Search results - CEJSH

1

Role pozitivismu v české etice vědy

100%

Drozenová W.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2010

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vol. 58

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issue 3

363-377

EN

The article is concerned with the question of the form and extent of the influence of positivism on the approach to the ethics of science in the Czech context. Although the history of Czech positivism has been relatively well investigated, it is often the subject of sweeping negative assessments that typically characterise it as equivalent to a narrow scientism lacking in values. This characterisation, however, is really only appropriate to a kind of positivism which made very little impact on the Czech philosophical tradition. The author reminds us that Czech positivists were pupils of T. G. Masaryk who exerted a strong influence on them, particularly in the area of ethics, which in turn influenced their ethics of science. In comparison with European neo-positivism (whose philosophy of science was not, for historical reasons, able to properly flourish in the Czech context), this current of thought contained a strong attachment to the aim of objective knowledge, which explains the resistance of both totalitarian regimes to Czech positivism and its representatives. While neo-positivism, in its traditional role of constituting the theoretical and methodological basis of science, concerned itself with the internal problems of science, ignoring the social context, Czech positivism, as represented by F. Krejčí, J. Tvrdý, E. Chalupný and others, was significantly involved with the development of society. The influence of Czech positivism (despite all its philosophical shortcomings) cannot be criticised for giving insufficient attention to the social context of the development of science or for lacking interest in the questions of the ethics of science.

2

Komu ma służyć wznowienie monografii Barbary Skargi o pozytywizmie?

80%

Polak P.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2017

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issue 62

309-313

PL

Recenzja książki: B. Skarga, Ortodoksja i rewizja w pozytywizmie francuskim, M. Pańków (red.), ser. Dzieła zebrane Barbary Skargi, t. 3, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN - Fundacja na Rzecz Myślenia im. Barbary Skargi, Warszawa 2016, ss. 496.

3

Historie literární : Emancipace vědní disciplíny na přelomu 19. a 20. století

80%

Bláhová K.

Česká literatura (Czech Literature)

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2006

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vol. 54

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issue 4

45-87

EN

Literary history was long treated as part of philology, lacking its own distinct methodological foundations. The basic prerequisite for promoting it as an independent discipline was to find a way to formulate what it dealt with and how. Its existence next had to be ensured by institutionalizing it, particularly by publishing a scholarly journal to communicate the new discipline and establishing a university chair to ensure its continuity. The “Vlček School” managed to do this thanks in particular to relations with scholars in other countries. Impulses were provided by the encounter with German and French positivist literary scholarship, by becoming familiar with journals of literary studies abroad, and by finding models in German universities, museums, and other organizations where the study of literature was taking place. In the late nineteenth century Jaroslav Vlček (1860–1930) habilitated to teach Czech Literature at the Czech part of Prague University, and Jan Jakubec (1862–1936) decided to prepare for his habilitation abroad, spending two semesters as a full-time student at Vienna and Berlin. (Studying abroad was important for other researchers as well: Arne Novák [1880–1939] and Otokar Fischer [1883–1938], for example, studied in Berlin in the early years of the twentieth century.) Vlček’s lectures were a success, yet he did not yet manage to establish the study of Czech literature as an independent field. Jakubec and Vlček therefore sought to start up a periodical for the discipline. This idea was not at first, however, carried out in full; the resulting journal, Obzor literární a umělecký (Literature and Art Review), edited by Vlček, was more like a review of literary criticism, which also ran longer articles and essays on methodology. Despite all the ups and downs it was in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that Vlček and his colleagues eventually did manage to establish literary history both at the university and in periodicals. Similarly to German researchers they focused on more recent literature. They began to prepare a critical edition of works by nineteenth-century Czech writers of belles-lettres, and initiated a group project devoted to the history of Czech literature of the period. Methodologically, however, their inspiration was French positivism. The field soon began to attract people to work in it. Researchers defended the new conception of literary history in articles on theory and method. By the beginning of the twentieth century works of literary history had become an integral part of studies in the humanities. dKNAV is powered by EPrints 3, administered by the library of the Academy of Sciences. More informati

4

Социально-волевая теория позитивного национального правопорядка в учениях варшавских юристов 1807–1831 годов

80%

Kresin O.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

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2020

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vol. 23

111-139

EN

The article considers the formation of the idea of national legal order in the teachings of Warsaw lawyers in 1807–1831 as a positive, concrete-social, formed on the basis of the realization of the will of society to state building and law-making. It is shown that the period under consideration is characterized by the formation of a new quality of thinking of lawyers who sought to master the world of law on non-metaphysical, positivist, social worldview bases. And the main element of the first conceptualized strictly legal picture of the world became the national legal order. The social-volitional theory of Warsaw lawyers proclaimed the conscious creation of law by the people through the collective will as the realization of individual and collective freedom to meet social needs and to realize the ideals. Th e presumptions of this theory were: the equality of peoples as bearers of public will, their right to determine the form and content of their laws, as well as the demand for statehood as a political self-determination of the people.

5

Postmodernism and customer centricity

80%

Mehraramolan A.

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

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2016

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issue 1(3)

34-41

EN

There are many different explanations of customer centricity, and many people are in support of that concept whereas many others are against it. Different meanings can be found for customer centricity in literature. Which one could be the proper and most reliable one? Most of the views on customer centricity are based on foundational philosophical approaches and many different patterns are set as a guideline for the organizations which are willing to be customer-centric. In this paper, the aim is to look at the customer centricity phenomenon from the postmodernist point of view. The question of this study is linked to an anti-foundational philosophical approach (postmodernism) and it is shown how different the answers could be based on the philosophy approach that we choose. To collect the data, 10 in-depth interviews were done with senior business managers of customer-centric organizations in Iran. The results showed completely different answers from the postmodernist point of view.

6

Radykalny behawioryzm jako filozofia nauki

71%

Marek N.

Semina Scientiarum

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2011

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vol. 10

EN

A common problem appearing in the discussions is connecting behaviorism with positivism. The main goal of this article is to show that this alliance is not legitimate – main principles of the Skinnerian science rather point to the Mach’s empiricism, pragmatism and operationalism than to Carnap’s project. Secondly it will be shown that behaviorism is most importantly the philosophy of science. In the last part we will consider the main points appearing in the critique of behaviorism and try to give an answer to them.

7

The negative impact of scientific ideology on education about the moral status of animals

70%

Probucka D.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2017

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vol. 62(2 (244))

261-269

EN

The article presents an analysis of the ethical views of Bernard Rollin, an American zoologist and philosopher who examined how the education about the moral status of animals has been affected by the so-called scientific ideology. This way of thinking denies animal suffering and consciousness in stark contrast with our commonsense knowledge and collective human experience. Rollin points to positivism and behaviourism as twin philosophical and psychological sources of this scientific ideology. Positivism rejected the concept of consciousness as a subjective, metaphysical, unscientific, non-measurable state and separated science from values and ethics. Behaviourism further obstructed moral reflection on the acceptable methods of treatment of animals not only by eliminating the category of animal consciousness, but also by replacing the vocabulary to describe its experimental manifestations with one of observable actions (reinforcement and aversion). Behaviourism denies animal suffering and other states of consciousness on the epistemological principle that they are difficult to verify. This paradigm continues to be successfully applied in modern biomedical laboratories and blinds scientists to both the pain inflicted on animals and the moral repercussions of animal consciousness. Positivism and behaviourism alike cast animals as models and biological mechanisms to distort our understanding of their nature and justify their harm. The article presents an analysis of the ethical views of Bernard Rollin, an American zoologist and philosopher who examined how the education about the moral status of animals has been affected by the so-called scientific ideology. This way of thinking denies animal suffering and consciousness in stark contrast with our commonsense knowledge and collective human experience. Rollin points to positivism and behaviourism as twin philosophical and psychological sources of this scientific ideology. Positivism rejected the concept of consciousness as a subjective, metaphysical, unscientific, non-measurable state and separated science from values and ethics. Behaviourism further obstructed moral reflection on the acceptable methods of treatment of animals not only by eliminating the category of animal consciousness, but also by replacing the vocabulary to describe its experimental manifestations with one of observable actions (reinforcement and aversion). Behaviourism denies animal suffering and other states of consciousness on the epistemological principle that they are difficult to verify. This paradigm continues to be successfully applied in modern biomedical laboratories and blinds scientists to both the pain inflicted on animals and the moral repercussions of animal consciousness. Positivism and behaviourism alike cast animals as models and biological mechanisms to distort our understanding of their nature and justify their harm.

8

Sprawiedliwość a wykładnia postanowień konstytucyjnych. Dylematy sędziego jusnaturalisty

70%

Łącki P.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2022

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issue 5(172)

129–148

EN

Nowadays, constitutional courts, by applying constitutional provisions, resolve disputes involved in the most controversial moral and social issues and thus change legal orders. This happens not only on the basis of provisions directly protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals (human rights), but also on the basis of other constitutional provisions containing evaluative concepts. Given the axiological openness or aspiration of constitutional acts, one may ask whether the adoption of a position affirming (I) the existence of natural law and affirming (II) the requirement of the compatibility of positive law with natural law, has consequences for the interpretation and application of constitutional provisions. In particular, whether – in the light of natural law – a judge of a constitutional court, when interpreting a constitutional act, may refer directly to moral reasoning and his/her own understanding of natural law. In seeking the answer to this question, the author distinguishes three model theoretical positions: (1) a moral reading of the constitution; (2) a positivist reading of the constitution, and (3) an intermediate position. These positions can be illustrated by the jurisprudence of constitutional courts regarding the permissibility of abortion. While asserting the advantages of the positivist model, the author raises doubts about the feasibility of its implementation. For it may turn out that judges are confronted with the abstract terminology of the constitutional act and, at the same time, with the practical impossibility to precisely reconstruct the axiology of the constitution-maker underlying this terminology with the help of analytical legal tools.

9

Teoria prawa Marsyliusza z Padwy

70%

Pawlak M.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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issue 8(39)

5-23

EN

The article presents the theory of law found in the writings of Marsilius of Padua, one of the greatest political thinkers of the late Middle Ages. The problem of law in the thought of Marsilius is one of the most controversial issues in Marsilian literature. The author of the article analyzes Marsilius’ definition of law and his distinction between human law and divine law (i.e. revealed in Sacred Scripture). Also analyzed in detail is the issue of the relation between human law and justice, as well as human and divine law. The author states that Marsilius’ theory was undoubtedly original and innovative, however he distances himself from the purely positivist interpretation of this theory, popular among some (especially Polish) researchers. According to the author, Marsilius’ view on law, although highly original, bears more resemblance to the traditional natural law theories, rather than legal positivism in the classical sense.

10

Myśl pedagogiczna Aleksandra Grozy. Wokół cyklu Elementarzy

70%

Gruntkowska D.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2022

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vol. 46

113-128

EN

Aleksander Groza was the author of a series of three alphabet books: The greater alphabet book, The lesser alphabet book and The little alphabet book. This series was created in the Ukraine in 1860. Aleksander Groza was, first of all, a writer and poet, a representative of the so-called “Ukrainian school” in Polish literature, a nobleman and a representative of the middle-class gentry. The aim of the article is to characterize the alphabet books both in terms of structure and content. I will be interested in the values that Aleksander Groza intended to foster in his students, as well as how his ideas presented themselves against the epoch.

11

Zagadka Beroesa

70%

Bourkane M.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

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2017

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issue 31

321-332

EN

The sketch concerns spiritualism and mediumship in the novel Faraon by Bolesław Prus. Object of analysis is especially Beroes, Chaldean magician and sage, who is one of the characters appearing in presented world. The main question in the aricle is, why Prus, positivist writer, decided to introduce to his novel such uncanny hero and such untypical problems.

12

On the Development of Italian Folkloristics and Ethnography: From Renaissance Collections of Folk Literature to Positivism

61%

Maiello G.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2019

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vol. 29

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issue 1

3 - 14

EN

The study offers a description of the difficulty of describing the boundaries between various study disciplines such as ethnology, folklore and ethnography in the context of pre and postunitary Italy. In a specific paragraph are presented the oldest collections of fairy tales, collected by Giovanni Francesco Straparola (1480?–1557), Giambattista Basile (1566–1632) and Pompeo Sarnelli (1649–1724) and the first romantic attempts to comment on oral lore. Other paragraphs are devoted to the italian collectors of folk tales, with a particular attention on Niccolò Tommaseo (1802–1874), Vittorio Imbriani (1840–1886) and Costantino Nigra (1828– 1907), and to the theorists of folklore studies Ermolao Rubieri (1818–1879) and Alessandro d’Ancona (1835–1914). The study describes where folklore studies in Italy met with ethnographic studies and where and when they moved away from themselves.

13

Leopold, Husserl, Darwin and the Possibility of Intercultural Dialogue

61%

Brown C.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2023

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issue 2

273-288

EN

Baird Callicott et al. have argued that Aldo Leopold developed a descriptive technique that has something in common with phenomenology and that it would not be farfetched to explore A Sand County Almanac as a kind of Heideggerian clearing in which usually unnoticed beings come to light. They further suggest that Leopold describes animal others as fellow subjects who co-constitute the world and that through his method of observation, description, and reflection Leopold reveals a “multi-perspective experience of a common environment” that discloses an inter-species intersubjectivity comparable to Husserl’s more formal descriptions of intersubjectivity. I shall argue that the similarities between Husserl and Leopold are stronger and deeper than Callicott et al. suggest. Husserl’s method is designed to expose what has been hidden by “ideological positivism,” while Leopold’s method is designed to reveal what has been concealed by what he labels “conventional physics. Both agree that what we might today call a “scientistic worldview” denies, devalues, and dismisses subjectivity, meaning, and value from rational discourse. In Husserl’s view this leads to cultural crisis and barbarism, while in Leopold’s view it leads to ecological catastrophe. For Husserl the only alternative is a cultural renewal rooted in a rethinking of the dominant scientistic worldview while for Leopold the alternative lies in the construction of a new ethical system. These two alternatives are deeply compatible. Finally, I will discuss the ways in which Husserl’s understanding of the intentionality of our subjective experiences and Leopold’s integration of the evolutionary and ecological kinship of humans and non-humans with the social sciences have important implications for the possibility of intercultural understanding and dialogue and thereby allow us to overcome the thesis of incommensurability that denies the possibility of meaningful intercultural understanding and dialogue.

14

Emigracyjne życie Elżbiety Bośniackiej w świetle jej korespondencji

61%

Gosik-Kapelińska I.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

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2016

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vol. 4

42-50

EN

The subject of the considerations contained in this article is the part of the epistolary legacy still existing in the form of the manuscripts from the collection of Teofil Lenartowicz. They were written by Elżbieta Bośniacka, a well-known poet and playwright writing in the nineteenth century, whose most popular play Defense of Częstochowa enjoyed a permanent presence on the stage of theaters in Poland and abroad. Correspondence between the two writers is also an excellent testimony to the reconstruction of the unknown enough history of the Adam Mickiewicz Academy of Literature in Bologna, which was an important institution for scientific reasons, the popularization of knowledge, as well as political field.

15

Rádl’s criticism of the Czech individualist inter-war philosophy

61%

Potoček J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2021

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vol. 69

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issue Special_Issue_1

41-56

EN

A significant share of the “struggles” that took place within Czechoslovak inter-war philosophy lay in criticism raised by Emanuel Rádl, the representative of the realistic approach, against the adherents of individualism or the younger philosophical generation surrounding the magazine Ruch filosofický. From a philosophical and methodological point of view, the core of Rádl’s critical position is philosophical realism. Rádl’s realistic stance was gradually forming and developing during the periods running up to and following the First World War, while the experience and fear of the consequences of Russian philosophy based on mysticism, intuitivism and idealism, proved to be the tipping point. Besides that, the change in his stance towards Kant’s philosophy, which consisted of highlighting the positive aspect of his rationalism, was yet another significant turnabout. From his post-war realist position, Rádl proceeded to criticise the alienation, apoliticism and amorality of the philosophy of individualism and the interest of its representatives in the philosophical approaches of irrationalism: mysticism, intuitivism and spiritualism.

16

Schmitt v. (?) Kelsen: The Total State of Exception Posited for the Total Regulation of Life

61%

Berkmanas T.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2010

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vol. 3

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issue 2

98-118

EN

Firstly, the article focuses on the ideologies of Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt, which are, as a matter of stereotype, considered as being in opposition to each other. By revealing the logics of Kelsenian normativism and the conception of law presupposed therein, the paper aims at re-constructing the opposition into a generative affinity of two ideologies and showing that these two great ideological adversaries of the first half of the twentieth century could be considered co-authors of the same ideological construct. The construct could be called the total state of exception, with the inherent political holism and legal nihilism.The second main aim of the article is to widen the scope of this insight by relating it to the applied ideas that frame our modern political world. The ideas are those of democracy and human rights, the former appearing as the form of the total state, the latter as the one possible de-former of the total state. However, the foundation - i.e. natural law - of the de-former appears to be inconceivable and, therefore, lost to the modern mind. In the end, the article attempts to show that Schmitt might have reflected on this much more fundamental aspect of legal nihilism. This reflection provides for the possibility of dissonances in his basically anthropocentric decisionism and the centralization of the problem of natural law.

17

Zmagania metodologa z empirią. Pozytywistyczna socjologia Jakuba Karpińskiego

61%

Motrenko J. B.

Stan Rzeczy

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2015

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issue 2(9)

212-244

PL

Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) był znakomitym polskim metodologiem socjologii, prowadzącym badania z zakresu epistemologii nauk społecznych w ramach paradygmatu lwowsko-warszawskiej szkoły filozofii. Jednocześnie stał się jednym z pierwszych i najważniejszych historyków i socjologów systemu komunistycznego w Polsce. Jego socjologiczne opus magnum w badaniach nad komunizmem stanowi książka Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie projektu socjologii zrekonstruowanego na podstawie tego dzieła w wymiarze retoryki, epistemologii i ontologii. Ukazane zostają racje społeczne i kognitywne, które sprawiły, że program Karpińskiego nigdy nie stał się postępowy w sensie Imrego Lakatosa. Autor stawia pytanie o paradoks: dlaczego świetny metodolog nie stał się równie wybitnym empirykiem?

EN

Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) was an outstanding Polish methodologist, conducting research in the field of epistemology of the social sciences within the paradigm of the Lvov-Warsaw school of philosophy. At the same time he became one of the first historians and sociologists of the communist system in Poland. His book Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce (The Communist Regime in Poland) was his sociological opus magnum. The aim of this paper is to explore his sociology project which has been divided into three aspects: rhetoric, epistemology and ontology. It examines the social and cognitive reasons for the fact that Karpiński’s research programme never became progressive in accordance with Imre Lakatos’s seminal concept. The author raises the question: why didn’t brilliant methodologist become an equally bright empirical researcher?

18

The methodology of the Austrian school of economics: The present state of knowledge

61%

Wiśniewski J. B.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2014

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vol. 20

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issue 1

39 - 54

EN

This paper is an attempt to systematize the methodological insights and contributions of the Austrian School of Economics and present them in their most up-to-date elaboration, thereby building on the earlier literature on the subject. It aims to improve on the publications listed above in two aspects. First, it takes into account the most recent conceptual developments that address some of the common misunderstandings of the Austrian methodological position, as well as some of its more insightful contemporary criticisms. Second, it organizes the presentation of the relevant material around several clearly specifi ed methodological dimensions, while, in contrast to most of the abovementioned literature, keeping the description of the historical background behind the development of the Austrian method to an absolute minimum, as well as leaving out the non-methodological differences between the ASE and its intellectual rivals, thus aiming to make the presentation in question maximally focused and thematically unified.

19

Література польського позитивізму та натуралізму в ідейно-естетичній рецепції Івана Франка

61%

Holod R.

Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia

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2018

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vol. 6

349-357

PL

The article is dedicated to Franko’s scientifi c reception of Polish positivism and naturalism literature as well as historical and theoretic interpretation of Polish writers achievements of the above mentioned stream in the context of the international, Polish and Ukrainian literature processes. The value of popularization activities of Ivan Franko concerning the achievements of French naturalism in Polish literature is determined as well as the value of enriching Ukrainian literature with the achievements of Polish naturalists. The peculiarities of national variants of naturalism are as well observed in comparison with an international invariant.

20

Going Beyond Positivist Logic of Market: Joseph Ratzinger on Fraternity in Economy

61%

Joseph G.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2024

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issue 1

37-49

EN

In today’s world, on the one hand, the traditional networks of civic solidarity face an increasing number of challenges to overcome in the context of the politically uncontrolled economic modernization. On the other hand, the mere fact that we have become neighbours by virtue of globalization does not make us automatically brothers. At stake is the question of solidarity; civic cooperation in the today specific situation. In order to get a glimpse of the problem, this article attempts to examine some outlines of the current situation of global market economy as it is understood by Joseph Ratzinger. It is an important sign of our times that demands pre-political morality from societies across the world so as to bring about an authentic cooperation.

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