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EN
In the article the principles of training of future engineers-technologists in the formation of health-saving competence are defined. Didactic principles are crucial in selecting the content of education, methods and forms of education. The use of learning principles helps adjust the learning process in such a way to effective students’ learning. In the structure of the principles of the future specialists training two groups are outlined: content and procedural. The content principles are: the principle of modeling of professional activity, the principle of systematicity and consistency of teaching material, the principle of conformity of the content of higher education with modern and the forecasted tendencies of development of science and technology. The procedural principles include such principles as the principle of professional orientation, the principle of positive motivation and a favorable emotional background, the principle of humanization, principle of strength of knowledge, abilities and skills, the principle of innovation, the principle of integration of educational and research activities. The principle of conformity of the content of higher education with modern and the forecasted tendencies of development of science and technology involves the preparation of future specialists in modern technologies, but based on the data of science. The principle of integration of educational and research activities is aimed at introducing elements of research activities in training. The principle of systematicity and consistency of teaching emphasizes the interlinkages between the themes and allows you to consolidate finally the acquired knowledge. The principle of strength of knowledge, abilities and skills is aimed at using the acquired knowledge in further academic work and future professional activity. The principle of innovation training is aimed at simplifying the complex perception of educational material and improve students’ motivation. The principle of the educational character of education is associated with support and implementation of domestic innovative production technologies and wellness products. The principle of humanization is aimed at developing a positive atmosphere between the teacher and the student, the provision of psychological support, professional assistance and motivation. The principle of positive motivation and a favourable emotional background is aimed at interesting, accessible and vivid presentation of learning material. The principle of professional orientation is aimed at the reproduction of productive situations while learning at different levels of complexity. The principle of modeling of professional activity relies on the development of a programme of educational activity of students simulating the professional activity of a specialist. The author has highlighted the main substantive and procedural principles of the future specialists training, the combination of which ensures the formation of professional skills on the development of innovative health products.
PL
Poza pewnymi szczegółowymi wyjątkami postępowanie sądowe rządzi się swoimi zasadami. Można je łączyć w różne grupy, ponieważ ustawodawcy każdego kodeksu proceduralnego przypisują odmienne role poszczególnym zasadom. Dokonuje się oceny, co jest ważniejsze: skuteczne zadośćuczynienie, sprawiedliwy proces czy inne zasady. Ustawodawcy muszą dokonać wyboru, którym zasadom należy nadać priorytet w określonym czasie, aby sprostać społecznym, politycznym i ekonomicznym wyzwaniom danej epoki. Dotyczy to generalnie wszystkich procedur sądowych, zwłaszcza kodeksów postępowania administracyjnego, ponieważ zapewniają one kontrolę nad władzą wykonawczą. Zatem celem wszystkich kodeksów postępowania administracyjnego powinno być zapewnienie „nieprzerwanego” systemu ochrony sądowej. Sposoby i środki, za pomocą których to osiągano, były jednak różne i właściwe dla poszczególnych krajów. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu zbadanie zasad rządzących procedurami panującymi w postępowaniu administracyjnym na Węgrzech i w Polsce. Analiza zasad proceduralnych z pewnością pokaże, jakie zasady są obecnie realizowane w Europie w celu zapewnienia skutecznej ochrony prawnej.
EN
In addition to certain detailed rules of procedures, court proceedings are permeated by principles. They can be clustered into diverse groups, as the legislators of each procedural code attribute different roles to the respective principles. Effective redress, due process and other principles compete with each other, and the legislators must choose which principles should be prioritized in the specific time in order to meet the social, political, and economic set-up of the era. This is true in general for all court procedures, especially for codes of administrative procedure, since these provide control over the executive branch. Thus, the goal of all codes of administrative procedure should be to provide an “unbroken” system of judicial protection. Nevertheless, ways and means have been different in each state when inventing how this is to be achieved. The present study aims to examine principles guiding procedures prevailing in the administrative proceedings in Hungary and Poland. The analysis of the procedural principles will certainly show what principles are currently pursued in Europe to ensure effective legal protection.
EN
The ecclesiastical lawgiver in the 1983 Code of Canon Law defines term, purposes and properties of marriage, which are fully in line with natural vision of marriage. In many cases, it shows up that they are too difficult to implement by the spouses, who face the problems of everyday life. Obviously, not all cases, which lead to marriage crisis or even breakdown of marriage cause the canonical trial for nullity of marriage to start, and especially end with the sentence declaring the nullity of the marriage. This is because the overriding goal of every canonical trial is salus animarum – the salvation of souls is the supreme law.
PL
Prawodawca kościelny w Kodeksie Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. określa pojęcie, cele i przymioty małżeństwa kanonicznego, które są w pełni zgodne z naturalną wizją małżeństwa. W wielu przypadkach jednak okazują się one być zbyt trudne do realizacji przez małżonków, którzy stają wobec bardzo wielu problemów dnia codziennego. Oczywiście nie wszystkie takie przypadki, które prowadzą do kryzysu małżeńskiego, a nawet rozpadu małżeństwa, stają się podstawą do wszczęcia kanonicznego procesu o nieważność małżeństwa, a tym bardziej jego pozytywnego werdyktu. Dzieje się tak przede wszystkim dlatego, iż nadrzędnym celem każdego postępowania sądowego jest salus animarum – zbawienie dusz jest najwyższym prawem.
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