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Both external and internal factors as an explanation of depopulation of cities on the area of Poland

100%
Kantor-Pietraga I.
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies
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2014
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vol. 2
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issue 3
56-64
EN
The aim of this paper is an attempt of explanation basic factors of depopulation in case of cities in Poland in the 20st and in the beginning of 21st century. Author takes into consideration only large urban centers with population more than 50 thousands inhabitants. Population changes are described according to historical periods: 1900-1946 (including World War II), postwar period (1946-1989) and period socio-economic and political changes in Poland (1990-2010). A key question is basic thesis that different determinants of depopulation have two sources: internal as well as external ones. Some of them arise only in defined periods and social-economic conditions. The most important have been underlined in this paper. It has been highlighted that is visible different between simply depopulation of cities as consequence of military operations, for example and contemporary urban shrinkage as an effect of compound social-economic background. Paper gives some reflections on different possibilities for defense of cities not only against consequences of the second demographic transition but also functional changes, especially in case of larger post-industrial centers. Important question that have been underlined in paper is problem of urban shrinkage as contemporary dimension of depopulation. Presented information clearly shows that in demographic terms process of contemporary shrinkage is comparable with urban demographic decline of the WW2 period.
2
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Koordynacja polityki rodzinnej w Polsce – czy można zapobiec niekorzystnym zmianom demograficznym

100%
Matuszewska E., Adamowicz P.
Kontrola Państwowa
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2016
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vol. 61
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issue 1 (366)
83-105
EN
The family policy is an issue of vital importance to the future of the state, that is why it is the subject of one of the two priority audits of NIK. The basic objective of this audit was to evaluate the development and implementation of the family policy in Poland, focusing on the issues related to the programming and management of the instruments for family support and their effectiveness, as well as on the coordination of activities in this area. In their article, the authors present the detailed findings of the audit.
3
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Alternatives for Unemployed Graduates – Opportunities or Threats

75%
Wagner I.
The New Educational Review
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2005
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vol. 7
55-58
EN
The author discusses occupational and emotional problems of higher education graduates who cannot find employment and decent remuneration after completing their graduate school education. Their inability to find jobs allowing them to make use of their university education results in their serious emotional problems and in economic emigration. The author hopes that the approaching population decline will bring partial solution of the problem.
4

Plánování obytné funkce ve smršťujících se městech

63%
Peltan T., Kirschner V., Franke D., Soukup T., Novotný V., Hlaváček J., Benešová I., Čermák J., Mika J., Jetel V., Cihlář J., Mecnerová K., Maier K.
Urbanismus a územní rozvoj
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2022
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issue 6
23-29
EN
Although several Czech towns have decreased in population since the beginning of the 1990s, this process and its impacts are little reflected in Czech settings, and there is a lack of relevant planning. This is mainly due to the fact that the negative impact of superfluous housing capacities and public infrastructure has not yet become apparent, resulting in municipalities either not paying adequate attention to the shrinkage or their trying to renew growth by expansive policies. This article presents experience gained from pilot studies conducted in three Czech towns (Milevsko, Orlová and Sokolov) and methodological procedures derived from these studies. It can be seen that despite active efforts to stop the shrinkage, the loss in population will continue and natural compensation for this loss will become even more difficult. Also, the supply of housing stock will soon exceed the demand. If such a surplus remains unaddressed, housing stock will be vacant continuously, its maintenance will be neglected, and this will result in greater leeway for predatory businesses and subsequent disruption to the structure, image and social cohesion of the town. Therefore, towns are facing the challenge of making radical changes to their policy which must be based on acceptance of shrinkage as proven fact. Planning must aim at consolidation of built-up areas and population, renewal of balance in the housing market and prevention of undesirable extensive developments. At the same time, there will be opportunities to utilize superfluous capacities. In order to achieve these objectives efficiently, it is necessary to divide territories by forms of controlled shrinkage and put diversified accents on these objectives according to the progress of shrinkage in real time.
CS
S úbytkem obyvatel se některá česká města potýkají přinejmenším od počátku 90. let 20. století, ale přesto jsou zkušenosti s tímto procesem, jeho dopady a plánováním v českém prostředí dosud omezené. Zejména negativní dopady související s nadbytečnými kapacitami bydlení a veřejné infrastruktury se dosud prakticky neprojevovaly. Města tak procesu smršťování buď nevěnovala odpovídající pozornost, nebo se snažila obnovit růst expanzivními politikami. Tento článek představuje zkušenosti ze zpracování pilotních studií tří českých měst – Milevska, Orlové a Sokolova – a metodické postupy, které byly na základě těchto studií odvozeny. Ukazuje se, že i přes aktivní snahu smršťování zvrátit bude docházet k prohlubování ztráty obyvatel, ve které se bude ve stále větší míře uplatňovat obtížně ovlivnitelný úbytek přirozenou měnou. Začne také docházet ke vzniku často rozsáhlého převisu nabídky bytového fondu nad poptávkou. Pokud bude tento nadbytek ponechán svému osudu, bude docházet k dlouhodobé neobsazenosti bytového fondu a zanedbávání jeho údržby a vytvoří se prostor pro další aktivity predačních podnikatelů. To pravděpodobně povede k narušení struktury města, jeho image a sociální soudržnosti. Města proto dnes stojí před výzvou radikální změny své politiky, která musí být založena na přijetí smršťování jako faktu. Plánování bude stát před cíli stabilizace zástavby a obyvatelstva, obnovy rovnováhy na trhu s bydlením a předcházení nežádoucímu extenzivnímu rozvoji, ale také před příležitostmi, které nabízí možnost využití nadbytečných kapacit. Pro efektivní naplňování cílů je potřebné rozdělení území podle formy řízeného smršťování a také odlišný důraz na jednotlivé cíle ve vztahu k časovému průběhu smršťování.
5
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Niż demograficzny a jakość kształcenia – czy dydaktyka akademicka stoi w obliczu kryzysu?

63%
Sujkowska-Sobisz K.
Forum Lingwistyczne
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2014
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issue 1
141-147
EN
The study raises the problem of the functioning of the academic didactics against the backdrop of new reality, socio-economic changes, and mental changes observed in young people. Based on the previous findings concerning the crisis in the academic didactics, the author proposes a reorientation within the scope of the target group of the prospective students. In her opinion, there is a need for drawing attention to the group of mature people (40+) as candidates for studies in humanities.
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