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EN
The paper proposes an analysis of a phenomenon of mass demonstration in terms of a theory of communication and the dialogue grammar. The semiotic difference between “communication” and “demonstration” is taken into account. The operational concept of polilogue provides models of unilateral and multilateral interaction that can be estimated in their functional parameters. Mass demonstrations in Russia in 2011-2015 were examined as examples. The scheme of analysis is based on the Voloshinov-Bachtin’s model, issuing from the social event of speech interaction. Each mass demonstration reveals different social positioning of its participants. Polyphony and unison representing the united force in the general social position can be effective forms of action in mass demonstrations.
EN
The article is dedicated to research problem of the preparedness of students to professional pedagogical communication from the aspect of psychological and pedagogical sciences. The special notice is dedicated to the term «preparedness to pedagogical communication», revealed its essence. From the conducted analysis of definitions «preparedness», an author offers the own understanding of this term of his essence, maintenance and components of forming preparedness of the students of faculty of primary education to professionally-pedagogical communication. In research the skills of interpersonality intercourse, which confirming preparedness of elementary school’s future teacher to realization of the professional pedagogical communication are presented. The basic indicator of development communicative culture of elementary school’s future teacher is a measure of formed structural components: educational, motivational and individual activity. We have a problem in front of the teachers to forming of competence which behave to professionally communicative activity, teaching future specialists to the rational communicative conduct appears before the teachers of professional disciplines. Realization solution of this problem provides plugging in the system of teaching of professional discipline of communicative-linguistic tasks and exercises, by facilities of interactive technologies of studies. Forming of professionally-pedagogical communication of students requires the special organization of educational process. So, learning content by interactive methods is complemented and appears as concrete linguistic models which fasten students in space educational and for educational intercourse and will use in the field of future professional activity.
EN
Dialectical fallacies are typically defined as breaches of the rules of a regulated discussion between two participants (di-logue). What if discussions become more complex and involve multiple parties with distinct positions to argue for (poly-logues)? Are there distinct argumentation norms of polylogues? If so, can their violations be conceptualized as polylogical fallacies? I will argue for such an approach and analyze two candidates for argumentative breaches of multi-party rationality: false dilemma and collateral straw man.
RU
Проблема национальной идентичности рассматриваетя в„зеркале" таких понятий, как глобализм и„европейскость". Этот аспект самоосознания особенно активно артикулируется в украинской, польской, русской научной рефлексии. В связи с этим актуализируется сама тема образа Европы и„европейскости" как своебразного кода, который присутствует в этих национальных литературах. В исследовании образ Європы видится своеобразной моделью когнитивной материковой духовности. Эта модель в современном мире корелирует с проблемой самоидентификации. А та, в свою очередь, с рецепцией Другого, иного, соnрикасательного, межличностного. Немаловажное значение имеет тут очерченный автором рецептивный образ интуитивной Євроnы, модифицированный разными моделями национальной ментальности. В частности, пограничное (межовое) сознание украинства исследовано украинскими этнопсихологами Для более четкого формирования образа Європы приводятся примеры его присутствия в национальных литературах. Обращаясь к украинской, польской, русской научной рефлексии, автор переводит проблему межкультурного диалога из плоскости национальное/европейское в проблему полилога рецептивных моделей тожсамости в парадигме 3апад/Восток.
EN
The issue of national identity study is considered through the lens of such concepts as globalism and Europeanness. Now this aspect of self-conscience is being articulated and discussed especially actively in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian and other scientific reflections. In this regard, the theme of the image of Europe and its derivative concept of Europeanness as a kind of code which is present in these national literatures is actualized. Outlined by the author the receptive image of intuitive Europe which is modified by different models of national mentality is of general importance. For an insight on clearer formation of the image of Europe the author gives examples of its presence in national literatures. Addressing Ukrainian, Polish, Russian scientific reflections the author transforms the issue of intercultural dialogue in the context of national-European into the issue of polylogue of receptive models of identity in a West-East paradigm.
EN
Practice shows that the students, future teachers of linguistics and linguistic disciplines have some difficulties in building and text design of academic lectures. The development of this segment of professional speech training is only possible in the context of knowledge about the peculiarities of the text of modern scientific and educational lectures, which are determined by the latest achievements in the field of text linguistics, communicative linguistics, pedagogical discourse, etc. The most important feature of the text of academic lecture is informative character, which is determined by logicality, objectivity, accuracy, conclusiveness of presentation, terminology and saturation and is reflected in two types of information – content-factual and thematic. The integrity of the text of scientific and educational lecture is achieved by the presence in it of the structures which “need detailing and allows the reader or listener to identify the themes and subthemes of the text”; the internal organization of semantic unity, i.e. the distinct relations between the main theme and its sub-themes, on the basis of which the student can “predict” the thinking of the teacher; the presence of transitions between the completed parts of the lecture. Peculiar embodiment in scientific and educational texts gets the category of the continuum: the continuum of time and space is poorly represented (except for those segments of the lectures, where we are talking about the formation and development of an issue in the history of linguistics or lingua-methodology), the information unfolds in a logical term in different ways, deductive, inductive, traduction, problem. A continuum of an academic lecture is provided by special types of communication – cohesion: traditional grammatical means (conjunction, conjunctive words, prepositions, adverbs), logical (verbal formulas), and composite-structural. The peculiarity of the category of connectedness is a large amount of retrospection. A distinctive feature of an academic lecture takes place its dialogical nature, which implies that in the process of creating the text of the lecture is dialogical knowledge correlation – the correlation of “old” (already existing in the information supply of students) and “new” knowledge. The presented analysis of the lecturer’s speech parties in statics is the basis for understanding activity programs underlying the construction of these texts (dynamics).
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie struktury tematycznej polilogu w mediach społecznościowych jako wykładnika grzeczności językowej. Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji dotyczącej sposobu rozumienia grzeczności językowej. Przyjęto w nim, że jednym ze wzorów zachowań składających się na grzeczność językową jest zasada współpracy językowej (w ujęciu Grice’a) i dokonano analizy polilogu w mediach społecznościowych pod kątem relacji między grzecznością językową a strukturą tematyczną polilogu. Analizy wykazały, że: komentarze składające się na polilog respektują maksymę odniesienia, a zgodność z tematem osiągana jest w wyniku formułowania bezpośrednich i pośrednich aktów mowy. W wyniku analiz reakcji na manifestacyjne odejście od tematu uznano, że interpretacja polegająca na powiązaniu odejścia od maksymy odniesienia z problemem grzeczności językowej jest możliwa, ale wymaga dalszych badań materiałowych.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the thematic structure of the social media polylogue as an indication of linguistic politeness. The article is a contribution to the discussion about the way of understanding linguistic politeness. It assumes that one of the patterns of behaviour that are part of linguistic politeness is the cooperative principle (in Grice’s view). The social media polylogue was analysed in terms of the relationship between linguistic politeness and the thematic structure. The undertaken analyses have shown that comments comprising the polylogue respect the maxim of relevance, while compliance with the subject is achieved as a result of formulating direct and indirect acts of speech. As a result of scrutinising reactions to a manifest deviation from the subject, it has been found that the interpretation consisting in connecting the deviation from the maxim of relevance to the problem of linguistic politeness is possible, but requires further studies.
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DE
Ich schlage vor, die Schriften von Professor Janusz Kuczyński über den Universalismus weiterzuentwickeln und zu erweitern, indem ich das Wort „Humanismus“ durch Hinzufügen des Präfixes „Post“ ändere – um den Begriff des Humanismus auf alle gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen fühlenden und nicht-empfindungsfähigen Lebewesen auszudehnen – und indem ich den ethischen Faden hervorhebe, der ein Wegweiser für den Dialog im Allgemeinen und den interkulturellen Dialog im Besonderen ist. Wenn ein echter Dialog geführt werden soll, kann kein wesentlicher Standpunkt ausgeschlossen werden, und daher ist der Universalismus eine notwendige Voraussetzung für einen authentischen Dialog, der die Wahrheit und nicht die Überlegenheit über den anderen in der Argumentation sucht. In der Tat erlaubt uns der zweite Teil des Titels von Kuczyńskis Werk Dialog und Universalismus als eine neue Art des Denkens dies zu erraten. Wenn wir das Denken als Suche nach der Wahrheit betrachten, dann ist ein wahrer Dialog oder Polylog sensu stricto – um Kuczyńskis Begriff des Dialogs zu stärken – die einzige Art zu denken. Debatte oder Eristik sind kein Denken. Sie sind keine Suche nach der Wahrheit. Sie sind ein Versuch, den anderen in einem Streit zu besiegen. Wenn die Wahrheit entdeckt werden soll, muss diese Wahrheit universell sein.
PL
Proponuję rozwinięcie i poszerzenie pism Profesora Janusza Kuczyńskiego na temat uniwersalizmu polegające na modyfikacji słowa „humanizm” poprzez dodanie przedrostka „post” – by rozszerzyć pojęcie humanizmu na wszystkie obecne i przyszłe czujące i nieczujące – istoty żywe – oraz poprzez podkreślenie wątku etycznego, który jest drogowskazem dla dialogu w ogóle, a dialogu międzykulturowego w szczególności. Jeśli ma się prowadzić autentyczny dialog, nie można wykluczyć żadnego istotnego punktu widzenia, a zatem uniwersalizm jest warunkiem koniecznym autentycznego dialogu, który szuka prawdy, a nie przewagi nad drugim w argumentacji. W istocie, pozwala nam to odczytać druga część tytułu pracy Kuczyńskiego Dialog i uniwersalizm jako nowy sposób myślenia. Jeśli myślimy o myśleniu jako o poszukiwaniu prawdy, to prawdziwy dialog, czy też polilog sensu stricto, jest – by wzmocnić Kuczyńskiego pojęcie dialogu – jedynym sposobem myślenia. Debata czy erystyka nie są myśleniem. Nie są poszukiwaniem prawdy. Są próbą pokonania drugiego w sporze. Jeśli ma się odkryć prawdę, to prawda ta musi być uniwersalna.
EN
I propose to elucidate and enlarge upon Professor Janusz Kuczyński’s writings on univer-salism via modifying the word “humanism” by adding the prefix “post” to enlarge the concept of humanism to include all present and future sentient and non-sentient life and by emphasizing the ethical thread that is the guidepost for dialogue in general and intercultural dialogue in particular. If one is to conduct a genuine dialogue, no relevant points of view should be excluded and so universalism is a necessary condition for genuine dialogue that seeks the truth, and not the better of the other in argument. Indeed, this affords us a clue to Kuczyński’s subtitle of his work, Dialogue and Universalism as a New Way of Thinking. If one thinks of thinking as a search for truth, then genuine dialogue or in sensu stricto, polylogue is, to augment Kuczyński’s notion of dialogue, the only way of thinking. Debate or eristic is not thinking. It is not a search for truth. It is an attempt to defeat the other in argument. If one is to discover the truth, then that truth must be universal.
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