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EN
The aim of the considerations presented here is to gather and share information and knowledge on contemporary challenges and threats that can help to rationally anticipate the future in the third decade of the 21st century. The article consists of three parts, i.e. the introduction, covering the basic terminological arrangements; then, forecasts of challenges and threats in the macro scale for the next ten years; and, finally, the summary. In the preparation of the article, theoretical methods and research techniques were used. The choice of the research technique was governed by the following criteria: purposefulness, clarity, univocality, effectiveness, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. These criteria determined the use of inductive inference, deductive reasoning, explanation, analysis, and synthesis. In the course of the research, critical analysis of the literature was also carried out, which was divided into groups of studies, i.e.: those devoted to the methodology of research activities, those concerning security theory, and those containing elements of prognostics. The presented considerations indicate that the third decade of the 21st century will be a time in which the existing challenges and threats will persist. However, the scale of the latter will increase, which may create many problems, mainly related to decision-making.
EN
This article sets to analyze the manpower planning approach in respect of the Romanian higher education system during communism. The arguments used intend to demonstrate that long-term planning, although commonly used in the context of demand economy, was not a reliable instrument in education. Archival research has outlined the connections and the variations between long-term ‘cadre’ plans and higher education outcomes, in an attempt to better assess the feasibility of manpower planning in a socialist economy. The empirical analysis confirms the theoretical approach used by Jan Sadlak in the 1980s, but also provides an additional outlook on the practical and conceptual limitations of centralized normative planning.
EN
One of characteristic features of a volleyball game is playing consecutive sets and deciding the current score according to the results of particular sets. In this way we can examine volleyball game in many stages, but the results of a game are fixed in the third, fourth or fifth stage. Each set creates a temporary state, which occurs with definite probability. It is immediately dependent on accepted foundations of probability of winning a set in every game stage. In the research we analysed a simplified model. For the needs of this model we draw a tree figure, which describes states of passing sets in a volleyball game. We described also a theoretical model and illustrated its helpfulness for interpretation of the results of female I-league from the starting season 1998/1999 for the team Augusto Kalisz, the winner of principle season.
PL
W meczu piłki siatkowej rozgrywane są kolejne sety i wraz z tym ustalany jest stan meczu w zależności od rezultatywnie zakończonych setów. Oznacza to traktowanie meczu jako pewnej gry wieloetapowej, przy czym stany rezultatywne są ustalane na trzecim, czwartym lub piątym etapie gry. Każdy z etapów tworzy stan przejścia występujący z określonym prawdopodobieństwem. Jest ono bezpośrednio zależne od przyjętego prawdopodobieństwa wygrania seta. Prowadzi to do pewnego modelu probabilistycznego wygrania seta na każdym etapie przebiegu meczu. Wspomniany model pozwala prowadzić prognozę zarówno wygrania, jak i przegrania meczu, a także dla pośrednich stanów meczowych. W pracy zajęto się wykorzystaniem modelu probabilistycznego w piłce siatkowej do celów prognozowania. Dla potrzeb opisu takiego modelu podano graf w postaci drzewa opisującego stany przejścia setów w meczu piłki siatkowej, odpowiednie wzory prawdopodobieństwa dla wyników rezultatywnych meczu oraz przedstawiono aspekty prognozowania wyników meczowych. Rozważane zagadnienia zilustrowano na wynikach I ligi żeńskiej z sezonu startowego 1999/2000.
EN
Credibility of prognoses is of crucial importance for the processes of economic organization management. It is not only a problem of management boards of huge corporations, but also small economic entities. Prognoses are required by individual daily decision-making processes too. Authors of scientific work emphasize poor creditworthiness of prognoses. They foresaw neither the crisis on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986 nor the crisis on the financial markets in 2008. The consequences of the last crisis have negatively influenced economic systems of all countries in the world as prognosis tools which were used so far failed. The work is an attempt of showing tools solving the task of future description in cases of large and unforeseeable direction dynamics of the phenomenon, the changes of structure of the prognostic model as well as the occurrence of extreme events. On basis of empirical investigation results it was showed that a credible solution is possible. Namely an assumption on normal schedule of density function of probability of occurrence was repealed and a credible result was obtained replacing it with an assumption on fractal schedule formulated based on Mandelbrot sets.
EN
Introduction and aim. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) belongs to the cytokine family TNF/TNFR. As a multifunctional cytokine, TNF-α plays a significant role in diverse and a variety of cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death. As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α acts as a bridge between inflammation and carcinogenesis. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are cellular receptors belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. As one of the primary mediators of innate immunity, acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, and certain cancers, RAGE signaling plays an important role. The aim of the present study is to analyze the prognostic significance of salivary TNF-α and RAGE in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material and methods. A study was conducted testing saliva samples collected from ten patients with well-differentiated and moderately differentiated oral squamous cell carcinomas. To determine the levels of TNF-α and RAGE in unstimulated saliva from patients, an ELISA kit from RAY BIOTECH was used for the study, and the readings were read at 450 nm. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Version 23 of SPSS was used to plot the standard curve. Statistical comparisons were done using Mann-Whitney U test and ROC analysis. Results. Salivary TNF-α and RAGE in patients were considered to be induced by radiotherapy at a higher level in moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma when compared to well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, there is an increase in the induced Salivary TNF-α and RAGE levels by radiotherapy with increase in the histological stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The statistical analysis also proved the same. Conclusion. Hence salivary TNF-α and RAGE may be used as a biomarker for oral cancer to predict the prognosis.
PL
Praca badawcza porusza aspekt kształtowania się koncentracji aktywności gospodarczych na obszarze południowej Polski, a dokładniej na obszarze sześciu województw: województwa dolnośląskiego, opolskiego, śląskiego, świętokrzyskiego, małopolskiego i podkarpackiego. Głównym narzędziem badawczym jest wykorzystanie modelu decyzyjno-symulacyjnego Orion w budowie całościowego systemu gospodarczego regionu, zdolnego do symulowania eksperymentalnych zmian według określonych założeń. Metodologia pracy i główne założenia, związane przede wszystkim z kalibracją modelu, przyjmują, jeżeli to możliwe, podejście najbardziej obiektywne, niepodyktowane konkretnymi wizjami rozwoju oraz interwencjonizmem władz regionalnych i lokalnych w planowaniu rozwoju gospodarczego; zakłada się ciągłość dotychczasowego procesu rozwoju poszczególnych aktywności gospodarczych. Praca posiada silne tło prognostyczne, traktuje wynikowy stan badania jako stan na rok 2030. Wynikiem badań jest zatem prognozowany stan rozmieszczenia aktywności, a dokładniej, stan modelowy, do którego dąży skonstruowany system gospodarczy. Na tak ustalonej podstawie można wysnuć odpowiednie wnioski, zgodne z przyjętą metodologią parametryzacji modelu i pewnym stopniem uogólnienia problematyki złożonych mechanizmów gospodarczych, które ukierunkowują i ograniczają możliwości interpretacyjne.
EN
The research brings up the issue of formation of economic activity concentration in southern Poland, namely in six provinces: dolnośląskie, opolskie, śląskie, świętokrzyskie, małopolskie and podkarpackie. The main means of research is the use of Orion decision-simulation model in the process of creation of a comprehensive economic system of the region, capable of simulating experimental changes according to predefined assumptions. The work methodology and main assumptions, related mainly to the model calibration, adopt – whenever possible – the most objective approach, unaltered by any specific visions of development or local and regional authorities’ interventionism aimed at the plans of economic development. It assumes the continuity of previous processes of development of particular economic activities. The work possesses a strong prognostic background, projecting the results as a prediction for the year 2030. Therefore, the result comprises a predicted distribution of activities; more precisely, a model state, which the prepared economic system aims to achieve. This provides a basis to formulate appropriate conclusions, according to the adopted methodology of model parameterization and a certain degree of generalization of issues concerning complex economic mechanisms that direct and restrict interpretative possibilities.
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EN
The touristic activity is a profitable branch of the economy of Uzbekistan, in particular, of the Samarkand region. Therefore, many economists study future activity of this branch. The article observes types and methods of such prognosis. The most significant of them are the regressive equations and methods of Holt and Brown.
EN
Significant changes in the age structure of the population in Poland entail concrete consequences in the education system, due to the fact that either very numerous or very low number of children and teenagers go through the system. Since 1995, the number of students at various levels of education has been gradually decreasing, due to the decline in population at school age. In the field of education, determination of the perspectives and knowledge of demographic data is the basis for planning and organization of educational policy and at the lower levels – specific institutions (their number, size – opportunities and threats in the educational services market). The number of children and young people at every level of educati on is the starting point for functioning of educational institutions.
PL
Znaczące zmiany w strukturze wieku ludności Polski pociągają za sobą określone skutki w systemie edukacji, związane z przechodzeniem przez ten system bardzo licznych („wyże” urodzeń) i mniej licznych („niże” urodzeń) generacji dzieci i młodzieży. Od 1995 r. stopniowo maleje liczba uczniów na poszczególnych poziomach kształcenia, w związku ze spadkiem liczby ludności w wieku szkolnym. W dziedzinie edukacji określenie perspektywy i znajomość danych demograficznych to baza do planowania i organizacji polityki edukacyjnej, a przechodząc na niższe szczeble – konkretnych placówek (ich liczby, wielkości – szans i zagro- żeń na rynku usług edukacyjnych). Liczba dzieci i młodzieży na każdym poziomie kształcenia to punkt wyjścia funkcjonowania placówek oświatowych, następnie szkół wyższych i w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej – miejsc pracy. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie negatywnych zjawisk demograficznych w Polsce na podstawie analizy dostępnych danych liczbowych o charakterze wtórnym.
PL
W artykule zostały opisane warunki konieczne do realizacji procesu prognozowania działań strategicznych typu foresight. Proces ten składa się z analizy sytuacji bieżącej, która pozwala opracować diagnozę badanego obszaru oraz z części prognostycznej. Rezultatem implikacji działań na etapie diagnozy i prognozy jest opracowanie scenariuszy rozwoju, dotyczących badanego obszaru. Opisano również, w sposób kompleksowy, część decyzyjną dotyczącą procesu prognozowania strategicznego typu foresight, rezultatem którego będzie wybór optymalnego scenariusza rozwoju.
EN
This paper describes the necessary conditions to the process of forecasting of strategic foresight activities. This process consists of the analysis of the current situation that allows to develop a diagnosis of the study area and the projection part. The implications of the result of operations in the diagnosis and prognosis are to develop scenarios for the study area. This article also describes in a comprehensive way a part of the decision-making process for forecasting the result of strategic foresight, which will select the optimum development scenario.
PL
W artykule zostało podjęte zagadnienie diagnozy penitencjarnej jako elementu kluczowego dla projektowania i prowadzenia skutecznych oddziaływań penitencjarnych. Wychodząc od stanu postulowanego w metodyce pedagogiki resocjalizacyjnej i resocjalizacji penitencjarnej, poprzez aktualne rozwiązania praktyczne starano się wskazać możliwości i niedostatki modelu diagnozy penitencjarnej oraz zaproponować kierunek dalszych eksploracji. Opracowanie składa się z pięciu części. W pierwszej omówiono miejsce diagnozy w oddziaływaniach resocjalizacyjnych. W kolejnej podjęto temat diagnozy penitencjarnej z perspektywy aktualnych przepisów prawnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem elementów sprzyjających indywidualizacji wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności. W części trzeciej skoncentrowano się na aspekcie prognozowania jako jednym z zadań personelu penitencjarnego, aby następnie przyjrzeć się możliwościom, jakie stwarzają diagnoza penitencjarna i prognozowanie kryminologiczne. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono wnioski z rozważań, które zostały uzupełnione o propozycje mające na celu usprawnienie procesu diagnozowania penitencjarnego.
EN
The article deals with the issue of penitentiary diagnosis as a key element for the design and conduct of effective penitentiary interactions. Starting from the postulated state in the methodology of rehabilitation pedagogy and penitentiary resocialisation through current practical solutions, it tries to indicate the possibilities and deficiencies of the penitentiary diagnosis model and propose a direction of further exploration. The article consists of five parts. The first discusses the place of diagnosis in resocialisation interactions. The next one presents the subject of penitentiary diagnosis from the perspective of current legal provisions, with particular emphasis on elements favouring the individualisation of the execution of imprisonment. The third part focuses on the aspect of forecasting as one of the tasks of penitentiary staff to look at the possibilities offered by penitentiary diagnosis and criminological forecasting in the next one. The summary presents conclusions of the considerations, which have been supplemented with proposals aimed at improving the process of penitentiary diagnosis.
PL
Na początku lat 90. XX wieku w Gruzji miało miejsce natychmiastowe zakończenie wieloletnich stosunków gospodarczych ze Związkiem Radzieckim. Dodatkowo konflikty zbrojne w Abchazji i Osetii Północnej doprowadziły do kryzysu społeczno-gospodarczego i politycznego w Gruzji. Wszystkie te wydarzenia miały ogromny wpływ na procesy demograficzne w Tbilisi. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie głównych czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych i kulturowych dotyczących zmian demograficznych i procesów demograficznych w postsowieckiej Tbilisi. Dodatkowo autorzy przedstawili prognozy zmian liczby ludności w latach 2015–2030.
EN
At the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, an instant termination of economic relations that had existed for dozens of years took place in Georgia. Along with the armed conflicts in the regions of Tskhinvali and Abkhazia it has led to a full-fledged socio-economic and political crisis in Georgia. These unordinary events have had a great influence on the demographic processes at hand in Tbilisi. This article aims to establish the effects of the main socio-economic and cultural factors on population change and demographic processes in post-Soviet Tbilisi and offers prognosis on population change according to low, medium and high estimates for 2015–2030.
PL
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problematykę luki pokoleniowej w przedsiębiorstwie hutniczym. Luka pokoleniowa jest traktowana jako nadmiar pracowników w wieku dojrzałym nad pracownikami młodymi. Pojęcie „zarządzania luką pokoleniową” jest formą zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (ZZL) w kierunku ograniczania negatywnych skutków luki pokoleniowej dla funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstwa. W artykule analizie poddano zmiany w strukturze wiekowej zasobów ludzkich oraz podejmowane działania w obszarze fluktuacji kadr. Na danych empirycznych dotyczących sytuacji kadrowej w przemyśle hutniczym wskazano na kierunki zmian w polityce kadrowej hutnictwa.
EN
Some problems connected with the generation gap in manufacturing enterprises were presented in the article. Generation gap is surplus of old workers in relation to young workers. The term „generation gap” is a form of Human Resources Management (HRM) to limit negative results of the gap for enterprise activity. The changes in age staff structure were analyzed and the best practices as applied in the companies in the field of generation gap management were characterized in the article. This analysis was performed in construction of the changes in personal policy. In the case study was used steel industry in Poland.
EN
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is caused by inhalation of environmental antigens. Farmers and bird keepers are most frequently affected by this desease. The HP diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms (cough, dyspnea) in a person exposed to environmental antigens, and the presence of characteristic changes in high resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) (bilateral, mosaic, ground glass opacities in the middle and lower lung zones, ill-defined centrilobular nodules and the sign of air-trapping on expiration). This type of HRCT pattern is most frequently found in the patients with subacute HP. Bronchioloalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) examination is helpful in establishing the HP diagnosis, when the increased total number of cells, with the predominance of T lymphocytes (> 50%), and the increased number of neutrophils (> 3%) and mastocytes (> 1%) are found. The presence of specific serum precipitins increases the likelihood of HP. In case of atypical clinical presentation, lung biopsy is recommended. The diagnostic criterion of HP is the presence of ill-defined non-necrotising granulomas, after excluding other granulomatous lung diseases. The prevention and treatment of HP is based on the elimination of the antigen from the environment. Corticosteroids may contribute to the improvement in the acute and sub-acute form of the disease but their long term effectiveness is uncertain. The prognosis of HP patients is generally perceived as good, especially in those patients in whom antigen avoidance is possible. Nevertheless, in some patients progressive pulmonary fibrosis and development of severe respiratory insufficiency is observed. Med Pr 2016;67(4):517–527
PL
Alergiczne zapalenie pęcherzyków płucnych (AZPP) jest chorobą wywoływaną wdychaniem środowiskowych antygenów, najczęściej rozpoznawaną wśród rolników i hodowców ptaków. Rozpoznanie opiera się na stwierdzeniu objawów klinicznych (kaszel i duszność) u osoby narażonej na kontakt z antygenem oraz na wykazaniu w tomografii komputerowej płuc o wysokiej rozdzielczości (TKWR) charakterystycznego obrazu – obustronnych mozaikowatych obszarów zacienień typu matowej szyby z predylekcją do pól środkowych i dolnych, i/lub słabo odgraniczonych guzków środkowej części zrazika, a także cech pułapki powietrznej, lepiej widocznych w fazie wydechowej badania. Taki obraz TKWR najczęściej stwierdzany jest w podostrej postaci AZPP. Pomocne w ustaleniu rozpoznania jest badanie płynu z płukania oskrzelowo-pęcherzykowego (broncho-alveolar lavage fluid – BALF), w którym stwierdza się zwiększenie całkowitej liczby komórek z przewagą limfocytów T (> 50%), szczególnie jeśli towarzyszy mu wzrost liczby neutrofilów (> 3%) i mastocytów (> 1%). Prawidłowy wynik BALF na ogół wyklucza AZPP, chyba że jest to schyłkowe stadium włóknienia. W ustaleniu rozpoznania jest pomocne wykazanie obecności swoistych przeciwciał precypitujących w surowicy chorego. W przypadkach niepewnych rozstrzygający jest wynik badania histopatologicznego materiału z biopsji płuca. Za rozpoznaniem AZPP przemawia obecność małych, słabo uformowanych ziarniniaków, bez cech martwicy, po wykluczeniu innych chorób ziarniniakowych. W leczeniu AZPP najważniejsze jest przerwanie narażenia na antygen. Stosowanie glikokortykosteroidów przynosi szybką poprawę, zwłaszcza w leczeniu ostrych objawów, ale długofalowa skuteczność tych leków jest niepewna. Rokowanie jest na ogół dobre, jeśli zostanie przerwane narażenie na antygen. W niektórych przypadkach dochodzi jednak do postępującego włóknienia płuc, co może prowadzić do ciężkiej niewydolności oddechowej. Med. Pr. 2016;67(4):517–527
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2018
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vol. 28
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issue 1
53-68
PL
Artykuł porusza problem dochodzenia praw oraz interesów ogółu pracowników, którzy reprezentowani są przez organizacje związków zawodowych w sporach z pracodawcą. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie w sposób szczegółowy problematyki zbiorowych sporów pracowniczych. Założony cel został zrealizowany poprzez dokładne przedstawienie etapów dochodzenia praw i interesów w sporach zbiorowych o charakterze pracowniczym. W pracy została zastosowana metoda dogmatyczno-prawna. Dokonano analizy, a następnie interpretacji przepisów odnoszących się do sporów zbiorowych z zakresu prawa pracy. Podstawą było badanie norm prawnych ustanowionych przez ustawodawcę. Dokonano również opisu oraz systematyzacji obowiązujących przepisów. Tematyka rozwiązywania zbiorowych sporów pracowniczych została przedstawiona w teorii z dokładnym omówieniem poszczególnych etapów. Praca ta została podzielona na cztery części. Pierwszą z nich jest przedstawienie podstawowych pojęć z zakresu pracowniczych sporów zbiorowych. Natomiast w kolejnych częściach przedstawiono problematykę poszczególnych etapów dochodzenia roszczeń ze stosunku pracy, tj. rokowania, mediacja, arbitraż. Omówione zostały również zasady przystępowania do konkretnych etapów rozwiązywania wyżej wymienionych sporów. Przedstawiona problematyka w znacznym stopniu przybliża czytelnikom, a przede wszystkim podmiotom uczestniczącym w konfliktach zbiorowych z zakresu prawa pracy drogę dochodzenia własnych praw i interesów.
EN
Article raises the problem of claiming the rights and interests of all employees who are represented by trade union organizations in disputes with the employer. The purpose of the above-mentioned article is to present in detail the problem of collective labor disputes. The assumed goal was implemented by accurately presenting the stages of claiming rights and interests in collective disputes of an employment nature. The dogmatic and legal method was used in the work. The analysis and subsequent interpretation of provisions relating to labor disputes in the field of labor law were made. The basis was the examination of legal norms established by the legislator. A description and systematisation of applicable provisions was also made. The subject of solving collective labor disputes was presented in the theory with a detailed discussion of individual stages. This work has been divided into four parts. The first of these is the presentation of basic concepts in the field of collective labor disputes. In the following parts, the issues of individual stages of pursuing claims from the employment relationship, i.e. prognosis, mediation, arbitration are presented. The principles of accessing specific stages of solving the aforementioned disputes are also discussed. The presented issues largely bring readers and, above all, entities involved in collective conflicts in the field of labor law a way to assert their own rights and interests.
EN
              The notion of psychopathy as deficiency of emotions, will, and drives was shaped in the late  19th and early 20th century (Koch, Birnbaum, Kraepelin, Schneider). In Poland between the two world wars, studies of psychopathy were carried out by outstanding psychiatrists (Radziwiłłowicz, Wachholz, Nelken, Łuniewski) whose works initiated the development of criminal psychopathology in our country. Their opinions were as follows: the basic trait of a psychopathic character is a pathological moral defect the intensity of which rnay differ in different individuals. Against that background, many other disorders exist, most frequent being a pathological increase of affectivity. The pathological moral defect results from the psychopaths deficient emotions. The pathological mental changes are quantitative and not qualitative which is why psychopathy cannot be considered a mental illness. The opinion prevailed that psychopathy has constitutional grounds as opposed to pathological changes of character caused by other factors (e. g. brain lesions). It was also believed, that external factors, the social environment, alcohol and drugs above all, contribute to the shaping of a psychopathic character.                Psychopathy was considered a highly crime-generating factor and the ground of many cases of alcoholism and drug addiction. As a constitutional and permanent condition psychopathy is not susceptible to psychiatric treatment; the researchers believed that imprisonment creates the proper conditions of resocialization of psychopathic offenders. The type of prison for psychopaths who commit offences was discussed, the question being whether they should be kept in normal prisons with other prisoners, or in special penal institutions. In the 1930's, a criminal-biological examination of prisoners starred, initiated by the Ministry of Justice, with psychiatric and psychological examination playing the leading part. The aim was mainly to work out a system of segregation of  prisoners who were to be put in appropriate prisons with different rules. The outbreak of World War II stopped the project.                The postwar Polish publications usually point to the crime-generating faculties of psychopathy which result from its being a deficiency of emotions, will, and drives and an individual's permanent condition although it may be lessened or aggravated in various stages of life according to physiological processes and external conditions. As manifested by studies carried out in Poland, mainly the psychiatric ones, there is a considerable number of psychopaths among the perpetrators of various types of offences. Among those guilty of murder, 29.4 per cent of psychopaths were found (Fleszar-Szumigajowa it al.), among thieves of public property-26.19 and of private properly - 28.12 per cent (Malik). There were 48 per cent of psychopaths among recidivists ( Ostrihanska). The above proportions do not include offenders with psychopathological traits similar to psychopathy but resulting from a disease or lesion of brain (the so-called characteropaths).                Among the different types of psychopaths, particular attention should be drawn to unqualified psychopaths (emotionless according to Schneider’s classification) and to schizoidal psychopaths. Representatives of both these types can be found among serious criminals, murderes in particular, and among recidivists. As follows from psychiatric examination of murderers, sex murderers ale usually unqualified or schizoidal psychopaths (Szymusik). Despite their common characteristic, i. e. the deficient emotions, there two typ.. of psychopaths differ from each other to some extent which is important from the point of view of criminal psychopathology. An unqualified psychopath is usually characterized by a more marked deficiency of emotions and behaviour his environment frequently perceives as contradictory to the rules of social life. Instead, the emotional deficiency of a schizoidal psychopath is accompanied by his tendency to conceal his real emotions and intentions from the environment and to ambivalence, making this type of psychopath more difficult to diagnose as dangerous to others. The above findings have been obtained from specially selected groups  i. e. persons suspected of offences or convicted, who were subjected to psychiatric examination because of their unusual behaviour as a rule.                As regards the problem of criminal responsibility of psychopaths, an opinion prevails that such persons are accountable in principle. This follows from the fact that psychopathy is not a mental disease, a psychopath retaining his ability to understand the nature of his act as he is not mentally deficient and usually has a normal I.Q.A psychopaths is also able to control his conduct: as shown in practice by a number of cases, psychopaths. usually desist from the intended act if they find the conditions to be unpropitious; they also retain critical judgement of the separate elements of a given situation, thus to secure for themselves the necessary conditions and to be safe after the act. Thus in such psychopaths, intellect is able to control the deficient emotions and will to the extent that they discern the chances of a temporary gain. A psychopath may be found to have diminished accountability in particular cases only, and to be non-accountable -exceptionally. This takes  place if his ability to control his own conduct was largely limited or entirely supressed due to the type of psychopathy (e. g. in depressive or vehement psychopaths), the particular, circumstances of the act which increased the psychopathic reaction,  or the additional mental complications (e. g. mental deficiency found jointly with psychopathy).               Resocialization of psychopathic offenders proved a difficult problem in practice due to their abnormal personality and reaction to imprisonment. Psychopaths serve their terms in special prisons for persons in need of particular medical and educational measures. Among   their inmates who deviate from the mental norm, psychopaths constitute 40 per cent. They are resocialized through initiation into discipline, order and work, and through additional general or professional schooling if necessary.  They also undergo psychocorrective treatment individually or in groups with specialized prison staff; the treatment is aimed at arousing in them a critical attitude towards their own conduct. Having served their term, psychopathic recidivists are subjected to protective supervision of a court-appointed curator, the aim of which is their further resocialization and prevention or their relapse into crime. If a recidivist evades supervision on release, he is placed in a social adjustment centre by a court's decision. In the centre, psychopaths should receive a treatment conducive to their resacialization. Psychopaths receive postpenitentiary assistence, if necessary, which consists mainly in finding a job and lodgings (e. g. in a worker’s hostel) for them. Yet many psychopaths relapse into crime despite that assistance. To end with, the fact is stressed in the paper that small differences in the definitions of psychopathy given by the  separate authors and the sometimes found diagnostic differences- are not sufficient grounds for the term ,,psychopathv’’ to be replaced with other terms leading to considerable ambiguity. ,,Psychopathy’’ is a diagnostically established term and its replacement with ,, personality disorders’’ or ,,abnormal personality’’ only makes the problem obscure, blurring the difference between psychopathy and characteropathy, and between psychopathy and conditions such as neuropathic disposition and pathological character changes resulting from alcoholism or drug addiction. An explicit definition of the differences between these psychopathological conditions is most important for  judicial decisions and forensic psychiatry, for defining the chances and methods of treatment, and for criminological prognosis.
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