions of citizens and political leaders on issues ofmetropolitan governance in Greater Poznań area. It is based on empirical findings from 1) public opinion survey conducted among over 1000 residents of city of Poznań and 20 suburban municipalities and 2) interviews with most important politicians of Greater Poznań, acting at local, regional and national level.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie postaw społecznych oraz nastawienia liderów politycznych wobec problemów integracji zarządzania terytorialnego w Aglomeracji Poznańskiej. W pracywykorzystano wyniki badań ankietowych wśród ponad 1 tys. mieszkańców Poznania i 20 gmin podmiejskich oraz wnioski z wywiadów bezpośrednich przeprowadzonych z najważniejszymi politykami Aglomeracji, działającymi naszczeblu lokalnym, regionalnym i krajowym.
EN
The leadership qualities of political leaders in Africa are often characterized by historical and cultural determinants. It is a popu¬lar thought that the continent suffers from the crisis of leadership or lack of “good leaders”. The analyzed examples of two eminent South African politicians J. Smuts and N. Mandela represent a departure from this idea. Their respective political leadership styles and abilities stem from their particular personal traits and education. They are considered to be role models owing to their comportment and achievements. The role and influence of J. Smuts and N. Mandela on the situations in RSA and Africa as a whole cannot be overstated.
EN
This paper presents the results of research on the communication of relevant leaders in the years 2014–2015, during the campaign period before the four elections: to the European Parliament, local, parliamentary and presidential. Quantitative and qualitative research deals with the communication of Jaroslaw Kaczynski, Donald Tusk, Ewa Kopacz, Janusz Piechocinski, Leszek Miller, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Ryszard Petru and Paweł Kukiz. The analysis is mainly focused on communication of party leaders on Facebook and Twitter. The research described in this article is not only a political party leader’s communication analysis but also a comparative material for further research into political actors’ communication.
EN
The paper aims to address the fundamental questions: What is BPL? Why is the Quest for BPL? And how BPL can bring about positive change? – For this purpose, the paper reviews different definitions and perspectives of Benevolent Paternalistic Leadership (BPL) along with antecedents and outcomes to assess the current state of BPL literature. After reviewing current state of BPL literature, paper explores the quest for Benevolent Paternalistic Leadership along with the challenges faced by BPL at organizational as well as civilizational levels. To address how BPL can bring about positive change, it explores the ideas of political leaders, the role of courage and insights from the Holy Qurían and Sunnah. The paper finally emphasizes the need to incorporate these rich ideas into BPL literature. Using sources of BPL literature, sources of organizational literature, sources of civilizational literature specifically the ideas of political leaders, along with the sources of Quríanic literature and authentic Ahadith, this paper firstly explores the relevant literature of BPL and explores the challenges of BPL at different levels both at organizational and civilizational. Secondly, it highlights the ideas given by political leaders, their courage and Islamic guidance for setting the future directions for the management practice. World of management is facing multi-faceted crisis with reference to leadership. Signs of this crisis are clear indicators of something missing which needs to be filled to overcome this multi-faceted crisis. This study comes at a time of stock-taking at organizational and civilizational levels with reference to BPL. It addresses a timely need of the importance of BPL and by melting rich insights from different authentic sources into one place, paves way for peace, harmony and success in the world of management at both levels: organizational as well as civilizational.
EN
When analyzing the questions of political leadership in the period between the years 1989 and 2009, it is essential to indicate the aims and progressions of the series of changes. These changes were mainly pertaining to the political elites' development and parliamentary elections. After 1989, a total collapse of the Soviet ideological monopoly took place, not only in Moldova, but also in other socialist countries, therefore shaping a new set of rules governing the political life and leadership of each nation respectively. Changes to the system that have taken place in the Republic of Moldova should be treated as a result of the following factors: the formation of the independence movement and the National Front, along with the logistical support from international institutions that helped to strengthen the statehood and the social affirmation of the nation. Since its independence, the Republic of Moldova, has witnessed an ongoing struggle for state sovereignty and political leadership stability. The years between 1991-2009 with respect to political leadership have become a visible example of a leadership characterized as authoritarian and autocratic. Political elites were characterized as „disabled” in relation to the role of Russia in the region. This condition has since been observed, despite many reforms having been introduced. The institution of political leadership in the Republic of Moldova between 1989-2009 was deprived of social authority, which in turn made the country's political system a non-consolidated one.
PL
Celem opracowania jest analiza porównawcza wypowiedzi sejmowych, wygłoszonych przez przywódców partii politycznych w Polsce odnośnie do religii. Zakres merytoryczny obejmuje cztery główne partie polityczne (PiS, PO, PSL, SLD) oraz ich 15 przywódców, wypowiadających się w Sejmie RP w latach 1991-2015. Należy stwierdzić, że problematyka szeroko rozumianej religii jest rzadko poruszana przez przywódców partii, na co wskazują 62 wypowiedzi spośród 3795. W ujęciu liczbowym o kwestiach związanych z religią częściej niż przywódcy PiS (8 odniesień) i PO (6) wypowiadali się liderzy SLD (28) oraz PSL (20). Przywódcami, którzy najczęściej odnosili się do aspektów religijnych, byli J. Oleksy (13 wystąpień – 5,8% ogółu jego wypowiedzi) oraz L. Miller (11 – 2,6%). Brak odwoływania się do kwestii religii dotyczy pięciu przywódców partyjnych: L. Kaczyńskiego, M. Płażyńskiego, R. Bartoszcze, J. Wojciechowskiego, K. Janika. Analiza jakościowa pokazała, że przywódcy partii odnosili się zasadniczo pozytywnie bądź neutralnie do kwestii związanych z religią. Pozytywny stosunek przejawiali głównie przywódcy PiS, PO oraz PSL. Natomiast neutralny, nie zaś negatywny (zwalczający) stosunek werbalny cechował przywódców SLD.
EN
This is a comparative study of the parliamentary utterances delivered by fifteen different leaders of the four main political parties in Poland (PiS, PO, PSL, SLD) on matters relating to religion in the years 1991-2015. Religion as such rarely made it into their sphere of interest, judging from the frequency of their remarks on it (62 out of total 3,795). Most instances belong to the politicians from SLD and PSL (28 and 20 times respectively). Leaders of PiS and PO mentioned religion 8 and 6 times respectively. Among leaders most often touching on aspects relating to religion were J. Oleksy (13 times, amounting to 5,8% of his parliamentary utterances) and L. Miller (11 times, that is, 2,6 of his total utterances). Five leaders, namely L. Kaczyński, M. Płażyński, R. Bartoszcze, J. Wojciechowski and K. Janik did not mention religion at all. Analysis of the remarks on religion by political leaders indicates their generally positive or neutral attitude to religious issues. The positive utterances would come mostly from the leaders of PiS, PO and PSL. Leaders of SLD would rather express their neutral attitude, and not a negative, or hostile one.
EN
The author discusses the changing nature of political leadership in united Italy, making reference to the four political systems: liberal Italy (1861-1922), Fascist Italy (1922-1945), The First Republic (1946-1994), The Second Republic (from 1994). He analyzes the practices of transformism under Depretis, Crispi and Giolitti, as well as Mussolini's image as the nation's hero. Furthermore the author describes the gradual decline of Christian Democrats' leaders from De Gasperi to Andreotti and the original approach adopted by Berlusconi. The cases are studied in order of their contribution to the present condition of Italian political leadership with respect to such criteria as the leaders' background, age, motivations and values, and their pragmaticism/idealism. Mosca's ruling class theory is applied throughout as to demonstrate specific Italian inspirations and meanings.
PL
Słowa przywódców politycznych w debacie parlamentarnej, zwłaszcza w sytuacjach kryzysowych, mają szczególne znaczenie. Celem opracowania jest analiza stanowisk i deklaracji przywódców politycznych wobec pandemii COVID-19 w Polsce na przykładzie wystąpień w Sejmie. Analizie ilościowej i jakościowej poddano 504 wystąpienia przewodniczących partii oraz klubów i kół poselskich. Analiza ukazała, że problematyka będąc przez wiele miesięcy najważniejszą kwestią dla Polaków, nie cieszyła się równie wielką uwagą przywódców politycznych w Sejmie. Przywódcy ugrupowań opozycyjnych byli aktywni w krytykowaniu rządu oraz wysuwaniu propozycji działań. Z kolei przywódcy partii rządowych nie brali aktywnego udziału w debacie.
EN
Utterances of political leaders participating in a parliamentary debate, especially in crisis situations, are of exceptional significance. The aim of the study is to analyse positions and declarations of political leaders towards the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland as regards politicians’ speeches made in the Sejm. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on 504 speeches made by chairpersons of parties and parliamentary clubs and circles. The analysis showed that the issue of COVID-19, although it was the most important problem for Poles for many months, did not receive as much attention from political leaders in the Sejm. The leaders of opposition groups criticised the government and called for action. In contrast, the leaders of ruling parties’ coalition did not actively participate in the Sejm discourse.
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