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1

Edukacja ewangelicznych chrześcijan w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym

100%

Skotarczak D.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2014

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issue 32

29-34

EN

The second half of the 19th century in Russia was marked by the emergence of an evangelicalmovement out of which emerged the evangelical Christians (ewangeliczni chrześcijanie). Thisprotestant group spread gradually on Polish territory. Between WW I and WW II, there were manycentres of evangelical Christians, especially on the eastern side of country. Evangelical Christianshad schools with special syllabuses. In these schools they educated priests, missionaries andconductors of church choirs. These schools were also very important theological centres.

PL

The second half of the 19th century in Russia was marked by the emergence of an evangelical movement out of which emerged the evangelical Christians (ewangeliczni chrześcijanie). This protestant group spread gradually on Polish territory. Between WW I and WW II, there were many centres of evangelical Christians, especially on the eastern side of country. Evangelical Christians had schools with special syllabuses. In these schools they educated priests, missionaries and conductors of church choirs. These schools were also very important theological centres.

2

Pamięć o tumulcie toruńskim (1724) w polskiej dziewiętnastowiecznej pieśni ludowej. Wizja świata – propaganda – pobożność i wartości

87%

Kożuchowski Ł.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 85

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issue 2

133-155

EN

The subject of the article is an analysis of a nineteenth-century folk song originating from Lesser Poland and the region of Kielce, which describes the events of the Tumult of Toruń (1724). The author used the historical method (factual analysis), anthropological method (theories of memory and orality) and discourse analysis (a written text as a reflection of mentality) to focus on three main issues. The first one is a polemic with the previous opinions of researchers, who argued that the folk song faithfully represents the events of the riots in Toruń (Thorn). In fact, it seems to be more of a propaganda text. It is impossible to determine precisely the place and time it was created, however, it seems that its author was a clergyman who wanted to convey his vision of the Tumult to the lower social strata. The song presents the community of Toruń as divided into two hostile camps, namely aggressive Protestants and pious Catholics. The article embedded the images of both sides in broader contexts of the German-Protestant stereotype and religious polemics in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The last part of the text is an attempt to answer the question why this particular song was internalized by the common people. The interest in the Tumult of Toruń could result from its sensational character, the fact that it was very well fitted to folk culture, and the possibility to derive satisfaction from the course of this event. The article ends with the presentation of folk songs as an interesting research material for historians, cultural anthropologists and scholars conducting interdisciplinary memory studies.

3

Kalki z języka angielskiego w dyskursie religijnym polskich protestantów pentekostalnych

87%

Bogacz K.

Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny

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2014

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vol. 13

29-38

EN

The subject studied in this article is phrasems – calques from English that appear in religious discourse used by Polish Pentecostal protestants. In the text 12 phrasems are analyzed. All of them were gathered in informal situations among members of two Polish Pentecostal churches. The article is a trial to point reasons and results of the influences of English onto the discourse.

4

Ewangelicy w okolicy Szadku i Zduńskiej Woli w XIX-XX w.

87%

Stulczewski J.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

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2009

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issue 09

87-106

EN

The first Protestants, who came from Czechia and Saxonia, settled in the region of Szadek and Zduńska Wola at the turn of the 18th century. An Evangelical-Augsburg Church parish was established in Zduńska Wola in 1827. In the 1820s fourty Protestant families resident in Szadek succeeded in taking over the Holy Spirit church building. As the number of migrants from Germany increased and the community of Protestant residents grew, new facilities and institutions serving their needs came into being. Chapels and cemeteries in Zduńska Wola, Szadek and Łobodzice started functioning in the first half of the 19th century. The most outstanding among the clergy men who were actively engaged in the life of the Evangelical community was Edward Boerner, who held the office of parson in 1856–1910. In the interwar period the largest Protestant communities near Szadek, apart from Zduńska Wola, were Łobudzice, Annopole, Izabelów, Pratków i Zborowskie. World War II and the post-war period brought displacements of German population and disappearance of the heritage of the Evangelical community in this region.

5

Bílá hora ve stínu Mariánského sloupu:

73%

Pánek J., Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2020

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vol. 118

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issue 4

867-892

EN

In 2020, the 400th anniversary of the Battle of White Mountain (a defeat of the Protestant Bohemian estates by the armies of Emperor Ferdinand II and the Catholic League, 8 November 1620) intersected with the erection of the renewed Marian Column on Old Town Square in Prague (the original Baroque column was demolished after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy on 3 November 1918). These two events were marked by a significant resonance in the media. The article evaluates how the Catholic, Protestant and Hussite Churches or the journalism not tied to the ecclesiastical structures reacted to these controversial events. It demonstrates the impact of the struggles between Catholics and Protestants in the 17th century on contemporary religious controversies and on ecumenical endeavours, media propaganda and historical consciousness in the 21st century.

6

Problematyka małżeństw mieszanych katolicko-ewangelickich oraz konwersje na Mazurach w latach 1850–1960

44%

Kasprzycki E., Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa P. C.

Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

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2013

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vol. 2

EN

A church reform introduced in East Prussia in 1525 brought the change of current religious relationships. In place of catholic Church the new Lutheran confession was officially introduced. To the half of the 19th century mixed marriages and mutual conversions have rarely appeared. Only in the 19th century, along with numerical height of the catholic community this problem started appearing more often. Analysis of statistical datas from the end of the 19th age and the 20th beginning are showing that such marriages have more often been contained in the Lutheran Church, and that the children were also being raised mainly in this faith. Also the balance of mutual conversions was advantageous for the Lutheran Church. Therefore in connecting to the roman catholic Church the Lutheran Church did not only lose, but even attracted new faithful. After the Second World War Lutherans became minority faith. Because of dislike from authorities and intolerance from new catholic settlers, Lutherans tried to avoid mixed marriages. If it already reached them, in general the marriage ceremony and baptism of children took place at the Roman Catholic Church. Sometimes occurred that the Lutherans on Masuria made conversion to Catholic faith right before entering into marriage with the Catholic. To the end of the fiftieth years mixed marriages constituted the little percent contained in both churches of marriage ceremonies. If to add the high birth rate in Masuria families, a statement that the mixed marriages and conversions to Catholicism did not have a direct effect to the demographic situation of the Lutheran Church on Masuria will be entitled. Clearly negative consequences of catholic – Lutheran marriages turned up only at the more late period. Taking the mentioned subject matter was aimed at introducing to the issue of the interrelation the evangelical and catholic community on Masuria. These issues have always aroused great emotions, especially when it was direct confrontation of representatives of both religious groups. Particularly when containing mixed marriages and associated with them conversions reached situations, in which both Churches accused each other mutually against the proselytism and the religious intolerance. It seems that It was a long-lasting element of the mutual coexistence, evangelicals and Catholics which with special power appeared in the first post-war years. Also in late years the interrelation was not also deprived of difficult and dramatic moments.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia problematyki współistnienia dwóch społeczności wyznaniowych na terenie Mazur na przełomie XIX i XX w. Szczególnej analizie poddane zostaną małżeństwa mieszane, zawierane przez przedstawicieli obydwu społeczności oraz związane z tym zjawisko zmiany wyznania (konwersji). Celem autora jest uchwycenie zmian we wzajemnych ewangelicko-katolickich relacjach w kontekście zmieniającej się sytuacji politycznej i demograficznej. W dalszej części podjęta zostanie próba analizy socjologicznej zachodzących zjawisk i ich wpływu na rozpad społeczności ewangelickich Mazurów.

7

Konflikt katolicko-ewangelicki w Osiecznej w latach 1656–1769

37%

Gendera A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2017

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issue 98

43-54

EN

In the 17th and 18th centuries Osieczna, a small town 10 km north of Leszno, was a conflict zone of two Christian denominations – Catholics and evangelicals. The main cause of religious unrest and the consequence of the fall of the Evangelical community was the Polish-Swedish war 1655–1660 and related political and religious disturbances among the inhabitants of the Leszno region. It also was a consequence of the doctrinal and ecclesiological differences of believes and the intensifying of so-called counter-reformation. The first persecution of the evangelical community took place between 1656–1666. At that time, pastor Joachim Wüstehube was banished from the city. Another wave of persecution started immediately in 1668 and its aftermath (expulsion of pastor Paul Clapius and the loss of the temple) lasted formally until 7 March 1769, when the owner of Osieczna, earl Mikołaj Skoroszewski, issued a letter of tolerance to local dissenters, resulting in the revival of the community (new church building, pastor appointment) on 13 January 1793. The study revealed that the first persons involved in the conflict analyzed situations were catholic clergy and evangelical pastors. According to German historiographers from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries pastors were the first victims of the conduct of Catholics. Catholic authors and contemporary scholars, on the other hand, point out the omitted issue of the positive and anti-Polish attitude of Lutherans (especially from Leszno) to the Scandinavian invaders during the Swedish Deluge. The religious anxieties of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are a complex matter of which research is difficult and marked by a certain degree of conjecture. The reason for this condition is the lack of sufficient amount of preserved archival materials for Osieczna from the discussed period. Social issues, including interfaith relationships in the city, require further research.

PL

Osieczna, niewielkie miasto leżące 10 km od Leszna, w XVII i XVIII w. była areną konfliktu dwóch wyznań chrześcijańskich – katolików i ewangelików. Głównym powodem niepokojów wyznaniowych i w konsekwencji upadku gminy ewangelickiej był potop szwedzki (1655–1660) i związane z nim zaburzenia natury polityczno-religijnej wśród mieszkańców regionu leszczyńskiego. Była to także konsekwencja różnic doktrynalno-eklezjologicznych wyznań i nasilającej się tzw. kontrreformacji. Pierwsze prześladowania osieckiej gminy ewangelickiej miały miejsce w latach 1656–1666. Wypędzono wówczas z miasta pastora Joachima Wüstehube. Kolejna fala prześladowań nastąpiła już w 1668 r. i jej następstwa (wygnanie pastora Paula Clapiusa i utrata świątyni) trwały formalnie do 7 marca 1769 r., gdy właściciel Osiecznej, hrabia Mikołaj Skoroszewski, wydał list tolerancyjny dla miejscowych innowierców, co przyniosło odrodzenie się gminy (budowa kościoła, powołanie pastora) dopiero 13 stycznia 1793 r. W trakcie badania wykazano, że pierwszymi osobami biorącymi udział w analizowanych sytuacjach konfliktowych byli duchowni katoliccy i pastorzy. Według historiografów niemieckich z przełomu XIX i XX w. pastorzy byli pierwszymi ofiarami postępowania katolików. Natomiast autorzy katoliccy i współcześni badacze wskazują na przemilczaną przez historiografów niemieckich kwestię pozytywnego i antypolskiego stosunku luteran (szczególnie leszczyńskich) do skandynawskiego najeźdźcy podczas polskiej ofensywy wiosną 1656 r. Osieckie niepokoje religijne XVII–XVIII w. są kwestią złożoną, której badania nastręczają trudności i są naznaczone pewną dozą przypuszczeń. Powodem tego stanu jest brak dostatecznej liczby zachowanych materiałów archiwalnych dla Osiecznej z omawianego okresu. Kwestie społeczne, w tym relacje międzywyznaniowe w mieście, wymagają dalszych badań.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

1 Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

1 Biuletyn Szadkowski

1 Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny

1 Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

1 Zapiski Historyczne

1 Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

1 Bogacz K.

1 Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa P. C.

1 Gendera A.

1 Kasprzycki E.

1 Kożuchowski Ł.

1 Miller S.

1 Pánek J.

1 Skotarczak D.

1 Stulczewski J.

2 2020

1 2017

2 2014

1 2013