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EN
This paper aims at a synthetic presentation of four representative research practices in the first stage of postcolonial studies concerned with Polish literature of the Romantic period. This is currently one of the key tools utilised in the studies of Polish Romanticism, which proved to offer a considerable scope for revisions, especially with regard to the myth of the Borderlands and Messianism, thus enabling major Romantic ideologies and myths to be redefined in terms of identity. An analysis of research discourses reveals the shortcomings and benefits of the postcolonial method when employed in the studies of Polish Romanticism. On the one hand, an all too rigid application of the tools has led to certain interpretive simplifications of Romantic texts, while on the other the authors of the discussed works were able to conceptualize the identities of Polish Romantic literature anew.
EN
Border theory, an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of cultures located (especially) on the U.S.-Mexican border, was to a great extent initiated by the publication of Gloria Anzaldúa’s multigenre masterpiece Borderlands/La Frontera – The New Mestiza (1987), which in terms of postcolonial studies resists the canon of American literature and puts forth an indigenous, geographically and culturally situated theoretical concept of Mestiza consciousness which aims to defy Western dualistic thinking. The article, rooted in postcolonial perspectives and literary studies, looks at historical concepts of the American border, investigates the metaphorization of the US-Mexican borderlands in Anzaldúa’s work and explains her notion of Mestiza consciousness.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy powieści La riva della vita minore włoskiego pisarza syryjskiego pochodzenia, Alessandra Spiny. Powieść przedstawia realia polityczne i społeczne Libii w latach 50. i 60. XX wieku oraz kryzys europejskiej ideologii kolonialnej, której uosobieniem jest postać Pierre’a Dexais’go. Zarazem w książce pojawia się Gérard Conti, młody Francuz, który odrzuca europocentryzm w celu stania się częścią społeczeństwa libijskiego. Podczas gdy Dexais postrzega koniec imperiów kolonialnych jako upadek cywilizacji europejskiej, celem Contiego jest stworzenie dla siebie nowej, hybrydycznej tożsamości. Tekst porusza kwestię kryzysu idei kolonializmu, a także problematyzację tożsamości europejskiej wobec owego kryzysu. Wreszcie podane są przykłady dwóch innych powieści, Asmara addio Erminii Dell’Oro i Ghibli Luciany Capretti, również opisujących zmierzch włoskich kolonii.
EN
This paper deals with the representation of Africa in selected British opinion-forming periodicals. The study is dedicated to a comparison of the images of the continent and its inhabitants prevailing in the 19th century, exemplified by „The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London”, with contemporary images represented by the British media, such as the BBC’s „Focus on Africa Magazine”. The emphasis lies on an analysis of the stereotypes occurring in the discussed periodicals and a subsequent defining of the similarities as well as differences in the stereotyping of Africa in both pre-colonial and post-colonial periods. Further, their effect on public opinion is emphasised.
Ethnologia Actualis
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 1
19-36
EN
The author explores how the images from the colonial past affected what we understand today under the notion of Sudan. He concentrates on the category of the Nile, Sudanese-Egyptian analogies, the history making processes and colonial rule. Moreover points out that the the British used and reproduced a Muslim concept of cultural geography of Africa, and in particular, the notion of Bilad as-Sudan (”Land of the Blacks”), constituting the essence of division into white and black Africa. In this tradition Sudan placed itself at the meeting point between those two worlds and was presented as the civilisation borderland of the Muslim culture. This image was taken over by the Europeans and the British in particular. For them Sudan was an arena of conflict of civilisation with barbarity, good with evil, Europe with primitive culture.
EN
Postcolonial studies implies negation of western canon, hegemony of the white man and his Europe. Several plays and one novel written by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy) are full of exotic colonial literary motives. Postcolonial studies seems to fulfill his catastrophism as the end of western cultural heritage.
EN
The study of the Holocaust literature in Poland goes a long way back but as a separate discipline it has existed for a very short time. This is mostly due to the fact that until recently it had been part of other fields of study, including, mostly, war literature. A specific feature of this process is that the transformation from literary studies dealing with the Holocaust as one of the themes of proper Holocaust (literary) studies in Poland has been developing under strong influence of foreign – mainly American – Holocaust studies as an already evolved discipline. Therefore, Polish Holocaust studies have practically assumed the shape it has already had, but under a different name. In the paper I call this process academic (auto)colonialism and make an attempt to indicate its core features.
PL
Polskie badania nad literaturą Zagłady toczą się od dawna, dyscypliną stały się jednak niedawno. Nie jest to jedynie wynikiem późnego wykształcenia się instytucjonalnych ram tego nurtu badań, ale przede wszystkim jego zanurzenia w innych nurtach, np. w badaniach nad „literaturą wojny i okupacji”. Przekształcanie się polskiego literaturoznawstwa zajmującego się m.in. Holocaustemw literaturoznawstwo holocaustowe, tj. Holcaust studies, zachodziło przy tym w otoczeniuuformowanej już gdzie indziej – w tym przede wszystkim w USA – dyscypliny. Paradokswspółczesnego etapu formowania się tego obszaru badań w Polsce polega więc na tym, żeprzyjmuje ono z zewnątrz wzorce, które istnieją w nim już od dawna. Proces ten w niniejszymtekście nazywam akademickim (auto)kolonializmem i wskazuję jego najważniejsze cechy.
PL
The article deals with the specific location of the Kingdom of Poland/the Vistu-la Land in the structure of the Russian Empire. The conceptual basis for the consideration is postcolonial studies. In the post-colonial perspective, the aforementioned specificity is largely due to the fact that the attempt to unify the Polish province with the rest of the empire, which took place after sup-pressing the anti-Russian national uprising of Poles in 1863-1864, followed the accelerated modernization of the empire. Modernization, which encountered the strength of the Polish resistance and which had to face the phenomenon of Polish civilizational and cultural diversity, contributed greatly to the develop-ment of Russian nationalism. The most popular ideas about Russian colonia-lism focus on the issues related to Russian nationalism and the identity discourse shaping it. The author of the article encourages a broader view and suggests taking into account both the civilizational perspective (the empire as being subject to the influence of the modernization processes) and a more cultural one (the empire as a creation subjected to the influence of the peri-pheral Other). Eventually, the Polish-Russian confrontation will be the result of various processes and phenomena, and not only the consequence of a stere-otypically depicted Russian possessiveness.
EN
Kobiety w pisarwstwie Ashapurny Devi – wyłanianie się nowych tożsamości w kolonialnym i postkolonialnym Bengalu. Ashapurna Devi, a prominent Bengali woman novelist (1909–1995) focused on women’s creativity and enlightenment during the colonial and postcolonial period in Bengal, India. She herself displayed immense will power, tenacity and an indomitable spirit which enabled her to eke out a prominent place for herself in the world of creative writing. Her life spanned both colonial India and independent India and these diverse experiences shaped her mind and persona and helped her to portray the emerging face of the enlightened Bengali middle-class woman. Her writings trace the evolution of the Bengali woman as an enlightened and empowered individual struggling against the shackles of discriminatory norms imposed upon her by society. She traces the extremely conservative upbringing that the female members of her generation were subjected to and goes on to show how different individuals responded to these structures in different ways. Some would comply unquestioningly, some would comply simply because they did not dare to protest, while others would break free and find their own niche in the outside world. These issues are addressed by Ashapurna Devi in many short stories as well, but a critical analysis of her trilogy Pratham Pratisruti (1964), Subarnalata (1967) and Bokulkatha (1974) enables us to experience this struggle against a gradually unfolding backdrop where India moves on from being a British colony to an independent country. The trilogy traces the life of three generations of a family — Satyabati, Subarna and finally Bokul and establishes Ashapurna Devi as a path-breaking champion of women’s emancipation in an era when such endeavours were few and far between.
PL
The article proposes a look at contemporary neopoganism as a phenomenon that can be described in the context of postcolonial studies. However, analyzing neopaganism through the prism of the classic postcolonial terms seems to be insufficient to the author. Therefore, he proposes to supplement it with the concept of nostalgia. He also disagrees with the view that neopaganism is the part of the postmodern trend of contemporary culture.
PL
This article deals with the images of Slavic cultural space in north-western Europe presented in Stanislaw Pestka’s works written in the Kashubian language. His poetic descriptions, reflect the profound relations between Kashubian tradition and north-western Slavic culture. They mainly present the struggle for cultural identity, similar in both cultures. In contemporary Europe, both Kashubs and Polabs are minorities facing the threat of extinction, subjected to numerous factors of acculturation and assimilation. The only chance for the salvation of the Kashubs is to counteract the cultural processes which resulted in the cultural dependence of the Slavic inhabitants of Lusatia, Mecklenburg and Pomerania on militarily and economically stronger neighbours.
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EN
The article discusses the book entitled Romantyzm i nowoczesność (Kraków 2009), edited by Michał Kuziak in which the authors examine a possibility of an application of modern methodological propositions for an analysis of Romanticism in literature. The reviewer presents and briefly discusses each of the articles contained in the book, focusing particularly on the extent to which individual articles correspond to the main assumptions of the volume. Thus, the reviewer provides the reader with an analysis of the concepts of modernity and Romanticism presented by the authors, but also points out convergence points, interceptions and dependencies occurring between them. The volume, presenting novel interpretations and approaches to individual literary works, methodological reflections and studies on selected problems in aesthetics and Romantic ideology, has been critically acclaimed. The reviewer recommends the book as an interesting piece of writing not only for researchers in the history of the literature of the nineteenth century, but also for those studying culture and for theoreticians of narrative discourse.
EN
The article offers a reflection on the utility of postcolonial studies and transnational feminism for the analysis of women’s post-socialist experiences, with a special emphasis on Croatian academic and social space. After general considerations about the epistemological profile and etico-political agenda of transnational feminism – as illustrated by the results of the feminist seminar in Dubrovnik (2007–2015) – the author presents three theoretically most challenging feminist authors: Madina Tlostanova, Biljana Kašić and Marina Gržinić. Each of them in its own way demonstrates that theoretical voices from the “global South” are the most productive tool to oppose academic “global feminism” and to inspire “women’s struggles for sociopolitical justice, especially in colonial and neocolonial contexts” (Swarr, Nagar 2010: 4). The radical call for the decolonization of gender, human being and knowledge (Tlostanova 2013), the appreciation of woman’s public voices and counter-discourses (Kašić), and the critique of racialization in the production of knowledge (Gržinić 2015) are intertwined and linked to the final thesis about the importance of distinguishing the biopolitical form of women’s memory vs. the necropolitical formation of institutionalized history in post-socialist context.
XX
Review of J. Sowa's book "Fantomowe ciało króla. Peryferyjne zmagania z nowoczesną formą"
EN
The author analyses the logic underlying the ICOM museum definition process and the sense of continuity among the different definitions, since its creation in 1946. The new definition proposed in Kyoto in 2019 (during the ICOM General Conference, 1–7 September) created a risk of breaking within this continuity and the museum community. The definition process is here put in parallel with the notion of mission statement, associated with strategic management, and the value system linked to a resolutely activist vision of the museum, integrating such topics as gender, postcolonialism, sustainable development or human rights.
EN
Zaludnianie nieoswojonej ziemi nową generacją: Jhumpy Lahiri niezwykła podróż w głąb ludziej natury. Using a theoretical framework derived from my ongoing engagement with what I have called a ‘Gynocentric matrix’ of Indic sensibility, along with James Hillman’s polytheistic psychology and Wallace Stevens’ notion of a Supreme Fiction, this paper offers a reading of Jhumpa Lahiri’s (b. 1967) short stories beyond postcolonial criticism. Stemming from a depth consciousness where life, living and death, joy, indifference and sorrow, generation, de/re-generation, and transformation are intricately intertwined, Lahiri’s fictional multiverse, opposed to universe, is peopled by a new generation of characters who speak to the soul of the reader, while in the process, she sculpts a reality that does not tolerate any homogenizing impulse in the name of an abstract unity.
Werkwinkel
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 1
41-71
EN
This article examines the (im)possibility of Eurasian identity in Dutch postcolonial novels by second-generation authors such as Marion Bloem and Adriaan van Dis. As a result of Indonesia’s decolonisation 300.000 Dutch nationals came from the former Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands. Among them was a large group of Eurasians, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent. Many of whom had never set foot on the so-called motherland. Although Eurasians had belonged to the European community in the tropics, they were perceived as immigrants by the Dutch government and were subjected to an aggressive, far-reaching assimilation policy - fearing they would otherwise become a major social problem. Their offspring, the so-called second generation, is often assumed to struggle with their identity while growing up in a postcolonial society that did not tolerate cultural differences at the time. What constitutes a Eurasian identity, and can such identities exist after the enforced assimilation of Eurasians in the Netherlands? How do second-generation authors look upon their Eurasian background and how do they portray these assumed identity struggles in postcolonial literature? The texts in question are discussed in relation to theories of hybridity. It is argued that the widespread notion that Eurasians either fall between two stools or grow into examples of hybrid identity are not foregone conclusions.
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