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Outline of Polish procurement law development against a background of other Central Europe countries

100%

Szostak R.

Studia Prawnicze

2011

issue 3-4 (189)

69-145

The evolution of procurement law in the Central Europe, starting from the ancient times, is directly a consequence of needs which arise from the necessity of preservation of, both, the sufficient effectiveness and contracting transparency in spending public funds, and, further, from assurance of an equality and a competitiveness in access to works which have been funded from public funds. The evolution had been integrally connected with adequate organization, control of the treasury’s economy as well as with procedures of awarding procurement to reliable contractors, optimization of public contract’s provisions and efficient awarding party’s protection against possibility of inadequate fulfilling public contract. A construction of consensual contract underlined these procurements. Deep regress of procurement in Early Middle Ages was caused not only by the general economy recession, but mostly by disappearance of consensual contracts in aid of primitive, immediate real or formal contracts. In the area of satisfying public needs prevailing significance in the feudal part of Middle Ages had natural tributes as well as forced labour and servitude craft colonies. Revival of public procurement ensued with reactivation of trade contacts and consensual contracts, which was accompanied by transformation of state organization and also local government revival in the 10th and 11th century. Crucial impact on the development of procurements have had constitutional and political changes dated on the period of absolute monarchy, especially reforms of the Treasury. First of all organization and control of treasury expenses were improved. Also first procurements procedures for public targets have been adopted. Despite the growing importance of administrative instruments, consensual agreement maintained a leading role, primarily because of its advantages in providing satisfactory efficiency in public expenses. Development of procurement's procedures (auction, tender) was strongly influenced by French and German models. The Polish State failed to take advantage of them because of feudal backwardness and lack of tax reforms. During the partitions of Poland, the Polish were removed not only from offices and public honors, but also from greater access to public procurement; the situation has changed only slightly in the late nineteenth century. Therefore the lack of Polish tradition in this field was noticed for a long period of time. After regaining independence in 1918, the introduction of special measures law was prevented also by problems with unification and budget. Implementation of modern procurement procedures for public purposes didn't take place until the end of the thirties. Pre-war solutions in procurement's procedures were formed by national practical experience and effective German and French patterns. However, World War II following by imposition of a foreign socialist system, completely blocked the development of public procurement in Poland, there was a break in legal continuity and tradition again. Meanwhile, public procurement in the countries of Western Europe experienced its further development under the influence of solutions derived from Community law. The public procurement in Poland in early nineties – as a result of the period of political changes and the reactivation of market mechanisms - was again deplorable. The situation gradually improved after passing the act on public procurement from 1994, which was amended successively given the need to implement European solutions, and then replaced (in the face of EU accession) with the new public procurement law in 2004. Next changes in Polish procurement's procedures were a result of European law's influence, respecting the national experience reaching pre-war domestic regulations.

Socio-Ecological Instrumentalization and the Economic Objectives of Public Procurement Law

100%

Horubski K.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

2021

issue 24

27-38

W prawie europejskim współistnieją swobody rynku wewnętrznego (swoboda przepływu towarów i kapitału, przepływu osób (pracowników), swoboda prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej i świadczenia usług) i obowiązki państw członkowskich do osiągania celów środowiskowych, ochrony wrażliwych grup społecznych przed dyskryminacją i wykluczeniem lub zapewniania wysokiego poziomu zatrudnienia. Ta konkurencja polityk UE wymusza ustalenie, w jaki sposób instytucja prawna zamówień publicznych (jako obszar działania szeroko rozumianego państwa) może być wykorzystana do realizacji celów instrumentalnych (społecznych, środowiskowych) obok swojego nadrzędnego celu, tj. maksymalizacji bezpośredniej korzyści ekonomicznej z zamówienia publicznego. W artykule dokonano analizy stosownego orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej oraz przedstawianych na tle tego orzecznictwa poglądów nauki prawa zamówień publicznych. W rezultacie na wybranych przykładach ukazano pogłębiające się zjawisko społeczno-ekologicznej instrumentalizacji prawa zamówień publicznych jako kierunku rozwojowego tego zespołu unormowań.

According to the law of the European Union, the freedoms of the single market (free movement of goods, capital and of people (workers), freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services), coexist with the obligations of Member States to achieve environmental objectives, protect vulnerable social groups against discrimination and exclusion, as well as to ensure a high level of employment. This competition between the EU policies undoubtedly necessitates the determination of how public procurement as a legal institution (an area of activity of the widely understood state) can be used to achieve instrumental (social, environmental) objectives, aside from its primary goal, i.e. maximizing the direct economic benefit from a public contract. This paper, within the scope of the abovementioned problem, analyses relevant judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as opinions with regard to these judgments presented by legal experts on public procurement. In effect, the phenomenon of increasing socio-ecological instrumentalization of public procurement law (seemingly the direction towards which this regulation is aimed), was demonstrated in light of the selected examples.

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1 Ekonomia XXI Wieku

1 Studia Prawnicze

1 Horubski K.

1 Szostak R.

1 2021

1 2011

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Outline of Polish procurement law development against a background of other Central Europe countries

Socio-Ecological Instrumentalization and the Economic Objectives of Public Procurement Law