Search results

1

Priming aktivující sociální stereotypy a výkon v mentálním testu

100%

Franěk M.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

|

2009

|

vol. 3

|

issue 2

1-9

EN

Priming describes a mechanism by which a processing of a certain information or stimulus influences a consequent behavior. The present study examined priming, which activates social stereotypes. It was found that priming, which activated a stereotype of a professor, could lead to improvement in a knowledge task (Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, 1998). We conducted an experiment in a real situation. Undergraduate students (N=131) were asked to complete a mid-term test. Prior to knowledge testing they were primed with stereotypes of a university teacher or a charwoman. The results revealed that students, who were primed with the stereotype of the university teacher performed slightly better than students, who were primed with the stereotype of charwoman. However, significant differences were found only among males majoring in technical and economical subjects. The results are discussed in terms of an effect of stereotype activation on an intellectual performance.

CS

Psychologický termín priming popisuje mechanismus, při kterém má zpracování určité informace vliv na následující činnost. Studie se zabývá primingem aktivujícím určité sociální stereotypy. Bylo pozorováno, že priming, který vyvolává aktivaci stereotypu vzdělaného člověka, může vést ke zlepšení výkonu ve vědomostním testu (Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, 1998). Uskutečnili jsme experiment v reálných podmínkách. Studenti (N=131) psali pololetní test. Těsně před psaním testu proběhl priming na stereotyp univerzitního učitele nebo uklízečky. Výsledky ukázaly, že osoby, které byly před testem vystaveny primingu na stereotyp univerzitního učitele, měly nepatrně lepší výkon než osoby, které byly vystaveny primingu na stereotyp uklízečky. Signifikantní rozdíly mezi oběma podmínkami byly zjištěny pouze mezi muži studujícími technické a ekonomické studijní obory. Výsledky jsou vysvětleny tak, že aktivace určitého stereotypu je spojena s aktivací odpovídajících vlastností, v tomto případě inteligence a vědomostí, což vede ke zlepšení výsledků v testu vyžadujícím vybavování naučených poznatků.

2

Benefits of L1-L3 Similarities. The Case of the Dative Case

71%

Szcześniak K.

Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition

|

2017

|

vol. 3

|

issue 2

EN

The present study looks at the effects of structural similarities between L1 and L3 on learner performance. The main focus is on the knowledge of the dative construction in Polish learners of Portuguese. Portuguese and Polish share a number of important similarities in their use of the dative, which include functions not found in English, the learners’ L2. The main question investigated in this study is whether learners are aware of the non-banal similarities (given that they do not occur in English) and whether they can make use of that knowledge. It is found that learners do benefit from positive transfer, but that depends of the kind of function and frequency of the dative.

3

Wywieranie wpływu na opinię publiczną – czyli kilka słów o efektach działania mediów

63%

Bartoszewicz M.

Dyskurs & Dialog

|

2020

|

vol. II

|

issue 1 (3)

73-85

EN

Over the last 20 years we’ve experienced the internet revolution and dynamic growth of different kinds of media, notably social media. In that contemporary context the author poses a following question: what are the current basic mechanisms of media impact on public opinion? The paper focuses on three key models and theories of media effects: agenda setting, framing and priming. The analyses are situated in the context of political science and social communication.

PL

Od blisko dwudziestu lat mamy do czynienia z rewolucją internetową i dynamicznym rozwojem różnych rodzajów mediów – zarówno klasycznych, jak i serwisów społecznościowych. W takim kontekście autor postawił następujące pytanie analityczne: jakie są współcześnie podstawowe mechanizmy wpływu mediów na społeczeństwo i opinię publiczną? Opracowanie zawiera przeglądową charakterystykę trzech podstawowych modelów wpływu mediów: agenda setting, framing oraz priming. Rozważania ujęto przede wszystkim w kategoriach medioznawczo-politologicznych.

4

Exogenous and endogenous response priming with auditory stimuli

62%

Keller P., Koch I.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2006

|

vol. 2

|

issue 4

269-276

EN

Exogenous and endogenous response priming were investigated by comparing performance on stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) and response-effect compatibility (REC) tasks using a respeated measures design. In the SRC task, participants made finger taps at high or low locations in response to centrally presented visual stimuli paired with high- or low-pitched tones. In the REC task, the tones were triggered by responses instead of being presented with the visual stimuli, and hence effects of REC on response times reflect the anticipation of forthcoming tones. Results indicated that response times were shorter with compatible mappings between tones and responses than with incompatible mappings in both tasks. Although these SRC and REC effects did not differ reliably in magnitude, they were uncorrelated across participants. Thus, although exogenous and endogenous response priming may be functionally equivalent at the level of the group, it is unclear whether this is the case at the level of the individual.

5

Neuvedomovaná aktivácia cieľov v širšej perspektíve sociálneho primingu

62%

Kačmár P., Lovaš L.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

|

2018

|

vol. 62

|

issue 1

75-91

EN

Our daily life is directed by goals. Furthermore, emerging ample body of evidence indicates that goals can be activated non-consciously (Förster, Liberman, & Friedman, 2007) and influence our behavior (Weingarten et al., 2016). However, not necessarily in all circumstances. Therefore, the main aim of the present review is to critically examine the present state of the art of the goal activation from the broader perspective of the social priming literature and current non-replication crisis. The authors argue that such perspective is for the narrower field of goal activation research potentially fruitful. Thus, besides discussing chosen shortcomings, the attention is mainly focused on the depiction of the issue that can help move goal activation research into the new phase – summarization, systematization and potential integration of the complexness of the process of the activation of mental representations and their automatic usage in goal-directed social behavior. In particular, „selfishness“ of goals (Huang & Bargh, 2014), their role as mediators between stimulus and behavior (Weingarten et al., 2016); further role of important moderators (Weingarten et al., 2016); broader self-concept (Wheeler et al., 2007); dynamically simulated responses (Smith & Mackie, 2016); motivational relevance (Eitam & Higgins, 2010); computation of available social resources (Cesario & Jonas, 2014), as well as the a role of misattribution and the focus of attention in the broader situational inferences (Loersch & Payne, 2011) are discussed and summarized, analyzing their contribution to the issue. Furthermore, potential deeper level integration introduced by Schröder and Thagard (2013) is proposed and critically examined in the present goal related context. Moreover, three other potentially fruitful research perspectives are depicted.

SK

Náš každodenný život je riadený cieľmi. Empirická evidencia navyše naznačuje, že ciele môžu byť aktivované nevedome (Förster, Liberman, Friedman, 2007), ovplyvniac tak naše správanie (Weingarten et al., 2016). Nemusí k tomu ale dôjsť za každých okolností. Hlavným cieľom tejto prehľadovej štúdie je preto kriticky preskúmať súčasný stav poznania problematiky aktivácie cieľov zo širšej perspektívy výskumu sociálneho primingu a jeho aktuálnej krízy, spočívajúcej v nereplikovaní výsledkov klasických štúdii. Autori sú presvedčení, že pre užšiu sféru aktivácie cieľov môže byť takýto prístup prínosný. Okrem prediskutovania vybraných nedostatkov sa text zameria predovšetkým na to, čo môže posunúť výskum aktivácie cieľov do novej etapy. Ide o načrtnutie, systematizáciu a potenciálnu integráciu komplexnosti aktivácie mentálnych reprezentácii, ako aj ich následného automatického využitia v na cieľ orientovanom správaní sociálneho charakteru. Konkrétne, „sebeckosť“ cieľov (Huang, Bargh, 2014), ich úloha ako mediátorov medzi podnetom a správaním (Weingarten et al., 2016), širšia rola dôležitých moderátorov (Weingarten et al., 2016); selfkonceptu jedinca (Wheeler et al., 2007); dynamickosti stimulácie odpovedí (Smith, Mackie, 2016); aktuálnej motivačnej relevancie objektu (Eitam, Higgins, 2010); výpočtu dostupných sociálnych zdrojov (Cesario, Jonas, 2014); ako aj úloha chybného atribuovania zdroja informácie a ohniska pozornosti v rámci širšieho usudzovania v danej situácií (Loersch, Payne, 2011) sú prediskutované a sumarizované, analyzujúc ich prínos k téme. Okrem toho je taktiež načrtnutý a v kontexte aktivácie cieľov kriticky ohodnotený prístup Schrödera a Thagarda (2013), potenciálne integrujúci rozmanité modely na hlbšej úrovni analýzy. Záverom sú načrtnuté aj tri iné potenciálne prínosné výskumné perspektívy.

6

Cognitive Empathy in the Works of Sam Harris: The Olympian Gods, Mormones and Moral Values

62%

Bubnov E.

Dialogue and Universalism

|

2019

|

issue 2

109-122

EN

The article attempts to analyze unconscious cognitive empathy in Sam Harris’ dis- course. Harris equates the theology of Abrahamic religions with ancient mythology. However, the expulsion of the Numinous into the sphere of the transcendent, made possible by monotheism, gave impetus to the study of nature and led to what Max We- ber called the Disenchantment. This Disenchantment, firstly, led to the discrediting of ancient myths, and secondly, to the scientism of Harris and his like-minded people.

7

Psychological consequences of money and money attitudes in dictator game

62%

Gąsiorowska A., Hełka A. M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

|

2012

|

vol. 43

|

issue 1

20-26

EN

According to the research conducted by Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006, 2008), reminders of money cause people to behave self-sufficiently, and especially to reveal a reduced tendency to charitable behaviour. In this study, we wanted to establish if this tendency would be present in the dictator game, and if so, whether money activation would just change behaviour, or whether it would also change people’s evaluation of their own decisions. We assumed that people who revealed symbolic and instrumental money attitudes would react differently to money activation. As expected, money priming caused smaller money transfers compared to the control condition, and this effect was significant among those with symbolic attitudes toward money. Moreover, participants who transferred at least half of the sum after money activation declared stronger negative emotions and lower satisfaction with the decision than those who made similar transfers in the control condition.

8

Visual similarity in masking and priming: The critical role of task relevance

62%

Enns J., Oriet C.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2007

|

vol. 3

|

issue 1-2

211-226

EN

Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions: (1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in the images or only by task-relevant features? Participants in Experiment 1 classified human faces using a single dimension even though the faces varied in three dimensions (emotion, race, sex). Abstract geometric shapes and colors were tested in the same way in Experiment 2. Results showed that similarityreducedthe visibility of the target in the masking task andincreasedresponse speed in the priming task, pointing to a double-dissociation between the two tasks. Results also showed that only task-relevant (not objective) similarity influenced masking and priming, implying that both tasks are influenced from the beginning by intentions of the participant. These findings are interpreted within the framework of a reentrant theory of visual perception. They imply that intentions can influence object formation prior to the separation of vision for perception and vision for action.

9

Measuring unconscious cognition: Beyond the zero-awareness criterion

54%

Schmidt T.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2007

|

vol. 3

|

issue 1-2

275-287

EN

Visual masking can be employed to manipulate observers' awareness of critical stimuli in studies of masked priming. This paper discusses two different lines of attack for establishing unconscious cognition in such experiments. Firstly,simple dissociationsbetweendirect measures (D)of visual awareness andindirect measures (I)of processing per se occur when I has some nonzero value whileDis at chance level; the traditional requirement of zero awareness is necessary for this criterion only. In contrast,double dissociationsoccur when some experimental manipulation has opposite effects on I andD, for instance, increasing priming effects despite decreasing prime identification performance (Schmidt & Vorberg, 2006). Double dissociations require much weaker measurement assumptions than other criteria. An attractive alternative to this dissociation approach would be to use tasks that are known to violatenecessary conditionsof visual awareness altogether. In particular, it is argued here that priming effects in speeded pointing movements (Schmidt, Niehaus, & Nagel, 2006) occur in the absence of the recurrent processing that is often assumed to be a necessary condition for awareness (for instance, DiLollo, Enns, & Rensink, 2000; Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward tasks such as this might thus be used to measure the time-course of unconscious processing directly, before intracortical feedback and awareness come into play.

10

Top-down modulation of unconscious 'automatic' processes: A gating framework

54%

Kiefer M.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2007

|

vol. 3

|

issue 1-2

289-306

EN

In classical theories of automaticity, automatic processes are usually thought to occur autonomously and independently of higher level top-down factors (e.g., Posner & Snyder, 1975). However, already Neumann (1984) pointed out that the cognitive system has to be configured in a certain way for automatic processes to occur. In extension of his work, I propose a gating framework to account for the influence of top-down factors such as attention, intention and task set on automatic processes such as masked response or semantic priming. It is assumed that task representations held in prefrontal cortex regulate the gain of neurons in visual and sematic association cortex thereby modulating the effects of unconsciously perceived masked stimuli on further 'automatic' information processing steps. In support of the postulated gating framework, recent studies demonstrated a top-down modulation of automatic processes. Behavioral and electro-physiological studies with the masked response priming and semantic priming paradigms show that masked priming effects crucially depend (i) on temporal attention to the masked prime, (ii) on intentions or action plans and (iii) on the task set active immediately before masked prime presentation. For instance, masked semantic priming was only observed when the preceding task set required the orientation to semantic word features, but not when it required orientation to perceptual word features. These results support the view that unconscious automatic processes are modulated by top-down factors. They are suggestive of a gating mechanism which orchestrates the conscious and unconscious information processing streams.

11

The importance of “contextual intelligence” in political leadership audience perception

54%

Zamora R., Losada J. C.

Central European Journal of Communication

|

2014

|

vol. 7

|

issue 1(12)

34-50

EN

Th is article empirically measures the role of “contextual intelligence” (Nye, 2008) to evaluate eff ective political leadership based on intuitive factors dealing with political situations over time. Th is study includes a case study that analyzes the importance of the use of contextual intelligence related to the leadership of the president of the Murcia region (Spain), Ramón Luis Valcárcel, one of the most popular presidents who served as a Spanish regional leader for the longest amount of time. Data were gathered from three representative surveys conducted in three consecutive regional election campaigns (2003, 2007, 2011) to measure the extent to which Valcarcel’s leadership public perceptions were associated with his strategic link to specifi c issues and attributes. Results showed correlations between his public image and perceptions about public prioritized issues each time and attributes connected with citizen expectations demonstrating the eff ectiveness of the contextual factors for constructing political leadership along time.

12

Processing and Representation of Different Types of Czech Affixes

45%

Julínková R., Bordag D.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

|

2015

|

vol. 6

|

issue 2

52-75

EN

The study investigates the processing of morphologically complex words in Czech. In Experiment 1 we employed morphological repetition priming to test the Split Morphology Hypothesis, i.e. whether derived and inflected word forms are stored in the same or different manner in the Czech mental lexicon. The results demonstrate significantly larger priming effects for inflected forms compared to derived forms indicating distinct processing of inflection and derivation in Czech; while inflected forms are fully decomposed during language comprehension, derived forms are either not, or only partially. In Experiment 2 we addressed two research questions. First, we tested the psycholinguistic reality of the linguistic distinction between two types of inflective verbal prefixes: (a) “purely” inflective aspectual prefixes (i.e. the prefix turns an imperfective verb into a perfective one as in hřešit (imp.; ‘to sin’) — zhřešit (perf.)) and (b) derivational verbal prefixes (e.g. krátit (imp.; ‘to shorten’) — zkrátit (perf.)). The results did not indicate any evidence that this distinction would be psycholinguistically grounded. Second, we examined the role of semantic transparency of the derivational prefixes in the processing. The experiment delivered evidence of slower processing of opaque derived verbs, most likely caused by double search/reanalysis.

13

Impulsywne oszczędności osób młodych – wyniki badania eksperymentalnego

45%

Kicia M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

|

2016

|

vol. 50

|

issue 3

EN

The article presents analysis of priming effect on distribution of income among impulsive consumption, short-term savings and long-term pension savings declared by young adults. Students of economics and management (N=212; 152 women; mean age=21.33 M [0.931]) were asked to split hypothetical income of PLN 1.000 among the four objectives, retirement savings among them. An excerpt from newspaper article noting that pensions in Poland in 2060 were expected to be very low, had been presented to experimental group (N=96) prior to decision task. Differences in distribution of amounts between experimental and control group were analysed. Current expenses for participants’ pleasure as well as their close ones were cut in the experimental group and average amount declared as pension savings increased from PLN 80.69 (control group) to PLN 211.10. However, savings to current bank account remained unchanged. Age, gender, employment experience and the way participants received income (either earned or won/found) did not moderate distributions. Logistic regression analysis revealed that 2.4-fold increase of likelihood of saving amount declarations above the average (PLN 139.75) was caused by appearance of persuasive information only. Circumstances of decision-making suggested that in the analysed case, priming effect led to impulsive rather than rational saving.

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza eksperymentalna wpływu efektu torowania w wyniku ekspozycji informacji o potrzebie gromadzenia oszczędności emerytalnych na decyzje osób młodych o podziale hipotetycznej dodatkowej kwoty pieniędzy pomiędzy konsumpcję spontaniczną, oszczędności krótkoterminowe i oszczędności długoterminowe. Grupa studentów kierunków ekonomicznych (N=212; 152 kobiety; średni wiek M=21,33 [0,931]) została poproszona o deklarację podziału hipotetycznej kwoty 1000 zł pomiędzy cztery cele, wśród nich także gromadzenie oszczędności emerytalnych. Grupie eksperymentalnej (N=96) przedstawiono przed podjęciem decyzji fragment tekstu opisującego niskie prognozowane emerytury w 2060 r. Analizie poddano sposób podziału deklarowanej kwoty w grupie eksperymentalnej i kontrolnej przy braku różnic kontrolowanych cech pomiędzy grupami. W grupie eksperymentalnej zmniejszyły się deklaracje kwot przeznaczanych na bieżące wydatki dla siebie i osoby bliskiej, zaś wzrosła kwota deklarowana na oszczędności emerytalne do 211,10 zł (w grupie kontrolnej 80,69 zł). Kwoty oszczędzane na rachunku bieżącym nie różniły się natomiast między grupami. Nie stwierdzono też różnic pomiędzy osobami w różnym wieku, płci, doświadczeniu w zatrudnieniu i sposobie otrzymania kwoty (zarobiona lub wygrana/znaleziona). Ustalono, że samo pojawienie się perswazyjnej informacji zwiększało 2,4-krotnie prawdopodobieństwo deklaracji oszczędzania kwoty większej niż średnia (139,75 zł). Warunki podejmowania decyzji wskazują, że w analizowanym przypadku torowanie prowadziło do impulsywnych, a nie racjonalnych deklaracji o oszczędzaniu (impulse saving).

14

Odwzorowanie wielkości monet jako wskaźnik subiektywnej wartości pieniędzy

45%

Gąsiorowska A.

Psychologia Ekonomiczna

|

2014

|

issue 6

EN

Research on the psychology of money, from the mid-twentieth century as well as recent studies, showed that the perception of physical characteristics of money, especially the size, is affected not only by cognitive processes, but largely by emotional processes. For that reason, this paper aims to demonstrate that the estimated size of coins indicates the subjective (affective) value or meaning of money. This paper presents a series of three studies evaluating three factors that ascribe high subjective value to money, based on the estimated size of Polish coins. The results showed that children from less affluent families, people with a strong affective attitude towards money, and people primed by money tend to perceive coins to be larger than do other participants. In addition, it seems that the overestimation or underestimation of the size of the coins in a particular study can be to some extent an artifact resulting from the measurement method.

PL

Badania z nurtu psychologii pieniędzy, zarówno te z połowy dwudziestego wieku, jak i prowadzone współcześnie pokazują, że na postrzeganie cech fizycznych pieniędzy, a szczególnie ich wielkości, mają wpływ nie tylko procesy poznawcze, ale - w dużej mierze -procesy emocjonalne. W związku z tym, celem niniejszego artykułu było wykazanie, że szacowanie wielkości monet może być wskaźnikiem subiektywnej (emocjonalnej) wartości pieniędzy. Artykuł prezentuje serię trzech badań weryfikujących wpływ trzech czynników determinujących przypisywanie pieniądzom dużej subiektywnej wartości na szacowaną wielkość polskich monet. Wykazano w nich, że dzieci pochodzące z mniej zamożnych rodzin, osoby o silnie afektywnych postawach wobec pieniędzy oraz osoby, u których wzbudzono myślenie o pieniądzach, mają skłonność do postrzegania monet jako większych w porównaniu do pozostałych badanych. Dodatkowo wydaje się, że na to, czy w danym badaniu wielkości monet są ogólnie przeszacowywane czy niedoszacowywane może być w pewnej mierze artefaktem wynikającym ze sposobu pomiaru tej zmiennej zależnej.

15

THE ISSUE OF CONSCIOUS AND NON-CONSCIOUS IN THE LIGHT OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE

45%

Pléh C.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

|

2011

|

vol. 66

|

issue 1

47-74

EN

The review paper starts off from phenomenological features of consciousness (reportability, vividness, unification, coherence). Than goes on first to review the first stage of the renewed interest towards consciousness in the 1960s’ concentration on phenomena like verbal conditioning, awareness continuum, split brain, relationships between consciousness and prefrontal activity. Then the paper reviews some leading ideas of contemporary scientific consciousness research. The search for neurobiological equivalents of consciousness, from cortical localizations (prefrontal systems) to peculiar modes of functioning (gamma oscillations), and to disorders of consciousness. While we know more and more about consciousness, we should not forget that several observations in experimental psychology (priming, ambiguity activation, attention blindness) indicate that one has to deal with a rather complex phenomenon. E.g. semantically anchored behaviors are not always accessible to consciousness.

16

Prosodic Memory: Claudel − Eliot – Liebert

45%

Sadowski W.

Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo

|

2013

|

issue 3(6) cz.1

11-30

EN

In this paper prosodic memory is considered to be a collection of all past experiences of speech, sound and rhythm that are activated during the reception of a linguistic text. Although the resources of prosodic memory are accumulated in every person individually, its organisation is influenced by culture, which provides us with repetitive patterns when hearing and seeing words. Prosodic memory is one of the factors that determines the choice of the form of a poem, and transforms the sequence of verses into a melody. From a neuropsychological point of view, it is a priming effect. From a cultural point of view, the connection between a given poem and prosodic memory is created, among others, by the poem’s genre. In the article this phenomenon is discussed using the genre of litany as an example, and subsequently examined in three texts that were published in the interwar period: Claudel’s “Les Litanies de Bernadette,” Eliot’s “Ash-Wednesday” and Liebert’s “Litania do Marii Panny.”

Refine search results

Priming aktivující sociální stereotypy a výkon v mentálním testu

Benefits of L1-L3 Similarities. The Case of the Dative Case

Wywieranie wpływu na opinię publiczną – czyli kilka słów o efektach działania mediów

Exogenous and endogenous response priming with auditory stimuli

Neuvedomovaná aktivácia cieľov v širšej perspektíve sociálneho primingu

Cognitive Empathy in the Works of Sam Harris: The Olympian Gods, Mormones and Moral Values

Psychological consequences of money and money attitudes in dictator game

Visual similarity in masking and priming: The critical role of task relevance

Measuring unconscious cognition: Beyond the zero-awareness criterion

Top-down modulation of unconscious 'automatic' processes: A gating framework

The importance of “contextual intelligence” in political leadership audience perception

Processing and Representation of Different Types of Czech Affixes

Impulsywne oszczędności osób młodych – wyniki badania eksperymentalnego

Odwzorowanie wielkości monet jako wskaźnik subiektywnej wartości pieniędzy

THE ISSUE OF CONSCIOUS AND NON-CONSCIOUS IN THE LIGHT OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE

Prosodic Memory: Claudel − Eliot – Liebert