Search results

1

Ageing of Society — Local Disparities. Classification of the Pomorskie Voivodship Communes According to the Pace and Progress of Local Communities’ Ageing

100%

Richert-Kaźmierska A.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2017

|

issue 1(47)

53-65

EN

The article deals with the issues of local disparities in the field of advancement and pace of demographic ageing. The subjects of the research were communes of the Pomorskie Voivodship. The purpose of the article — i.e., diagnosing and assessing the progress and pace of ageing of local communities in all 123 communes of the Pomorskie Voivodship, was achieved using a combination of traditional measures of ageing: age factor, the rate of double ageing, median age and the old age dependency ratio. In addition, grouping of the surveyed communes based on the criterion of progress and pace of population ageing was proposed. The results of the conducted analyses may be of practical use — they can be used by the commune and county governments, as well as by the regional government of the Pomorskie Voivodship to optimize the activities within the framework of development policies in view of the current demographic changes.

PL

W artykule podjęto problematykę lokalnych dysproporcji w zakresie zaawansowania i tempa demograficznego starzenia się ludności. Stosując kombinację klasycznych miar starzenia się: współczynnik starości, współczynnik podwójnego starzenia się, medianę wieku oraz współczynnik obciążenia demograficznego osobami starszymi zrealizowano cel artykułu, tj. zdiagnozowano i dokonano oceny stopnia zaawansowania i tempa starzenia się społeczności lokalnych we wszystkich 123 gminach województwa pomorskiego. Ponadto, zaproponowano pogrupowanie badanych gmin ze względu na kryterium zaawansowania i tempa starzenia się ludności. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz mogą mieć zastosowanie praktyczne — mogą zostać wykorzystane przez władze pomorskich samorządów lokalnych i samorządu regionu do optymalizacji działań w ramach polityk rozwoju, w perspektywie zachodzących zmian demograficznych.

2

Przemiany demograficzne – świat, Europa, Polska. Wpływ zmian demograficznych na rynek pracy i sektor ochrony zdrowia

100%

Kocot E.

Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie

|

2011

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vol. 9

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issue 1

5-24

EN

The population ageing is an universal problem concerning all countries in the world, not only in Europe. The main sources of this process are decreasing fertility and increasing life expectancy. The migration has additional impact on ageing in some countries. The ageing of population means many new challenges in the field of economy and society. The quality of life of older people and the entire population as well depends on how countries will meet these challenges and how societies will adapt to the changing demographic conditions. Longer life can mean activity, health and participation, but it depends on properly planned activities in many areas of social and economic life. The phenomenon of ageing and the consequences associated with them are extremely complex and multilateral issues. The presented article focuses on the comparision of the process of ageing in different continents and countries, particularly in Poland. It concerns the problem of the ageing impact on labour market and health care sector as well.

3

Elderly Parents, Adult Children and the Romanian Transnational Family: An Intergenerational Solidarity Approach

100%

Földes I.

Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia

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2016

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vol. 61

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issue 1

77-108

EN

Recent demographic changes such as ageing, low-fertility, and large out-migration from Eastern European countries, brought into discussion the vivid question of the future of intergenerational solidarity within families. In the context of increasing geographical mobility of young people in search for better paid jobs, the unmet need for personal assistance among the elderly, the underdeveloped system of care services, Romania knows new dynamics of intergenerational support. Contrary to perspectives that consider spatial proximity between adult children and their elder parents the indisputable enabling factor for intergenerational support transfers (Rossi and Rossi, 1990), emerging literature on transnational families highlights that such tight kinship relations continue to exist even across borders (Baldassar et al., 2007). Using recent data from the nationwide survey “The Impact of Migration on Older Parents Left Behind in Romania” (2011), this paper examines the complex dynamics of intergenerational solidarity involving adult children as transnational migrants and their elder parents who remain at home. The statistical models used indicate the migrants’ role as providers of remittances, but also the ways in which other forms of support are distributed among the dyads. Despite a possible presupposition that parents who were left at home might only be beneficiaries of support, the data show the opposite: elderly persons, depending on their age, were active providers of help as well.

4

Health condition of ageing populations of the European Union

100%

Sojka E.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2014

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vol. 23

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issue 23

135-148

EN

The paper is a comparative analysis of health condition of EU-27 states that are differentiated with respect to demographic situation and the level of social and economic development with the use of methods of multidimensional comparative analysis. Relationships between macroeconomic values and health indices of EU populations were also studied with the use of demometric models. The study was performed for 2009. The most favourable health situation (in the light of diagnostic qualities adopted for the study) was observed in Cyprus, where the value of synthetic measure was almost 0.9. Cyprus is a relatively young country, with the lowest rate of mortality due to malicious tumours among all the countries of the European Community. Apart from Cyprus, Ireland was found in the first group (the lowest rate of people at 65+ years of age of all EU countries), Luxembourg (low rate of infant mortality) and Spain (relatively low mortality due to diseases of circulatory system). Definitely the worst health situation was observed in majority of the countries of the former Eastern bloc. On the grounds of the correlation diagram it was possible to conclude that, together with social and economic development of the country and resulting growth in expenditures on health protection per capita, mean life expectancy at birth significantly extended. However, these relations are not linear. Logarithmically constructed regression functions proved a strong and statistically significant impact of macroeconomic values on indices of population health condition.

5

HOW DEMOGRAPHY AFFECTS THE ECONOMY - IMPACT OF POPULATION AGEING ON INFLATION

100%

Broniatowska P.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

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2018

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vol. 19

|

issue 1

1-11

EN

The motivation of this paper is to check whether inflation is linked to the population age structure. To check this hypothesis, a panel data model is used. We regress the changes in CPI on a set of macroeconomic variables. The results of the estimations suggest that there may be a relation between demography and low-frequency inflation. A larger old-age dependency ratio is correlated with lower inflation. This may confirm some of the previous empirical findings that ageing is deflationary when related to increased life expectancy.

6

Demographic Changes in Poland – The Regional Dimension

100%

Richert-Kaźmierska A.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2015

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vol. 10

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issue 1

113-128

EN

The progressive ageing process concerns both Poland and other Member States of the European Union. In recent years, the share of workers of non-mobile and post-productive age in the total population has been rising, and according to forecasts, in 2035 people aged 45 years and over will represent two-thirds of our society. Since the year 2012, announced the Year of Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations by the European Commission, more and more attention has been paid in the Polish public space to the issues of an ageing society, including its impact on the health of the economy. The article notes that the ageing process does not occur uniformly across all Polish regions, i.e. at the same pace and with the same intensity. The results of studies indicating the regions being most vulnerable to the ageing of the regional community and the negative consequences of this process in the next two decades are presented.

7

Depopulacja i starzenie się ludności – konsekwencje dla finansów gmin w Polsce

100%

Wyszkowska D., Wyszkowski A.

Studia BAS

|

2023

|

issue 3(75)

27-53

EN

The object of the research undertaken in the article is to present the currently increasing demographic phenomena: depopulation and population ageing in Poland and their spatial differentiation, as well as their impact on the financial situation of municipalities. The authors used methods typical of social sciences, such as methods of empirical cognition. Correlation and regression analyses were used to demonstrate the impact of population size and structure on the revenues and expenditures of municipalities. The results indicate a significant differentiation of the described phenomena between municipalities in Poland and the relationship between specific categories of own revenue and current expenditures and the number of population. The relationship between the analysed variables is visible primarily in the case of shaping own revenue.

8

Stan zdrowia oraz potrzeby zdrowotne i opiekuńcze ludzi starych

88%

Suszko R.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 2(30)

29-57

EN

The article covers the issue of the health condition of elderly people and their needs regarding medical care. The author introduces the analysis of the health condition of elderly people in Poland on the basis of statistical data. Next, the following issues concerning senior citizens are described: benefits of physical activity, poverty and its influence on health condition, sick leave absence and its influence on social insurance system, nursing and medical care system, social services. In the conclusion the author gives his forecast on the demand of medical care for elderly people in the context of demographic changes.

9

Gospodarstwa emerytów na tle innych typów gospodarstw domowych

88%

Ciura G.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 2(30)

77-99

EN

The aim of this article is to introduce the issue of the living conditions in pensioner households in comparison with other households in Poland. The article begins with a general background on features and statistics of old‑age pensioners households. Next, the author discusses following questions related to pensioners’ situation in Poland: their income and expenditures in comparison with other social groups, housing conditions, risk of poverty and results of a pension system reform of 1999 on their financial situation. The articles is based on data from Household Budget Survey by Central Statistical Office (GUS) and other scientific research.

10

Starzenie się polskiego społeczeństwa – wybrane aspekty demograficzne

88%

Szymańczak J.

Studia BAS

|

2012

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issue 2(30)

9-28

EN

The author introduces selected aspects of the population ageing processes in Poland. The article addresses the most important demographic trends and figures. First, the author discusses the causes and trends of demographic changes. Subsequently the author gives the forecast of demographic changes in Poland. In the last section the article covers the consequences of the population ageing and the challenges for social and economic policy it causes.

11

Problems of the Elderly in Rural Areas

88%

Kisiel R., Walinowicz N.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 1

33-44

EN

This paper deals with issues related to aiding elderly people who reside in rural areas and who used to do jobs associated with agriculture. The main aim is to present the situation of senior citizens and to show the problems and needs of this group within the society. The main assumption of the study is that the needs of the elderly people who live in rural areas are different than those of senior citizens who live in towns. The study was carried out using data obtained by a questionnaire survey, a literature review and subjective observations of the authors on the situation of the elderly and care opportunities available to them. The study has provided data which can be used mainly to propose solutions aimed at improving the situation of the elderly. To this end, two surveys were conducted: one targeting senior citizens who live in rural areas and the other – people who work as a carer for an elderly person. For each survey, a sample of 80 respondents was singled out, and the study area included the communes of the Voivodship of Warmia and Mazury, i.e. Dobre Miasto, Lubomino, Pasłęk and Stawiguda. The data obtained from the surveys has been used to determine the level of needs for longterm or supplementary care for elderly people and to identify the main forms and type of aid based on the needs felt by a specific group. The findings have shown that such care can be arranged by employing carers performing services to elderly people.

12

Wybrane ekonomiczne konsekwencje zmian demograficznych w Polsce – perspektywa krótko- i długoterminowa

88%

Szweda-Lewandowska Z.

Studia BAS

|

2023

|

issue 3(75)

9-26

EN

Demographic changes affect practically all dimensions of socio-economic life. Dynamic ageing of the Polish population and double ageing create new challenges, both in the individual and collective dimensions, in the field of preparation for old age. The emergence of new social issues and intensification of the existing ones make it necessary to implement new solutions. The increased and constantly growing percentage of old people and the oldest old creates many new challenges not only for public authorities, but also for entrepreneurs and employers. Due to the complexity of the consequences of the demographic changes, the subject of the article are the consequences for four selected areas: the labour market, social security, health care, and long-term care.

13

Population Ageing Related to Socio-Economic Factors

88%

Dana W., Šárka B., Kristina K.

Littera Scripta

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2009

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vol. 2

59-67

EN

An increasing number of elderly people represent a great potential for social and economic progress and development as a consequence of growing education and improving health of the population. The policy of an ageing process preparation should respond to two elementary challenges: either, to integrate seniors into an economic and social development, and to create an age inclusive community. It is an important fact to conform the employment policy, retirement policy and other policies as well as services to social and demographic changes in progress.

14

Polityka wobec osób starych – cele i zasady

88%

Błędowski P.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 2(30)

201-216

EN

This paper provides an overview of measures taken by governments and other organizations towards senior citizens. This article first provides theoretical introduction, presenting definitions of policy on ageing, policy on elderly people and difference between these notions. In the next section the author introduces various policy tasks undertaken by governments, local governments, international organizations and other institutions towards ageing and elderly people.

15

TRZY KOLORY: SREBRNY. CO TO TAKIEGO SILVER ECONOMY?

75%

Szukalski P.

Polityka Społeczna

|

2012

|

vol. 39

|

issue 5-6(458-459)

6-11

PL

Starzenie się ludności coraz częściej nie jest już postrzegane wyłącznie w kategoriach społecznego zagrożenia, lecz jako wyzwanie, a nawet szansa. Dzieje się tak dzięki rozwojowi „srebrnej gospodarki”, tj. działaniom ukierunkowanym na przygotowanie społeczeństwa, organizacji i jednostek do starzenia się, a przede wszystkim podtrzymanie aktywności i samodzielności osób starszych. W artykule omówiona została koncepcja „srebrnej gospodarki”, jej zalety i wady oraz możliwości rozwoju w Polsce.

EN

Population ageing is more and more often regarded not as a threat but as challenge or even a chance for society. The evolution is related with development of the so-called silver economy. The term means all activities aimed at preparing society, organizations, and individuals for ageing, and first of all at sustaining activities, autonomy, and self-dependence of the older people. The paper is to present the concept of the “silver economy”, its pros and cons, and to assess if it is possible to implement the type of activities in Poland.

16

OCENA PRZESTRZENNEGO ZRÓŻNICOWANIA ZJAWISKA STAROŚCI DEMOGRAFICZNEJ W POLSCE

75%

Wasilewska E.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

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2018

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vol. 19

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issue 2

171-182

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poziomu starości demograficznej w Polsce w przekroju województw. Okres badań obejmował lata 1992-2016. Wykorzystano relacyjne miary starości demograficznej w ujęciu statycznym. Stosując metodę rang utworzono rankingi województw z punktu widzenia zaawansowania starości demograficznej. Na podstawie miary zagregowanej dokonano podziału województw na grupy charakteryzujące się podobieństwem poziomu starości społeczeństwa.

EN

The study presents the spatial diversity of the demographic old age in Poland in the cross-section of voivodships. The research period covered the years 1992-2016. The relational measures of demographic ageing in a static approach were used. Using the rank method, rankings of voivodships were created from the point of view of the advancement of demographic ageing. Based on the aggregate measure, the voivodships were grouped due to the demographic old age.

17

Introduction: Towards a Sociology of Ageing in Central and Eastern Europe

75%

Hoff A., Perek-Białas J.

Studia Socjologiczne

|

2015

|

issue 2(217)

9-21

EN

While Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have not yet dealt with all social problems resulting from the post-communist transformation process they are faced with a new challenge – the transition towards ageing societies. Demographic projections indicate that CEE is en route towards becoming the oldest part of Europe in the second half of the 21st century. This article argues that the sociology of ageing is uniquely equipped with the necessary toolkit for analysing emerging social problems and social cleavages characteristic of ageing societies and for proposing mechanisms for their solution. Subsequently, we will outline the contribution of sociology of ageing theory building to the analysis of ageing societies, beginning with the international sociology of ageing before focusing specifically on the sociology of ageing in CEE. The introduction of the articles in this Special issue of STUDIA SOCIOLOGICZNE is embedded in this discussion.

PL

Kraje Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej nie poradziły sobie jeszcze ze wszystkimi problemami wynikającymi z postkomunistycznych procesów transformacji, a stoją w obliczu nowych wyzwań wynikających ze starzenia się społeczeństw. Prognozy demograficzne wskazują, że kraje te będą najbardziej zawansowanymi ze względu na wiek w Europie w drugiej połowie XXI wieku. Artykuł wskazuje, że socjologia starzenia jest wyjątkowo przygotowana do analizowania pojawiających się problemów społecznych, prezentacji społecznych aspektów starzejących się populacji, ale też oferuje mechanizmy, które mogą być rozwiązaniami tych problemów. W artykule pokazujemy wkład socjologii starzenia w rozwój teoretycznych podstaw analizy starzejących się społeczeństw. Rozpoczynamy od przeglądu międzynarodowego kontekstu teoretycznych podstaw socjologii starzenia, aby zaprezentować krótki przegląd rozwoju socjologii starzenia w krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, szczególnie w Polsce. Wprowadzenie w artykuły specjalnego numeru „Studiów Socjologicznych” jest też częścią tej dyskusji.

18

Demographic Challenges in Poland: Understanding Low Fertility

75%

Tatarczak A., Janik G.

Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

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2023

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vol. 27

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issue 4

1-14

PL

Tło badań: Zjawisko niskiej dzietności w Polsce stanowi kluczowy obiekt analiz demograficznych. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się nie tylko zmiany w modelach prokreacyjnych i rodzinnych, ale także w strukturze wiekowej społeczeństwa. Jest to szczególnie istotne w kontekście starzenia się populacji, które staje się coraz bardziej widoczne. Starzejące się społeczeństwo niesie za sobą liczne wyzwania, takie jak wzrost obciążenia systemów opieki zdrowotnej, zmniejszenie aktywnej siły roboczej i konieczność zabezpieczenia odpowiednich środków na emerytury. Mimo że wiele osób pragnie mieć potomstwo, powstrzymują się od podjęcia takiej decyzji, a przyczyny tego wyboru są zróżnicowane. W związku z tym istotne jest przeprowadzenie analizy czynników determinujących dzietność w Polsce, z uwzględnieniem aspektów zarówno ekonomicznych, jak i społecznych. Konieczne jest zrozumienie, w jaki sposób sytuacja ekonomiczna, warunki na rynku pracy oraz zmiany w strukturze społecznej wpływają na proces podejmowania decyzji dotyczących posiadania dzieci. Cel artykułu: Artykuł ma na celu analizę dzietności w Polsce w okresie 2004-2020. Wykonane badania umożliwią identyfikację czynników wpływających na obserwowany stan niskiej zastępowalności pokoleń oraz określenie ich intensywności. Metodologia/Metody/Źródła danych: Dane wykorzystane w artykule pochodzą z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego i obejmują lata 2004-2020. Praca opiera się na literaturze z zakresu demografii i ekonometrii. W analizie dzietności w Polsce zastosowano trzy metody statystyczne: model Klasycznej Metody Najmniejszych Kwadratów (KMNK), estymator o efektach ustalonych (FE) oraz estymator o efektach losowych (RE). Następnie przeprowadzono analizę dzietności w przekroju regionalnym, dzieląc Polskę na 16 jednostek administracyjnych (województw). Do analizy wykorzystano model panelowy, a wyniki poddano testom Walda, Breuscha-Pagana i Hausmana w celu porównania rezultatów uzyskanych z różnych modeli. Wyniki/Wnioski: Wyniki analizy wskazują, że sytuacja ekonomiczna i rynek pracy mają znaczący wpływ na decyzję o posiadaniu dzieci w Polsce. Trend niskiej dzietności, chociaż obserwuje się pewien jej wzrost, wciąż jest charakterystyczny dla kraju w porównaniu z innymi państwami UE. Analiza czynników determinujących dzietność jest istotna dla zrozumienia decyzji młodego pokolenia Polaków w kwestii posiadania potomstwa.

EN

Research background: The phenomenon of low fertility in Poland is a vital subject of demographic analysis. In recent years, not only have there been changes in procreative and family models, but also in the age structure of society. This is particularly significant in the context of population ageing, which is becoming increasingly evident and brings numerous challenges such as increased burden on healthcare systems, a decrease in the active workforce, and the need to secure adequate retirement funds. Despite the desire to have children, many individuals refrain from making such a decision, and the reasons for this choice are diverse. Therefore, it was essential to conduct an analysis of the factors determining fertility in Poland, considering both the economic and social aspects. Understanding how the economic situation, labour market conditions, and changes in social structure impact on the decision-making process regarding childbearing is essential. Purpose of the paper: The objective of this article was to analyse fertility rates in Poland for the period 2004-2020. The conducted research identified the factors influencing the observed state of low generational replacement and determining their intensity. Methodology/Methods/Data sources: The data used in this article were sourced from the Central Statistical Office and covered the years 2004-2020. The study was based on literature concerning demography and econometrics. Three statistical methods were applied in the analysis of fertility in Poland: the Classical Method of Least Squares (CMLS) model, the Fixed Effects (FE) estimator, and the Random Effects (RE) estimator. Fertility analysis was conducted at regional level by dividing Poland into 16 administrative units (voivodeships). A panel model was employed for the analysis, and the results were subjected to Wald, Breusch-Pagan, and Hausman tests to compare the outcomes obtained from different models. Findings: The results of the analysis indicate that the economic situation and the labour market significantly influence the decision to have children in Poland. The trend of low fertility, although showing some increase, is still characteristic of the country compared to other EU nations. The analysis of the factors determining fertility is vital for understanding the decisions of young generations of Poles regarding parenthood.

19

Rynek usług opiekuńczych – perspektywy rozwoju w kontekście starzenia się populacji

75%

Szweda-Lewandowska Z.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

|

2014

|

vol. 2(68)

PL

Wraz ze starzeniem się ludności będzie wzrastać zapotrzebowanie na usługi opiekuńcze. Zgodnie z prognozą Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego, w 2035 roku osoby w wieku 65 lat i więcej będą stanowiły 23% populacji Polski, podczas gdy obecnie jest to około 13%. Jedna piąta populacji naszego kraju będzie w wieku poprodukcyjnym. Jednak najistotniejszy z punktu widzenia opieki nad osobami starszymi jest dynamicznie postępujący proces podwójnego starzenia się populacji, czyli wzrost odsetka osób w wieku 80 lat i więcej. W ostatnim roku prognozy odsetek osób w wieku 80 lat i więcej wyniesie ponad 7%. Z drugiej strony, będzie maleć potencjał opiekuńczy rodziny, co oznacza mniejsze możliwości zaspokojenia potrzeb opiekuńczych seniora przez członków rodziny. Rozwój rynku usług opiekuńczych jest postrzegany także jako szansa na aktywizację zawodową lub przeciwdziałanie przedwczesnemu wycofywaniu się z rynku pracy osób na przedpolu starości (45-64 lata). Celem artykułu jest rozważenie, na ile rozwój rynku opiekuńczego może spełnić powyższe nadzieje i jakie potencjalne koszty z tym się wiążą.

EN

As a result of population ageing, an increase in the demand for nursing services will be observed. According to a forecast by the Central Statistical Office, in 2035, persons aged 65 years and older will represent 23% of the Polish population, whereas now their number stands at around 13%. One fifth of the population of our country will be at retirement age. What is the most important, however, from the point of view of elderly care, is the rapidly progressing process of double ageing of population, i.e. the increase in the percentage of people aged 80 years or more. In the last year of the forecast, the percentage of people aged 80 years and over will exceed 7%. On the other hand, the caring potential of families will decrease, which means lower capacity of family members to meet the needs of their aged relatives. The development of care services market is also seen as an opportunity for professional activity or preventing premature withdrawal from the labour market of persons approaching old age (45-64 years). The purpose of this paper is to consider how the development of the care market can fulfil these expectations and what are the potential costs associated with it

20

Sytuacja rodzinna i potrzeby opiekuńcze ludzi starych w Polsce

75%

Szatur-Jaworska B.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 2(30)

59-76

EN

This article describes the family situation and caretaking needs of elderly people in the light of the quantitative research results. The author introduces various aspects of senior citizens family conditions in Poland, including their marital status, generational composition of families and their living situation. The next part of the article is devoted to caretaking needs. As the elderly people need help with their everyday activities, the author discusses the following issues: indicators of caretaking needs, size of the population that requires an assistance, role of family and state institutions in that respect.

Refine search results

Ageing of Society — Local Disparities. Classification of the Pomorskie Voivodship Communes According to the Pace and Progress of Local Communities’ Ageing

Przemiany demograficzne – świat, Europa, Polska. Wpływ zmian demograficznych na rynek pracy i sektor ochrony zdrowia

Elderly Parents, Adult Children and the Romanian Transnational Family: An Intergenerational Solidarity Approach

Health condition of ageing populations of the European Union

HOW DEMOGRAPHY AFFECTS THE ECONOMY - IMPACT OF POPULATION AGEING ON INFLATION

Demographic Changes in Poland – The Regional Dimension

Depopulacja i starzenie się ludności – konsekwencje dla finansów gmin w Polsce

Stan zdrowia oraz potrzeby zdrowotne i opiekuńcze ludzi starych

Gospodarstwa emerytów na tle innych typów gospodarstw domowych

Starzenie się polskiego społeczeństwa – wybrane aspekty demograficzne

Problems of the Elderly in Rural Areas

Wybrane ekonomiczne konsekwencje zmian demograficznych w Polsce – perspektywa krótko- i długoterminowa

Population Ageing Related to Socio-Economic Factors

Polityka wobec osób starych – cele i zasady

TRZY KOLORY: SREBRNY. CO TO TAKIEGO SILVER ECONOMY?

OCENA PRZESTRZENNEGO ZRÓŻNICOWANIA ZJAWISKA STAROŚCI DEMOGRAFICZNEJ W POLSCE

Introduction: Towards a Sociology of Ageing in Central and Eastern Europe

Demographic Challenges in Poland: Understanding Low Fertility

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