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Ivan Sviták a pražské jaro 1968

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EN
The author considers the political thinking of the Czech Marxist philosopher Ivan Sviták (1925–1994), and his reflexion on the events of the Prague Spring of 1968. Sviták criticises the communist reform policy of the time (democratisation) as an immanently contradictory process – an attempt, doomed from the start, to reconcile the inreconcilable. In the course of his reflection, Sviták understands revisionism as a modification of Stalinist ideology which, in its critique, does not grasp the fundamentals of communist government (“bureaucratic dictatorship”). Sviták’s critical view of communist reformism is conducted from a socially revolutionary standpoint. Philosophical reflections on the avant-garde and on philosophical anthropology illuminate his conception of socialist revolution as the path to the establishment of socialist democracy.
DE
Der Autor der vorliegenden Studie befasst sich mit dem politischen Denken des tschechischen marxistischen Philosphen Ivan Sviták (1925–1994) und mit dessen Reflexion der Ereignisse des Prager Frühlings 1968. Sviták kritisiert die damalige kommunistische Reformpolitik (Demokratisierung) als immanent widersprüchlichen Prozess, als einen im Voraus zum Scheitern verurteilten Versuch, Unvereinbares miteinander zu vereinen. Sviták begreift dabei den Revisionismus als Modifikation der stalinistischen Ideologie, die mit ihrer Kritik das Wesen der kommunistischen Herrschaft („bürokratische Diktatur“) nicht erfasst. Svitáks Kritik des kommunistischen Reformismus geht von einem sozialrevolutionären Standpunkt aus. Die Gedanken dieses Philosophen zur Avantgarde und zur philosophischen Anthropologie werfen Licht auf seine Auffassung der sozialistischen Revolution als Weg zur Errichtung einer sozialistischen Demokratie.
EN
The paper traces the genesis and development of post-Stalinist Marxist eschatology, particularly in relation to its tendency to capture and describe aspects of extra-sensory, metaphysical and parapsychological experience. With its subject defined this way, the paper seeks to chart a continuity between the reformist period of “post-Stalinist” philosophy and the period of Czechoslovak normalization. It aims to highlight some lesser-known aspects of 20th-century Marxist utopianism within the broader context of the intellectual history of Marxism.
EN
This paper is devoted to the fate of poet and member of the Slovak Communist Party, Ladislav Novomeský, in the middle of the nineteen fifties, while he was serving ten years in prison, to which he had been sentenced during a fabricated process with so-called Slovak bourgeoisie nationalists in April 1954. It describes the conditions under which the poet served his sentence and the circumstances of his conditional release in December 1955. In relation to the first wave of so-called de-Stalinisation in 1956 it describes the unsuccessful efforts of Slovak and Czech Communist intellectuals to rehabilitate Novomeský from the political, civil and literary aspect. It focuses on the impact of imprisonment on the poet’s mental state, his worldview orientation and self-reflexion in life. From various viewpoints it endeavours to describe Novomeský’s ideological profile and its development from the nineteen twenties. and in relation to this it chiefly concentrates on answering the question of why Novomeský, after his personal tragic experience and acquiring further knowledge about the broader context of the political processes in the nineteen fifties, did not deny the Marxist-Lenin ideology and retained his conviction of the developmental potential of the socialist project.
EN
Through an analysis of Zdeněk Doskočil’s monograph on a key period in Ladislav Novomeský’s life and work, this essay attempts to examine the possibilities and limits of biography as a historiographical genre. The author relies on attempts to reformulate biography as a distinct but traditionally convention-bound genre of “writing about the past” so as to bring it closer to what is known as contextual biography (Hans Renders, Binne de Haan). The text places Doskočil’s book among a number of other monographs published in recent years on luminaries of the Czech and Slovak Marxist intellectual elite (e.g. Zdeněk Nejedlý and Gustáv Husák). It focuses on the dilemmas faced by the author, who attempts to follow a different emplotment than the traditional, chronological and rather holistic one.
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