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EN
In this article we will review persuasive language devices used in Jan Kochanowski’s prose texts that vary in terms of text genres, forms, length and purpose of expression. All the discussed works of the poet belong to different text genres, such as: social and political journalism, moralist treatise, historical treatise, funeral speech, short witty anecdotes and stories. The text analysis proves that there are often conjunctions at the beginning of many sentences. These words not only link sentence components or complex sentences but they also determine the cohesion of larger units than sentences and mark a referential function. Kochanowski often incorporates parentheses, citing and rhetorical questions. As a result, a persuasive function is achieved due to the choice of an utterance form and a text genre, appropriate selection of stylistic devices enhancing persuasion and text construction forms and, last but not least, adequate lexical diversity. In his style Kochanowski followed the rules of rhetoric characteristic of the 16th century. The low/plain style had a didactic purpose, the middle style was chosen to praise or to reprimand others and the high/grand style was limited to texts referring to matters of great importance.
EN
The overview, presented in the article, of opinions by historians of Polish literature about Witkiewicz’s writings about the Tatras, especially his flagship work — Na przełęczy [On a Mo­untain Pass] — clearly shows that most of them, comparing Witkiewicz’s oeuvre to that of other Polish writers at the time, appreciated his artistic and social significance, his role in building readers’ sensitivity to the beauty of the Tatra landscape, to the exoticism of the culture of Podhale highlanders. This seems to be the central idea of fragments of these studies cited in the article as examples. In addition, all of them — indirectly or explicitly — point to the untypical structure Witkiewicz’s book of the Tatras, hindering its genological typology and making it impossible to unequivocally assign it to a specific kind or genre of literature.
EN
The article is a review of the first volume of the critical edition of Norwid’s prose developed by Rościsław Skręt. The review focuses on the choice of works for editing and print, on establishing the status of source texts, determining the form of the texts for print, performing language modernization and associating the textual material with iconography. Examining the actions undertaken by the editor in all these dimensions, one can put forward a claim that his work tries to follow two contradictory editorial directions. The editor developed an innovative canon of Norwid’s prose and managed to avoid mistakes made by his predecessors. At the same time, one can observe that the editor restrained himself from departing too far from the solutions adopted by the previous editors. This latter tendency is particularly evident on the linguistic plane. Hence, one can describe the reviewed edition of the text as a half-way revolution.
Research in Language
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2015
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vol. 13
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issue 4
392-402
EN
In Old English, negative adjectives, i.e. incorporating the negative prefix -un, are said to generally come in postposition to nouns (e.g. Fischer, 2001; Sampson, 2010). This paper investigates to what extent this general rule is followed in Aelfric’s Catholic Homilies, the texts of this author being a typical choice for the study of Old English syntax (cf. Davis 2006; Reszkiewcz, 1966; Kohonen, 1978). The data have been obtained from the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). The following research questions have been formulated: Do strong negative adjectives outnumber nonnegated adjectives in postposition? Do strong negative adjectives have a tendency to appear in postposition? Do strong negated adjectives occur in preposition? The results indicated that for the sample analyzed, strong adjectives in postposition are not predominantly negated. Additionally, the postposition of most of those which are may potentially be explained by other factors, such as modification by a prepositional phrase, co-occurrence with a weak preposed adjective (both mentioned by Fischer), or indirect Latin influence in a formulaic phrase. Also, the data does not appear to support the observation that negated adjectives tend to appear in post- rather than preposition.
EN
The musicality of Stanisław Witkiewicz’s Tatra prose has so far not been studied by scholars in any detail. Following Andrzej Hejmej’s findings, the present author focuses first on musicality I, i.e. the sound layer of the text, in which ahuge role is played by extensive quotations in dialect as well as fragments of songs. This reveals one of the key principles governing Witkiewicz’s text – the principle of contrast. Next, the author examines musicality II, i.e. the level of thematisation of music. Here of considerable importance are sound images of nature, silence as well as murmur of streams, sounds of wind and stone echoes, and even of fire. The expression Witkiewicz uses here is “great music of nature”. Just as often Witkiewicz refers to highlanders’ music, especially Sabała’s playing, though it is treated more like aform of archaic, wild expression than original aesthetic quality.
EN
The subject of the following rhetorical analysis is Józef Piłsudski’s speech entitled Przemówienie na bankiecie z okazji wprowadzenia orderu “Virtuti Militari” [Speech Delivered on the Banquet of Introducing The Order of “Virtuti Militari”], made on 22.01.1920 at the first meeting of the Chapter of the Order. Piłsudski’s speech at the burial of Słowacki’s remains in the crypt at Wawel Cathedral was “a masterpiece of the art of oratorical art.” The same level of mastery can be grated to the speech delivered at the first meeting of the Chapter of “Virtuti Militari”. It is not only Piłsudski, as an author, that links the two speeches, but also the fact that both of them were delivered at important historical moments: the first one is the speech of the creator of the independent Republic of Poland, the latter – a speech of the creator of the independent Republic of Poland, who rescued the Polish state by carrying out May Coup. Still, what is the most important in rhetorical interpretation is the same outstanding ars verbis that linked them, highlighting the relativity of the opposition poetry-prose.
PL
Two of Them – the dialogue of Ignacy Karpowicz prose and Tymoteusz Karpowicz poetry This essay is about the participation of poetry Tymoteusz Karpowicz at Ignacy Karpowicz novels. The basis for writing prose is fragmented, multiplying references and styles, and above all the use of quotes and quasi citations. The article analyzed the references to the Karpowicz work occurring in three works: Gesty (2008), Balladyny i romanse (2010) and Spam (2008). This feature of the postmodern novel (Hassan) is here discussed in the perspective of the concept “rhizome” (Deleuze, Guattari). Karpowicz strips his characters with delusions of values. Both artists also connects the way contact with the customer – constantly shifting horizon of meaning results in the loss of opportunities to communicate and ultimately the possibility of incurring defeat.
EN
The article is devoted to the assessment of the “Russian” aspect in Czech history and culture based on the prose of Jaroslav Rudiš. Jaroslav Rudiš, one of the most prominent contemporary Czech writers, was born in Turnov (1972). Since the publishing of “The Sky under Berlin” (2002), his work has positively attracted the attention of critics and has won a wider community of readers, which is evidenced by several reprints of his books and a considerable interest in the new one. Jaroslav Rudiš distinguishes himself from the other modern Czech authors by the ability to soberly, aptly and relevantly describe the problems of contemporaries. His characters are people who personally experienced the “whiff ” of the history and felt changes in Czech society over the second half of the 20th century. Despite the fact that Rudiš does not write explicitly about Russia, does not talk about the eternal themes of Russian philosophy and culture and does not discuss positive or negative aspects of Russian influence on international politics, he shows the impact of the “Russian” aspect on the course of the newest Czech history quite accurately and ironically, although infrequently. Russia and the “Russian” in the prose of the author are mentioned in connection with the events in the lives of individual heroes who perceive the Russian aspect as given and periodically interacting with their lives depending on the circumstances. The views of his characters are ambiguous: they are not strictly negative with regard to important events, but they are not thoughtlessly positive, when the breathtaking spirit and depriving rational thinking of the wonderful creative ability of the Russian soul are praised. The tonality of Rudiš’s prose is comparable to Dovlatov’s irony of the “Reserve” or to the poetry of the Yerofeyev’s “Moscow − Petushki”. The study of Rudish’s prose was carried out by the method of excerpt from the available Czech texts of the writer. Axiological characteristics (more than 120 citations from 7 works of the author) relevant for representing the image of the “Russian” in Czech literature were analyzed from the point of view of imagological criteria.
EN
Word and music studies, which in recent years have been gaining more and more atten-tion, still remain a source of a never-ending discussion on ‘the method’ and ‘the manner of speaking’ about the manifestations of a work of music, which, put within the frames of a literary medium, exist only in the rhetorical sense, thus leading to an individual and subjective interpretation of a musical scheme. Sirens, the eleventh episode of James Joyce’s Ulysses, which was not so far analysed in the intermedial context in Poland, in-vites to a musico-literary reading — not only due to the author’s explicit hints but also the tracks in the text itself which cannot be ignored by a scholar (the sound level of the text, the presence of music within the thematic scheme, the author’s confirmation of the fugitive form of Sirens). Instead of asking whether Joyce managed to create a literary equivalent of musical fugue (which would be absurd due to the semiologic aspect), I focus on tropes employed by Joyce to blur the borderlines between literature and mu-sic. When is it justified to use musical metaphors with respect to narratives? An over-view of the western discussion over Sirens serves as a point of departure to reflect on essential issues concerning the musicalisation of fiction as such.
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Półka literacka 2010

88%
XX
The article presents the most important and the most interesting prose and poetic works published in 2010. Most of them were written by well known authors. The ones that particu-larly deserve mentioning are Balladyny i romanse by I. Karpowicz, Da capo by J. Franczak, Dziennik pisany później by A. Stasiuk, Spiski by W. Kuczok, Miasto Szklanych Słoni by M. Sie-niewicz, Wąż w kaplicy by T. Piątek, Ziemia nod by R. Kobierski, Do rozpuku by A. Mirahina, Dywan by A. Wiedemann, Koncentrat by K. Siwczyk, Nocne życie by B. Zadura, poems by A. Sosnowski and Pół by M. Sendecki.
EN
Games with time, memory and history: About the prose of Milada SoučkováThe article discusses selected short stories by the Czech avant-garde writer Milada Součková. The author presents a brief interpretation of certain primary themes in the writer’s work, such as the themes of memory and history as a kind of framework of Součková’s writing. Another aspect of the article indicates subjects related to specific historical events that constitute for Součková a backdrop for presenting so-called alternative history which is combined with the microcosm of the characters in her stories. Gry z czasem, pamięcią i historią: O prozie Milady SoučkovejW artykule omówione zostały wybrane opowiadania czeskiej pisarki awangardowej Milady Součkovej. Autorka szkicu przedstawia interpretację stałych motywów w twórczości tej pisarki, takich jak motyw pamięci i historii, jako swoistej klamry ujmującej pisarstwo Součkovej. Kolejnym aspektem artykułu jest wskazanie na funkcjonowanie wątków związanych z konkretnymi wydarzeniami historycznymi, stanowiącymi tło do zaprezentowania tzw. historii alternatywnej, łączącej się z mikroświatem przedstawionych postaci.
PL
Many researchers of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya’s works draw attention to the irony which is the significant element of her prose, drama and poetry. It is important that the ironic principle manifests itself not only as an artistic technique but also as a philosophical aspect. Irony demonstrates the ambivalence of reality. On the one hand, it ridicules and profanes everything. On the other hand, irony gives the certitude of the ontological status of reality. We can see a good example of this function of irony in the novel Nas ukrali. Istoriya prestupleniy (2017). This novel shows the common features of Petrushevskaya’s works – the unity of ironic potential and language. In this case, language is not only the style but first of all the ontological element. This is why the language becomes almost a character in Petrushevskaya’s novel. Irony opens the vital potential of the linguistic personality. As a result, one of the heroes imitates foreign speech but doesn’t speak a foreign language. Irony also helps to reveal the ambivalent nature of life. It shows that our “umora” in Sanskrit and in ancient Indian is “humour” and “death”. So, the game and profanity not only reduce the status of the hero, the image, or the reader’s expectations but, first of all, fill the gap between words, ideas, feelings, and people.
PL
The article presents the literary descriptions of dreams, which were published in the Russian periodicals of the Enlightenment period: 1. The happy society: a dream by Alexander Sumarokov (“Trudolubivaya pchela”, 1759), 2. A dream by Sergey Domashnev (“Poleznoye uveselenye”, 1761), 3. A dream by Ivan Bakhtin, A dream by Timofey Voskresensky and A dream by Ivan Trunin (“Irtysh, prevrashchaiushchiisia v Ippokrenu”, 1789–1790). The works present an image of a good ruler, a happy society and an educational role of poetry.
EN
The paper discusses the image of a child and childhood as presented in medieval Welsh literature based on selected sources. The following issues are scrutinised herein: the legal status of a child, customs related to the child’s upbringing, and child-parent relations. The analysed material proves that children occupied an important position in medieval Wales. They enjoyed legal protection and guardianship exercised by both biological and foster parents. A significant trope in medieval Welsh literature is grief and mourning after children’s death.
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EN
A short prose by Gherasim Luka, one of the leading representatives of Romanian surrealism of the 1940s, reflecting the author’s interests in occultism and psychoanalysis on the one hand and the theory of a surreal object on the other. This work documents a combination of the poetics of “orthodox” surrealism with strictly autobiographical narration based on personal experience. 
PL
Krótka proza Gherasima Luki, jednego z czołowych przedstawieli rumuńskiego surrealizmu lat czterdziestych XX wieku, która świadczy o zainteresowaniu autora okultyzmem i psychoanalizą z jednej strony, teorią obiektu surrealistycznego z drugiej. Utwór jest świadectwem zestawienia poetyki „doktrynalnego” surrealizmu ze ściśle autobiograficznym, opartym na osobistym doświadczeniu, zapisem.
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Gherasim Luca: Czerwone echo

75%
EN
A short prose by Gherasim Luka, one of the leading representatives of Romanian surrealism of the 1940s, reflecting the author’s interests in occultism and psychoanalysis on the one hand and the theory of a surreal object on the other. This work documents a combination of the poetics of “orthodox” surrealism with strictly autobiographical narration based on personal experience. 
PL
Krótka proza Gherasima Luki, jednego z czołowych przedstawieli rumuńskiego surrealizmu lat czterdziestych XX wieku, która świadczy o zainteresowaniu autora okultyzmem i psychoanalizą z jednej strony, teorią obiektu surrealistycznego z drugiej. Utwór jest świadectwem zestawienia poetyki „doktrynalnego” surrealizmu ze ściśle autobiograficznym, opartym na osobistym doświadczeniu, zapisem.
EN
The article offers a reading of two works by Polish author Marian Pankowski, Putto and Ksiądz Helena, concentrating on the construction of otherness. It identifies the gender aspects of main character’s specificity and identity, embraces postsecular and ethical issues as well as invites a more open interpretation. It also provides a detailed analysis of narrative strategies and the creation of the literary realm.
EN
Vladimir Maximov in his journalistic writing, prose and dramaturgy has devoted considera- ble attention to the Russian emigration. The writer was interested in emigration as a phenomenon, In his literary output he outlined a picture of an emigration environment which can be referred to as ambiguous. The present article is an attempt at presenting a picture of the Russian emigration seen from the angle of Vladimir Maximov personal experiences, observations and considerations.
EN
In this paper I analyse relations between the sensual and discursive aspects of Slavenka Drakulić’s prose. Iintend to pay attention to the fact that modern literature disavows the old concept of dualism between the body and the mind. Contemporary authors treat the human being as aunique subject, carefully watching individual activities, thoughts and senses. The latest Drakulić’s fiction combines issues related to experiencing illness and death, human body and identity with the problems of artistic achievements. Her prose is semantically complicated, socially engaged, intersemiotic and impressive.
EN
In this article, I have focused on eight prose letters in “Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne”. The first two are by Franciszek Bieńkowski and concern the issue of good education – good treatment for people with lower social status. The next four letters are the correspondence of three great figures of the Renaissance: the Polish king Stefan Batory, his secretary and statesman Jan Zamoyski and the distinguished Italian humanist Antoni Muret. These letters, coming from the 16 th century and written in Latin, were translated by Józef Koblański in the 70s of the 18th century. The texts are examples of traditional epistolary art based on ancient principles. The seventh letter of unknown authorship compliments the reforms of the National Education Commission and polemizes with its opponents. The deliberate form of the letter used to promote a state educational institution and to argue with the critics of its reforms suggests that it is a letter falsified for the promotion of the social good of universal and unified education. The name of the addressee of the letter has not been specified what makes the correspondence general and illustrative in character. The last letter is basically a preface to the Polish edition of a well-known book of French doctor – Samuel Tissot. The book is entitled The Council for the People and concerns the principles of healthy living. The author of the letter – Grzegorz Piramowicz – enumerates the advantages of the book and the merits of her author and praises those who translated the book into Polish. The prose letters discussed in this article which were published in “Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne” present a large variety of themes and topics brought up in the periodical starting from current issues to the examples of early Enlightenment literature and culture.
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