The article presents the results of archaeological and architectural investigations that have been carried out within a former printing house at the Lubrańskiʼs Academy in Ostrów Tumski in Poznań, together with a collection of lead pieces of type collected between 2002 and 2014. Archaeological evidence serves as a pretext for revising the history of printing houses operating in the area since the turn of the seventeenth century towards the end of the eighteenth century.
A material basis for the study is the first Polish language edition of Księgi o gospodarstwie by Piotr Krescentyn from 1549 (Cracow, Helena Unglerowa). The study led to the formulation of the following conclusions: 1) the variancy biał- // białł- is most likely of Great Polish origin; 2) the variancy miestce // miesce confirmed in the prints from the 16th century has a graphical character motivated by technical factors (typesetting); 3) the distribution of the analysed phonetic variants in Księgi… is not equal; 4) the supreme degree of normalization of the studied variancies has been confirmed in the combinations R–Cc; 5) variant conditions, non-normalized, appeared in the parts: Cresc293–384 and CrescDd–[0]C; 6) a greater part of the textual space of the historical text–from the combination A to the combination Cc– reveals Great Polish features; the remaining part–the combination Dd–Ii and the initial chapters–reveal evident Little Polish features.
At the beginning of the 18th century, numerous printing workshops were founded in the Czech countryside. On the example of the Znojmo printing workshop, the text follows the establishment of a new workshop in the region; it asks questions about the reasons for it and tries to define groups of the workshop’s customers and to determine the possible share of the printing production in the transformation of the society at that time. The article is divided into two complementary parts. The small Znojmo workshop is first presented through its owners whose fates were decisive for its functioning; on the basis of archival research, the existing picture of its operation is then corrected and complemented by means of contextualised biographical explanation. The second section provides, building on the analysis of extant printed books, the typology of their commissioners and presents the range of the workshop’s publications. Based on these analyses, the concluding part attempts to answer the questions raised above and outline the research directions that should complement the existing results. Besides the detailed description of the workshop’s production, the article presents the relations of the workshop to Moravian and partly also Lower Austrian printing workshops, the basic features of the distribution network, as well as the structure of the printed books published not to order but at the initiative and risk of the printer.
The author examines leaflet publicity and the relationship between Ferdinand I and the city of Prague. Her prime focus is on most of German leaflets concerning the journey of Ferdinand and Anne Jagiello from Vienna to Prague (1527), acceptance of the royal pair by the Crown towns and estates in Bohemia and Moravia, the entry into the capital, the King’s and Queen’s coronation, and the subsequent festivities. She briefly mentions other relevant types of leaflet publicity concerning the ruler, documenting events in Prague, and the city’s transformations under his rule.
On the border between Polish and German culture. On the activities of Paul Pater in Gdańsk The article discusses the activity of Paul Pater (1656–1724), who was mainly connected with the cities of Royal Prussia (Toruń and Gdańsk). The territory was then at the cultural Polish-German border. The text focuses, above all, on the Gdańsk period of this scholar’s as well as his private activity, which concerned the technical school he had established, in which young people were taught how to use printing tools.
In the course of research focusing on the history of publication of the works of A. Dvořák, printed editions have been discovered for five works that were issued in 1885 and 1886 by the London publishing house Augener & Co. The literature and sources concerning the life and work of A. Dvořák, however, make no mention of this publisher or of its editions of Dvořák’s music. The study maps the history and activity of the publishing house, devoting the greatest attention to describing the new sources and to consideration of the possible circumstances of their publication – Augener’s editions of Dvořák’s compositions appear to have been prepared on the basis of already issued printings by the Prague publisher F. A. Urbánek – and of aspects of publishing practice at the time, especially with regard to copyright issues.
The history of publishing in Poland encompasses many issues associated with the emergence and dissemination of printed books. Of fundamental significance to the study of these issues are the records of the publishing output: while we have nearly complete — though requiring further exploration — records of this output for 15th–18th centuries, documented in bibliographies and catalogues, the situation is worse when it comes to the 19th and 20th centuries, until the outbreak of the Second World War. In this respect what we need is not only a continuation, but a radical intensification of bibliographic work. This concerns works published in the Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew and Greek scripts as well as musical notation. Polish book scholars devoted a lot of attention to the beginnings of printing in Poland; the historiography concerning various typographic workshops located in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is rich, though it still requires further extensive studies. The scholars were also interested in phenomena influencing the content structure of printed publications, like publishing privileges (in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), censorship as well as restrictions imposed by the partitioning powers and later by Poland’s communist authorities, as a result of which Polish publications had to be printed abroad and an independent publishing movement emerged. The scholars’ research interests also focused on books as products of the work of printers and publishers, on the publication of written works. They focused both on the various components of the book (title page, printer’s signet, stemmata etc.) and on its editorial composition as a whole. The scholars’ undoubted achievements in their studies of the history of publishing in Poland are significant, yet in many areas they need to be continued and expanded (an important task is an edition of sources for the study of the history of Polish publishing), and concentrated on the phenomena that stem from developmental tendencies in modern book studies.
The article aims to determine the current areas of economic development of publishing and printing companies that meet the requirements of economic digitalization. According to the results of content analysis of modern publications, effective ways of development implemented in branch enterprises are determined. In order to identify priority measures for publishing and printing companies with competitive potential and prospects for the industry development, a SWOT analysis is applied. The SWOT analysis revealed that potentially productive ways of enterprise development are expanding the range of products and services, improving their quality in the publishing and printing complex; integrating industry entities into the digital information environment, accessing international markets; state support in the implementation of measures to promote reading. It is determined that ensuring enterprises' efficiency requires the implementation of stages of effective enterprises development. Information support is necessary for making quality management decisions, respectively, to achieve the goals of development management. Resource potential combines a rational policy of supply and usage of financial, logistical, and labor resources. Organizational support aims to create an organizational structure in accordance with the purpose and objectives of enterprise management. The management of publishing and printing enterprises development aims at the transition to a new quality state, increasing earning capacity, competitiveness, extending the life cycle, mutually beneficial integration with the subjects of creative industries.
The paper describes a somewhat forgotten book collection of the outstanding Wrocław editor Jan Kuglin, in terms of the editions on print aesthetics contained therein. The collection, which is a reflection of Kuglin’s scientific passions, contains many valuable books in German, English, Polish, Russian and Czech in the field of book and printing history, editing, book design, typography, writing, graphic techniques, polygraphy, paper industry, bookbinding, etc. In the book collection of Kuglin one can find editions being examples of a perfect typography. Thus, the collection stored in the Library of the Institute of Information and Library Science of the University of Wrocław is an excellent source for research on the aesthetics of printing in the 20th century.
W artykule opisano zagadnienia związane z wykorzystywaniem filozofii Kaizen w przedsiębiorstwach poligraficznych. Podano m.in. przykłady z praktyki przemysłowej potwierdzające zasadność tego typu działań. Oprócz filozofii KAIZEN omówione zostały m.in. podejście systemowe, procesowe oraz instrumenty wykorzystywane do zarządzania jakością.
EN
The article describes issues related to the use of Kaizen philosophy printing enterprises. Given , among others, examples from industrial practice confirming the validity of this type of action. In addition to the Kaizen philosophy they were discussed, among others, system approach, process and tools used to manage quality.
“Oficyna Poetów” was aliterary and cultural magazine published in London by Polish-born émigré couple, Krystyna and Czesław Bednarczyk. After World War II they settled in Great Britain, and almost immediately started private printing press. That periodical was one of their biggest projects. “Oficyna…” was one of few magazines published abroad devoted to Polish literature and art. During communism era it was aplace where Polish authors could publish not being afraid of repercussions or censorship. The magazine also integrated Polish intelligentsia around the world and was some kind of alternative for “Kultura” published in Paris. During the years the owners of “Oficyna Poetów iMalarzy” developed their skills and machine park of the press. Struggling from low budget and lack of support they still managed to maintain very high aesthetical level of their hand-made prints. The article is devoted to graphic and typographic form of the periodical. The Bednarczyks were editors, designers, typesetters and printers at the same time. They put great effort in selection of paper, print quality and acquired the most talented émigré illustrators to cooperate in “Oficyna…”. Aesthetic form of the magazine, as well as its cultural impact on Polish society in Great Britain can be sapid for researchers interested in emigration culture, literary magazines and niche printing movement in Great Britain.
When censorship was reformed during the era of Joseph II publishing and the book trade underwent a liberalisation. Enlightenment conceptions helped create the image of the ideal reader-someone who reads to acquire knowledge or to improve his spiritual life. During the reign of Joseph II reading spread to all social strata, but readers’ preferences did not follow a reading ideal. This is demonstrated by significant urban-rural disparities. The publishing projects of the Protestant elite met with failure in the distribution phase and with the indifference country people displayed towards spiritual literature. This relates to several other social phenomena such as literacy and living conditions. Archival sources, which are relevant to lending library research, indicate the reading preferences of the urban classes. An uncontrollable reading mania targeted literature and short political and anticlerical writing, which triggered public discussions on the dangers of uncontrolled reading. The print medium helped shape a “reading public“, whose reading activities occupied an area between mainstream cultural consumption and the dissemination of political news.
The article focuses on the religious publications that were issued in Lvov in 1773-1800 by the printing press of the Lvov province, which belonged to Antoni Piller and later to his successors. Since the Pillers’ printing press was the only one active in the town between the latter half of the 1780s and the end of the 1790s, it accepted, apart from governmental printing orders, other commissions, including church and monastic ones. About thirty five religious texts were released by them. They were mostly prayer books and sermons, but also textbooks and religious education books, teaching guides for catechists, excerpts facilitating the understanding of the Gospel, as well as summaries of important Western European works that had an impact upon understanding the Christian religion and the debate of the existence of God.
The article examines the state of printing in Warsaw over an 11-year period following the fall of the Kościuszko Uprising. The author briefly discusses printing houses closed at the time (run by Tadeusz Podlecki, Fr. Józef Mejer and the Cadet Corps); in addition, he presents a detailed analysis of the state of printing houses that continued their operations as well as new printing houses founded in the 19th century. The most distinguished printing houses from the reign of Stanisław August (including those of Piotr Dufour and Michal Gröll, and Piotr Zawadzki’s matrix shop) did not manage to maintain their status. This was the result of both a new political situation and the death of the owners, whose successors were no match for them in terms of talent or scope of projects undertaken. Among monastic printing houses only the Piarists’ printing houses remained in good condition, printing a number of quality publications in 1795–1806. Among new entities established in the 19th century the one that stood out was the very well equipped printing house founded by Tadeusz Mostowski, the publisher of the „Wybór Pisarzów Polskich” (“Selection of Polish Writers”) series, important for the preservation of the national heritage. The author analyses the operation of press printing houses (of „Korespondent” and „Gazeta Warszawska”) and engraving houses (of Józef Elsner and Fr. Izydor Cybulski, who printed sheet music, and the engraver Jan Ligber, a book illustrator). The author questions the existence of Stefan Baccigalupi’s enterprise during the discussed period, because his typefaces and press were used by the „Korespondent” printing house.
The author of the present paper argues that while trying to explain the institutional success of the science and its broad social impact, it is worth throwing aside the arguments concerning the universal traits of human nature, changes in the human mentality, or transformation of the culture and civilization, such as the development of capitalism or bureaucratic power. In the 16th century no new man emerged, and no mutants with overgrown brains work in modern laboratories. So one must also reject the Great Divide between the cultures of the scientific and prescientific and replace it with multiple, uncertain and unexpected ‘not-so-great divides’, which can be described in meticulous anthropological studies. Although the achievements of science are certainly spectacular, and the gap between scientific practice and other areas of activity is so obvious, this does not mean that one must look for the “great” reasons behind this situation. One should rather focus on quite down-to-earth practices and tools used by scientists. A significant part of their activities can be described by referring to the craft of writing, reading and transforming of various types of inscriptions (records), and broadly understood visualization – their combining, performing, interpreting, confronting, comparing, shifting, shuffling etc. The important role of these tools and methods is especially visible in situations of scientific controversy. It is so because scientific controversies are won by the one able to muster on the spot the largest number of well aligned and faithful allies, and the technology of writing, printing and visualizing play a special role in mobilizing them. These are necessary to ensure that certain factors can be mobile – easy to move from place to place, and yet, immutable – not undergoing deformation as a result of the movement. This way, scientists are able to not only diffuse different types of factors relevant to the dispute and the process of constituting science, but also concentrate them in the centers of calculation, where, through accumulation, one can take actions not available elsewhere.
Artykuł dotyczy fachowego słownictwa drukarskiego przełomu XIX i XX w., które nie stało się dotychczas przedmiotem lingwistycznego opisu. Autorka wykazuje zasadność podjęcia badań nad tym wycinkiem polskiej leksyki, szczegółowo określa zadania badawcze i przywołuje liczne publikacje (specjalistyczne podręczniki, poradniki i periodyki) stanowiące wartościowe źródła materiału empirycznego. Wskazuje ponadto przykładowe nazwy, które zostały uwzględnione w dawnych leksykonach specjalistycznych (np. kolumna) i we współczesnych słownikach polszczyzny ogólnej (np. korekta), co potwierdza funkcjonowanie poszczególnych określeń w szerszym obiegu oraz stabilność części drukarskiej nomenklatury. Autorka uwypukla także konieczność weryfikacji dotychczasowych ustaleń, uzupełnienia danych leksykograficznych (np. uwzględnienia feminatywów typu linotypistka) oraz stworzenia specjalistycznego słownika i korpusu tekstów z zakresu drukarstwa.
EN
The article discusses professional printing vocabulary in use at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which has not been subject to linguistic description so far. The author demonstrates the validity of undertaking research into this segment of the Polish lexicon, defines aims and tasks of the research, and cites numerous publications (specialist textbooks, guides, and periodicals) that are valuable sources of empirical material. Moreover, she indicates sample words that were included in old-time specialist lexicons (e.g. kolumna ‘page’) and in contemporary general Polish language dictionaries (e.g. korekta ‘proofreading’), which confirms those expressions’ broad circulation and attests to the stability of the printing nomenclature. The author also emphasizes the necessity of verifying existing theories, supplementing lexicographical data (e.g. taking into account feminine forms of nouns like linotypistka ‘a woman who works on a linotype machine’) and creating a specialist lexicon and corpus of texts about printing.
The article deals with the problems that stood in the way of the emerging book printing in the Czech lands as well as abroad and shows some specific obstacles on the example of Řehoř Hrubý of Jelení. Hrubý initially published his translations in print; then he stopped publishing for several years; in the last years of his life, he prepared, within a short period of time, several other extensive translations, but only in manuscript form. The reasons may have included the possibilities of the book printing at that time, which did not allow the publication of his works in the corresponding quality, as well as the adaptation to the needs of his readers. Economic factors may have been involved as well, because Hrubý struggled with the lack of funds. That was one of the reasons why he began to create personalised manuscripts for remarkable figures (Prague Town Council, the king of Bohemia Vladislaus II Jagiello).
“Prosta mova” – colloquial language of population of the eastern lands of the former Republic of Poland only occasionally appears in the printed texts in the eighteenth century. It is especially rare in texts of religious nature. In this regard, Basilian typography is an exception. “Prosta mova” as the language of printing, can be seen in texts and fragments of prints published by definition in other languages. This type of text is the subject of the analysis set out in this article. Numerous features of a living language that are visible at the level of phonetics and vocabulary are reflected in the analyzed Чинъ Іерейскаго наставленїя. Analysis of these features brings to the conclusion that the dominant element in the text, is the Ukrainian dialect. Of course, due to the different articulation of selected graphemes on the Belarusian and Ukrainian-speaking territories (eg. grapheme ѣ) editors left the pronunciation to the decision of their readers in accordance with the local tradition.
PL
Prosta mowa, czyli potoczny język mieszkańców ziem ruskich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, jako język o nieuznanym statusie tylko sporadycznie pojawia się w tekstach drukowanych w XVIII wieku jako środek wypowiedzi literackiej, zwłaszcza w tekstach o charakterze religijnym. Pod tym względem drukarstwo bazyliańskie stanowi wyjątek. Bazylianie wydawali teksty w tym języku, prosta mowa pojawiała się również we fragmentach tekstów drukowanych z założenia w innych językach. Tego typu tekst stanowi źródło badań przedstawionych w niniejszym artykule. Proponowana analiza ma wskazać elementy prostej mowy na różnych poziomach języka w wydaniu poczajowskim z 1776 roku: Czyn jerejskogo nastawljenija. Tekst kierowany był do kapłanów w celu ułatwienia sprawowania posługi duchownej również wśród niewykształconych wiernych, co wyjaśnia przyczynę pojawienia się w nim elementów ruskojęzycznych. Prosta mowa wspólna dla przodków dzisiejszych Białorusinów i Ukraińców w postaci opracowanej była oczywiście w pewnym stopniu tworem sztucznym, ale jednak zróżnicowanym ze względu na jej „nasycenie” cechami miejscowej wymowy. W kontekście druków poczajowskich należy stwierdzić, że pierwiastkiem dominującym są tu gwary ukraińskie. Oczywiście, ze względu na różnice w czytaniu wybranych grafemów na białoruskim i ukraińskim obszarze językowym (na przykład grafemu ѣ) redaktorzy pozostawiali swoim czytelnikom furtkę do wymowy zgodnej z ich lokalną tradycją.
Zadanie, jakie postawili przed sobą autorzy, to analiza zawierającej materiały biograficzne literatury przedmiotu oraz pokazanie społeczeństwu polskiemu wyników wszystkich badań w przystępnej formie. Artykuł pomoże zainteresowanym poszerzyć wiedzę z zakresu literatury oraz kultury białoruskiej. Na tle opisów miast, w których mieszkał i które odwiedził Franciszek Skoryna, przedstawiono charakterystykę okresu renesansu – niezwykle ważnego dla rozwoju literatury.
EN
Our task was to analyse the existing literature, which contained biographical materials and to show the Polish society the results of all studies in an easy-to-understand form. Most literature of the subject is in Belarusian language, often inaccessible to Polish researchers and readers. Our article will help the interested people to broaden their knowledge of Belarusian literature. Let’s look at the cities in which Franciszek Skoryna lived and visited. Thanks to this, we will also be able to see the outline of the Renaissance, which is extremely important for the development of literature.
The article attempts to create an initial typology of Polish prayer-books, popular especially in the 19th century, that had one common title The Golden Altar, or different variations of this title, like The Little Golden Altar, The Everyday Altar, The Polish Altar, The Roman-Catholic Altar. The research that has been conducted up till now, taking into consideration the place of publication and similarity of the contents, allows distinguishing the following groups of editions of this prayer-book: 1) the Winnicki group, 2) the missionary group, 3) the Vilnius group, 4 ) the Częstochowa group, 5) the Berdyczów group, 6) the Galician group, 7) the Poznań group, 8) the Silesian group, 9) the Witwicki group, 10) the Odyniec group, 11) other ones. The above typology is a preparation for examining the contents of particular prayer-books, and then for an attempt at answering the question about how strongly they influenced the formation of religiousness in the 19th century.
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