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EN
The article concerns importance of the category of policy and politics in modern political science, significant conceptual and theoretical lines of agreement and disagreement about scope of “politics” and cognate terms. The authors analyze the changes that occur in the way of thinking about the conception of theory politics and of politics as a practice. They also draw attention to the various implications of the evolution of these categories within the discipline. They analyze the way of constructing scientific models of politics, the status of normative approaches (policies and politics) within political science, and mutual influence politicians and political experts.
EN
The article analyzes mutual relations between political science and other social sciences, especially organization studies and management. It shows how political science is indebted to other disciplines, and, on the other hand, how it has the capacity and potential to investigate areas of social life which tend to be seen as non-political. This potential is usually underestimated and unused by political scientists themselves, while representatives of other disciplines often ignore the input political scientists can have in their fields. The encroaching of political science onto areas of study traditionally taken over by other disciplines can contribute to more accurate interpretation and analysis of problems taken up there and can allow political scientists to identify phenomena, that have so far been escaping their notice, as well as political processes which mask themselves as non-political or apolitical.
EN
Historical politics, which is subject to objections, is treated as a semantic phrase and political metaphor of public discussion. As “detailed politics” it tends to be realized through a choice of appropriate historical arguments. Historical politics as politics cannot be identified with some interpretation of history. It cannot, however, be excluded from discussions about politics and political attitudes. It is necessary to have an explanatory approach to historical politics and a deepened reflection concerning political science which enables to get to know its essence. It will enable to define historical politics as methodologically established political science category.
EN
Journalists are actors in the sphere of mass media. In carrying out their profession, they take non-political action, political, something like political, the importance of political, political motives and politicized. Journalists take action in terms of the political struggle between the various parties of social conflicts. Their texts include content opposed to each other. The paper presents the criteria of the political activities of journalists. Efficiency criteria is verified by analysis of journalistic texts of three newspapers published the same day.
EN
Contemporary political science is multiparadigmatic and pluralistic. Therefore, political scientist use various methodological approaches, methodologies, research methods and techniques and refer to various scientific assumptions. This text follows that understanding of the political science. It presents two varieties of the grounded theory, which can be used for research by followers of the interpretivist paradigm but also by the followers of the positivist one. The purpose of this article is also to show the fields use of thought grounded theory, in other words that the paths leading to enriching the knowledge about politics.
EN
Article aims at show the role, meaning and function of laugh, humour in a democratic system. The author clarifies functions of laugh for the democratic system, its institutions and politicians. Comic is treated here as a powerful tool for shaping politics.: legitimacy of power, the creation of political communities, discrediting rivals etc. Skilful management the sphere of laugh is considered as one of the foundations effectiveness of politicians.
EN
The article analyses the use of popular culture in political contexts, as a means of expressing and managing conflictual views in the public discourse. Music as a type of art is a way in which public actors mark their presence in the public space, and in which they articulate the interests of a given group in relation to other groups, while social inequalities translate into artistic activities. From this perspective, popular music may be then seen as a manner of expressing subjective needs in the social struggle for recognition. An example of a political attitude manifested by musicians discussed in the article are the musical representations connected with the Polish ‘black protest’ and with the issue of women being excluded from public discourse, presented in selected songs by the Polish bands. The issue of abortion became a starting point for criticising the Polish government and the culture that accepts unequal treatment of women in public and private space. The discussed artists who recorded songs referring to this issue are stylistically varied: El Banda, Girls on Fire and Żelazne Waginy.
EN
The aim of this article is to investigate the causes of aggression in political life. Here the author describes the types of aggression. Special attention is given to research the biological determinants of aggression in politics. Approximated is the concept of instinct of aggression and its consequences for the political system. The author discusses the concepts of K. Lorenz, E. Fromm and others.
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EN
The article is about a problem of the theoretical-political nexus existing in a connection to the treatment of globalization and work relations. A definition of the concept of globalization is not possible without connecting it to its deep-roots transcending a base on an empirical data. The same is with the problem of the globalization and work relations. Both in an apologetic and in a critical version we see one-sided extrapolation of partly-existing changes carrying distorted picture of the totality. And with it the theory becomes directly fused with its political message.
PL
Teoretycy politycy są szczególnie powołani do zajmowania się kwestiami kluczowymi dla określenia kryteriów tożsamości megadyscypliny nazywanej nauką o polityce lub politologią. Operują kryteriami politycznego charakteru, politycznego znaczenia lub politycznego kontekstu i uwikłania zjawisk, które przekraczają granice wąsko wyspecjalizowanych subdyscyplin. Kryteria formułowane na gruncie teorii polityki pozwalają politologom o zróżnicowanych specjalnościach szczegółowych znaleźć wspólny język, w szczególności posługiwać się – ramowo – tym samym pojęciem polityki. Każdy z takich specjalistów musi na swój użytek rozumieć i określić, co jest polityczne w tej dziedzinie życia społecznego, praktyki społecznej, jaką sam bada. Nie będzie to zagrożone powierzchownym rozwiązaniem ad hoc i tylko ad usum proprium, jeśli dostrzegał będzie związek między politycznością swojej dziedziny a politycznością innych sfer – i tych komplementarnych lub zrośniętych z jego „polem badawczym”, i tych pozornie od niego odległych.
EN
Politicisation of creative works (works of art, musical, literary and scientific works) may be understood in various ways. Firstly, it may be seen as a synonym of the political nature of such works, being a consequence and an expression of the intention of a politically committed author. Secondly, it may be read as attributing a political dimension and meaning to a work, by its audience. Thirdly, it may be understood as a situation where specific political groups instrumentally use the social reception and impact of a work in their political game, propaganda campaigns and indoctrination. Fourthly, it may be seen as the entanglement of a work (and its author) in political divisions and conflicts, due to the circumstances in which the work was created or became popular, or due to the author’s personal connections with political figures, institutions or circles. The notion of politicisation has often a negative overtone – as a synonym of a situation in which political actors interfere with the artistic or scientific process (by compromising its autonomy and creative freedom), and thus the essential criteria (aesthetic, artistic or methodological) are abandoned as a result of trivial programming driven by propaganda, indoctrination or pragmatic reasons.
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EN
Three traditions of the understanding politics, which have been traced in this article are: 1. politics as participation, 2. politics as conflict and the exercise of force, and 3. politics as a governing process. The first tradition was founded by the ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle. Its main thesis was the unity of politics, society and ethics. Politics in this tradition was understood as a civic activity motivated by the ideas of justice and public good. This classic tradition constitutes a marginal current of the contemporary empirical theory. The second (modern) tradition in political theory understands politics as a sphere of conflict to be resolved by the exercise of force. It takes the origins in the Machiavellian and Hobbesian political writing. The third tradition – politics as a governing process- is a dominant paradigm of the contemporary theory of politics. Its key concepts are: group pluralism, public policy, performance politics and governance.
EN
In Ukraine the subject under analysis has been studied not enough. Some aspects of this issue have been researched by V. Gorbatenko, O. Kostenko, I. Kresina, O. Merezhko, N. Onishchenko, M. Teplyuk, Y. Shemshuchenko, O. Yushchyk. Polish scientists, such as T. Biernat, E. Kustra, R. Piotrovski, V. Staskevich, P. Vinchorek, S. Vronkovska, E. Vrublevsky have analyzed different models of law creation. It has been described two making law concepts: rational and developmental. The first concept determines law as a tool of the political authority for realization their aims. The authority always supposes, that it understands society needs better. This concept is grounded on belief that the social life can be regulated by consciousness and rational thought. According to the developmental concept the interaction between politics and law are multilevel and ambiguous. The making law process depends on activity of members of parliament and also legal possibilities of other people to influence on this process. Nowadays experts, lawyers, politicians are writing about poor quality of law. In Ukrainian and Polish scientific thought has appeared such notion as “inflation of law”. It means the negative phenomenon in the legislative process: the process of law creation that does not correspond to the real society needs. The norms of law, which regulate one object of social relation, are contradictory; responsibility for non-fulfillment of some functions is not defined; there is an ambiguous formulation of notions in law. Besides, some politicians and lawyers consider that enacting normative legal acts can immediately solve all problems. This process is called „instrumentalization of law”. The politicians and lawyers overlook customs, moral norms, traditions and agreements. Both processes – “inflation of law” and „instrumentalization of law” take place in Ukraine and Poland. Personal and professional competencies of individuals by whom the state policy and law are formed may be defined as the most important for Ukrainian and Polish societies. The factors which influence on their professional qualities are studied in this article. The way of getting power, the term in office and the ability to determine strategy of a state are analyzed in both countries. The law can be effective, if society is involved into discussion.
EN
In 1996 and 2015 two unsuccessful referendums have been carried out in Poland. They shared in common the institution of the initiator of the referendum (the president), low turnout, and instrumental treatment of these votes. The referendum of 1996 was intended to help Lech Wałęsa in the realization of his campaign promises. In 2015 Bronisław Komorowski wanted the referendum to win him the support of the followers of Paweł Kukiz. Many mistakes have been made during both referendums; for example: poorly worded questions, omission of detailed explanation of the consequences of the referendum, a series of manipulations from the politicians, such as the submission of additional questions. The ineffective results of these votes and the negative events surrounding their campaign had their impact on the state of the Polish direct democracy as well as on its functioning in the framework of the political system of the Third Republic.
EN
The paper presents the performative project by the K.A.U. collective and Małgorzata Wdowik, Transit Monumental – The Way of Independence, as an example of the late modern use of artistic fiction in order to examine existing social relationships and to expand the subject competences of the potential participants/recipients of the project. The author aims to build a philosophical context around this work and establish its connections with the tradition of the modernist avant-garde. In order to accomplish this task, he uses the conceptual tools provided by such thinkers as Anthony Giddens, Nicolas Bourriaud, Jacques Rancière and Paul Ricoeur.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor stara się przedstawić projekt kolektywu K.A.U. i Małgorzaty Wdowik Transit Monumental – Droga niepodległości jako przykłady późnonowoczesnego wykorzystania fikcji artystycznej w celu zbadania istniejących stosunków społecznych, a także dokonania pewnych zmian zorientowanych na zwiększenie kompetencji podmiotowych uczestników-odbiorców projektu. Celem badania jest również nabudowanie kontekstu filozoficznego wokół dzieła oraz wykazanie jego powiązań z tradycjami modernistycznej awangardy. Wykorzystane przy tym zostaną koncepcje Anthony'ego Giddensa, Nicolasa Bourriauda, Jacquesa Rancière'a oraz Paula Ricoeura.
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Polskie wybory 1991-2011

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PL
Rok 2011 jest czasem szczególnej rocznicy. Mija oto dwadzieścia lat od pierwszych, w pełni wolnych wyborów parlamentarnych w suwerennej i demokratycznej (czy też w owym jeszcze czasie – demokratyzującej się) III Rzeczypospolitej. W istocie akcent położony być powinien na określeniu „w pełni wolnych”, gdyż już w czerwcu 1989 roku, w rezultacie porozumień Okrągłego Stołu, doszło do częściowo wolnych wyborów do Sejmu i Senatu. Choć kontrakt zawarty między stroną rządową a opozycyjną przewidywał, że Senat i 35 procent mandatów poselskich obsadzone zostaną swobodnie, to jednak 65 procent mandatów poselskich z góry przeznaczonych zostało dla sił politycznych reprezentujących panujący reżim. Jednak w rzeczywistości wyborczej roku 1989 zaistniało coś, czego twórcy umowy okrągłostołowej nie mogli lub nie chcieli przewidzieć. Trafnie wskazuje na to Ryszard Piotrowski: „Wyborcy okazali się niemal jednomyślni w odrzuceniu istniejącego systemu politycznego. Przedsięwzięcie, postrzegane jako zapoczątkowanie prosystemowych zmian, stało się manifestacją społecznego oczekiwania na zasadnicze – w istocie antysystemowe – reformy. […] Wydaje się, że w swej istocie wybory czerwcowe były swoistą rewolucją polegającą na skreślaniu kandydatów utożsamianych ze światem niechcianej władzy”. Można zatem przyjąć, że wyborcy, poprzez swe zachowania polityczne, działając zgodnie z obowiązującymi normami prawnymi – konstytucji i ordynacji wyborczej – faktycznie wykreowali pewną przestrzeń wolności, nieprzewidzianą ani przez to prawo, ani przez umowę okrągłostołową. Zachowali się inaczej niż do tej pory – skorzystali z siły politycznej, która zamknięta była w możliwości skreślania kandydatów.
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PL
W ostatnich latach w polskiej politologii dokonał się swoisty zwrot od polityki do polityczności. Oznacza on między innymi, że stosując instrumentarium właściwe dla nauk politycznych politolodzy zaczęli dostrzegać polityczne znaczenie różnych zjawisk – także poza takimi wymiarami tradycyjnie rozumianej polityki, jak władza, organy państwa, aktywność partii politycznych. W takim ujęciu, istotny okazuje się proces upolitycznienia zjawisk niepolitycznych, struktura interesów społecznych, a szczególnie role dominacji i podporządkowania stojące u podstaw tych zjawisk oraz skutki polityczne działań w sferach pozornie niepolitycznych. Optyka ta pozwoliła polskim politologom, bez względu na różnice w podejściach i perspektywach badawczych, zainteresować się zagadnieniami, które wcześniej badali reprezentanci innych dyscyplin naukowych. W ten sposób wzbogacony został nie tylko sposób oglądu takich zagadnień, ale i same nauki polityczne. Wszystkie opisane powyżej prawidłowości odnieść możemy bezsprzecznie do polityczności i upolitycznienia aktywności twórczej człowieka realizowanej w ramach sztuki – zarówno tradycyjnej (np. teatr, literatura, rzeźba, architektura, malarstwo), popularnej (film, muzyka rozrywkowa, kabaret, komiks, ale i popularne warianty sztuk tradycyjnych), czy awangardowej (np. instalacje, videoarty, bio-art itp.).
EN
The article is devoted to the Values Survey in Ukraine and Poland. The assessment of economic transformation should be comprehensive and the prism of values might give a deeper insight on country’s development. The values are important as in both countries it’s the people who vote and select the leaders who decide what way to rule the country We have selected some of the polls that we think are determining the institutional environment in Ukraine and for definition of the trajectory of the transformation of the national economy. It should be noted that the results are presented for Ukraine back in 2011, which, in our opinion, makes it possible to fundamentally assess historical events in Ukraine starting in 2013. For Poland the data comes from 2012. The research is divided into thematic sections – family, politics, children, upbringing, religion, etc., and respondents are differentiated by sex and age. In all tables the total number of respondents is 1500 for Ukraine and 966 for Poland. Thus, the prospects for the development of the national economy of Ukraine and Poland are evaluated through the prism of the study of values. The transition from extractive institutions to inclusive ones is complicated by the low level of public confidence in official institutions, the low involvement of the population in the activities of the authorities, political parties, etc. The low level of financial convergence, together with low confidence in banks, makes it impossible to develop the country’s financial system, poses a threat to national economic security, and so on. At the level of official statistics, in our opinion, it is advisable to implement the concept of institutional statistics –the official statistics sector, which explores the “rules of the game”.
PL
Artykuł poświęcono badaniom wartości na Ukrainie i w Polsce. Ocena zmian gospodarczych powinna mieć charakter wielostronny, a przyjęcie perspektywy wartości może pozwolić na głębsze zrozumienie procesów rozwoju kraju. Wartości mają zasadnicze znaczenie, ponieważ w obu państwach to ludzie, którzy głosują i wybierają liderów, decydują o sposobie zarządzania krajem. W artykule dokonano wyboru niektórych opinii, które uznano za determinujące instytucjonalne środowisko na Ukrainie i definiują trajektorię transformacji gospodarki narodowej. Należy zaznaczyć, że wyniki prezentowane dla Ukrainy sięgają wstecz do 2011 r., co zdaniem autorów, umożliwia przeprowadzenie dokładnej oceny historycznych wydarzeń na Ukrainie w 2013 r. Dla Polski dane rozpoczynają się od 2012 r. Badania zostały podzielone na sekcje tematyczne – rodzina, polityka, dzieci, wychowanie, religia itp., a respondentów różnicowano w oparciu o kryterium płci i wieku. We wszystkich tabelach łączna liczba respondentów to 1500 dla Ukrainy i 966 dla Polski. W ten sposób perspektywy rozwoju gospodarki narodowej Ukrainy i Polski poddano ocenie z punktu widzenia badań wartości. Przejście od instytucji ekskluzywnych do włączających jest komplikowane poprzez niski poziom publicznego zaufania do oficjalnych instytucji, niskie zaangażowanie ludności w działalność władz publicznych, partii politycznych itp. Niski poziom konwergencji finansowej, łącznie z niskim poziomem zaufania do banków uniemożliwia rozwój krajowego systemu finansowego, tworząc zagrożenie dla narodowego bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego itd. Na poziomie oficjalnych danych statystycznych, zdaniem autorów, zasadne jest wdrożenie koncepcji statystyk instytucjonalnych – oficjalnego sektora statystycznego, który zajmuje się badaniem „zasad gry”.
19
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Svenskhet som gräns

38%
EN
The goal of the article “Svenskhet som gräns, Swedishness as a border” is to present problems with the concept of Swedishness from another perspective than it has been discussed in the Swedish media. The article analyses responses from Swedish political parties with regard to “Swedishness” and democracy, and it provides an insight to the contemporary situation in Sweden.
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