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EN
In this research, we focus on designing an interactive tool which will be used as an aid in learning how to manage emotions during argumentative dialogues. To this end, a collection of examples illustrating the typical human’s reactions was collated and used to explain mechanisms that appear in dialogues. We present a theoretical background of the project, i.e., a formal system to represent the change of intensity of emotions in argumentative dialogues. We rely here on persuasive dialogue games. A formal language for expressing properties of protocols for dialogues with emotional reasoning is proposed. We suggest that awareness of emotions improves communication between parents and children, and that it is an important element of both raising communication skills in adults and development of communication skills in children.
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EN
A protocol on corpse inspection and autopsy is prepared and signed by all persons participating in these activities. The lack of a signature can be supplemented after performing the corpse inspection and autopsy. The refusal to sign should be recorded in the protocol. The lack of a signature or such an annotation makes it inadmissible to refer to the protocol in a criminal trial.
EN
The subject of the amendment was modification of the content of the protocol. The essence of the amendment is to include in the protocol an information on the remark sent to the Marshal of the Sejm by the Deputy Chief of the Chancellery of the Sejm regarding the resumption of voting. In the author’s opinion, the amendment falls within the general framework of the amendment to the protocol set out in the Standing Orders of the Sejm and should be considered by the Sejm in the manner provided for in those provisions.
PL
Interrogation is a process-criminal act, without which it could not proceed, and finally no criminal proceedings could be concluded. The further course of investigation depends on the facts determined in its course. These facts determine the adoption or confirmation of forensic versions verified at subsequent stages of the proceedings. Therefore, documenting this activity is very important, and – at the same time – hard evidence, so that its course is not effectively undermined by the parties to the proceedings. Knowledge of the techniques of logging, the choice of the moment of its commencement, the transfer of the presented emotions and behaviors of the participants to the most accurate content is a necessary knowledge.
EN
The article deals with the study of the issue of diplomatic counterculture the definition of which the author introduces into scientific use. The breach of protocol takes place either due to its ignorance, which is non-typical for professional politicians, or for a public demonstration of zero tolerance to particular political objectives. In this context, the meeting of the Polish charge d’affaires with a representative of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID) in Moscow dated February 1, 1995 is of special interest. The latter demanded from the diplomat to comment behavior of some members of the diplomatic corps, who didn’t stand up when signing the Internationale (anthem in that period) during one of the official events. Another NKID’s complaint against the diplomatic corps concerned the reluctance of diplomats to stand up for greeting the Soviet vozhds (leaders), including J.V. Stalin who didn’t hold any official leadership post in the system of the Soviet state. In the author’s opinion, J.V. Stalin was one among Soviet politicians of the most sophisticated improvisers, professionally manipulating the norms of diplomatic protocol and etiquette. In 1939, J. Ribbentrop had talked about vozhd as a man with extraordinary power. Stalin managed to daze Minister of Foreign Affairs of German and, in August 1942, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom W. Churchill marked Stalin’s hospitality at a dinner in the Kremlin and offered to drink to his health. It has been found that one of the blatant cases of diplomatic counterculture is the conduct of N.S. Khrushchev during the meeting at the United Nations General Assembly in 1960. “Shoe diplomacy” didn’t raise the credibility of the Soviet leader in the minds of the global community. The ignorance of protocol rules may lead to the loss of the reputation of a government leader, and as a consequence, negatively affect the country’s image, its attractiveness, which is a hallmark of the “softpower” of the state.
PL
The aim of this article is to describe style characteristics of the protocol and make an attempt to determine their hierarchy. The analysis refers to methodological postulates of Maria Wojtak conceming the study on genre style and style of non-literary texts. A set of five manuscripts of Polish societies from the second half of 19th century serves as a materiał for the article. The analysis enables to distinguish features that are determined by the structure and the pragmatics, as well as those connected with the origin of used words and expressions. Among those can be distinguished two primary style characteristics: implementation of templates and concision and five secondary: formality, use of formulas, precision, impersonality and use of directives. Repertoire of features’ exponents is connected with functioning of the protocol genre model (canonical and altemative) and the method of recording (synthetic, narrative). Apart from typical phenomena related to the communication sphere (in which the protocol is situated), common features of non-literary texts (e.g. persuasiveness, suggestiveness) are noticeable. These features are clearly conditioned by circumstances in which particular societies functioned.
EN
The minutes of a meeting of state authorities are an official document. Thus, of considerable importance is the annex which is part of the minutes. This means that the annex is not only a tool to present accurate information, but also will have important implications for investigation and appeal.
PL
Protokół posiedzenia organu orzekającego jest dokumentem urzędowym i zgodnie z art. 76 k.p.a. stanowi dowód tego, co zostało w nim urzędowo stwierdzone. Tym samym niebagatelne znaczenie ma załącznik do protokołu, który jest częścią protokołu. Oznacza to, że załącznik będzie nie tylko narzędziem pozwalającym na precyzyjne przedstawienie informacji pochodzących od autora, ale także będzie miał istotne znaczenie w sferze postępowania wyjaśniającego i postępowania odwoławczego.
EN
Principles of good manners are associated with courtesy, politeness, tact, good behaviour standards, or savoir-vivre. They include a set of specific rules of conduct that are approved of by a given community. Because courtesy plays an important role in shaping interpersonal relations, the knowledge of etiquette by officers of the services subordinate to and supervised by the Minister of the Internal Affairs and Administration in Poland is the basis for functioning in day-to-day service. Unfortunately, the notions and principles of etiquette are often confused with the principles of an official ceremonial protocol in business pragmatics. This article features the basic principles which should be followed, and not only by every police officer. After all, ignorance of the rules of protocol may lead to our being ridiculed, along with the force which we represent, both in professional and private life.
EN
Legislator in Poland from 2010 started procedure of computerization civil proceedings. The biggest modification of the Civil Code and Civil Code of Procedure was introduced at 8 September 2016, from when both parties to court proceedings have access to electronic protocols, pleadings and have a possibility to submit pleadings via IT system. This article aims to describe the access to electronic protocols in civil proceedings based on the Information portal of courts of the Warsaw Appeal. The Information portal of courts of the Warsaw Appeal is a system, which can be used by both parties in a court proceeding, by attorneys, judges and prosecutors. This information portal includes courts in/on the area of the Warsaw Appeal Court. The Information portal contains documents„ which the courts have made, current information about court proceedings, dates of cases, electronic protocols and recordings. The considerations elaborated in this article relate mainly to the access of the electronic protocol in civil procedure, how the Information portal works and which effect it have on the momentum of the trials. The aim of the computerization done by the Polish Legislator was to accelerate the civil proceedings, allow to deliver documents made by court or by each party of proceeding, lower the costs of proceeding and simplify the proceeding. In conclusion it should be pointed out that the positive aspects of access to the protocols from hearings prevail over the information portal of the Warsaw appeal.
EN
Pragmatic studies on „politeness” limit significantly the possibilities of description of actual situations of communication. It is mainly because of the fact that a common-sense oriented normative notion of „politeness” makes it impossible to notice numerous phenomena taken for granted by the native users of a code in actual circumstances of communication. In this paper, it has been attempted to show at least some important areas of language usage that the „politeness” related approaches are unable to reach. It has been postulated to widen the range of studies over actual situations of communications, by abandoning the solely „politeness” focused point of view, with the implementation of the notion of honorific modification (HM), as a phenomenon present in any actual message, related to the achievement of communicational adequacy of a message. It has also been pointed out that the studies of HM, covering all communication related activity, may (and: should) be related also to the language policy, perceived as equipping the language users at least with basic set of its usage patterns, enabling effective communication.
PL
Badania pragmatyczne nad „grzecznością” w istotny sposób ograniczają możliwości opisu konkretnych sytuacji komunikacyjnych. Dzieje się tak głównie ze względu na to, że zdroworozsądkowe a zarazem normatywnie zorientowane pojęcie „grzeczności” uniemożliwia dostrzeżenie licznych zjawisk postrzeganych jako oczywiste przez rodzimych użytkowników kodu w rzeczywistych warunkach komunikacji. W artykule niniejszym dążono do ukazania przynajmniej kilku istotnych obszarów uzusu językowego, do opisu jakich studia „grzecznościowe” nie są w stanie dotrzeć. Postulowano rozszerzenie spektrum badań nad rzeczywistymi sytuacjami komunikacyjnymi, poprzez odejście od wyłącznie „grzecznościowego” punktu widzenia, z wykorzystaniem ramy opisowej honoryfikatywności (modyfikacji honoryfikatywnej), jako zjawiska obecnego w każdym rzeczywistym przekazie, powiązanego z osiągnięciem adekwatności komunikacyjnej komunikatu. Zwrócono również uwagę na fakt, że badania nad modyfikacją honoryfikatywną, obejmujące całość aktywności komunikacyjnej, mogą (i powinny) dotyczyć także polityki językowej, pojmowanej jako wyposażenie użytkowników kodu choćby w podstawowy zestaw wzorców jego użycia umożliwiających efektywną komunikację.
EN
The paper discusses the use of the institution of refusal to perform a notarial act. The changes of law led to a modification of the notary's responsibilities. There are still unresolved issues related to the discussed notarial action. The notary often does not know whether he or she should draw up a protocol of refusal. This raises many doubts among practitioners.
EN
The article deals with the subject of electronicisation of criminal proceedings. The author aims to present the current solutions and their practical functioning, taking into account the period of their introduction to the Code of Criminal Procedure. The key contemporary threat affecting the efficiency of the procedure, i.e. the COVID-19 pandemic, was indicated as the time turning point. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the existing solutions are rudimentary and there is no systemic approach. Thus, in terms of digitization, criminal proceedings differ significantly from the civil procedure, where the reform was launched much earlier and had a wider scope. The article indicates barriers that may slow down or abandon the implementation of electronicisation of criminal proceedings, including barriers of a legal, training and psychological nature. The possibility of overcoming the above barriers was also referred to. Based on the analyzes, the author formulated three steps (stages) of digitization of criminal proceedings, pointing to: the first step – digitization of criminal procedure activities; second step – electronicisation of hearings, hearings and evidentiary activities; third step – electronic order for payment. The links between the individual stages and the key reasons for the effectiveness and speed of implementation at each of the formulated stages were also indicated.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy tematyki elektronizacji postępowania karnego. Autor stawia za cel przedstawienie dotychczasowych rozwiązań i ich funkcjonowania w praktyce z uwzględnieniem okresu ich wprowadzenia do Kodeksu postępowania karnego. Jako cezurę czasową wskazano kluczowe współczesne zagrożenie mające wpływ na sprawność prowadzenia postępowania, tj. pandemię COVID-19. Analiza ta prowadzi do wniosku, że dotychczasowe rozwiązania są szczątkowe i brak jest podejścia systemowego. Tym samym postępowanie karne pod względem elektronizacji znacząco odbiega od procedury cywilnej, gdzie reforma została rozpoczęta zdecydowanie wcześniej i miała szerszy zakres. W artykule wskazano na bariery, które mogą wpływać na spowolnienie albo zaniechanie wdrażania elektronizacji postępowania karnego, w tym bariery natury prawnej, natury i psychologicznej. Odniesiono się także do możliwości pokonania powyższych barier. W oparciu o dokonane analizy, Autor sformułował trzy kroki (etapy) elektronizacji postępowania karnego, wskazując na: krok pierwszy – elektronizacja czynności karnoprocesowych; krok drugi – elektronizacja rozprawy, posiedzeń i czynności dowodowych; krok trzeci – elektroniczne postępowanie nakazowe. Wskazane zostały także powiązania pomiędzy poszczególnymi etapami oraz kluczowe przesłanki, od których uzależniono skuteczność i szybkość wdrożenia na każdym ze sformułowanych etapów.
RU
Статья посвящена подготовке, проведению и результатам поездки православной делегации Мукачевско-Пряшевской православной епархии в Москву в декабре 1944 года. Согласно архивным документам в организации этого события главную роль сыграло военное руководство политуправления 4-го Украинского фронта. Предполагаем, что они стояли за подготовкой основных документов, которые были отправлены в Москву. Они материально способствовали самой реализации поездки, встреч, аудиенций. Этот шаг был использован советским руководством в политических торгах с Чехословакией и в распространении своего влияния на западноукраинских землях.
EN
The article is devoted to the preparation, conduct and results of the trip of the delegation of the Orthodox Mukachevo-Presov Region Orthodox diocese in Moscow in December 1944. According to archival documents in the organization of this event, the main role was played by the military leadership of the political directorate of the 4th Ukrainian Front. We assume that they were behind the preparation of the main documents that were sent to Moscow. They have contributed to the material implementation of the most trips, meetings and audiences. This move was used by the Soviet leadership in political bargaining with Czechoslovakia and in spreading its influence in Western Ukraine.
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PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony kryteriom, od spełnienia których zależy nazwanie danego dokumentu protokołem w rozumieniu przepisów rozdziału 16. Kodeksu postępowania karnego. Z tego punktu widzenia z sądowo-lekarskich oględzin zwłok, składających się z dwóch etapów, czyli z inspekcji (zewnętrznych oględzin) i sekcji (otwarcia zwłok) de lege lata może być sporządzane tylko sprawozdanie sądowo-lekarskie, niemające charakteru protokołu. Sztucznie od inspekcji oddzielonego otwarcia zwłok (por. art. 209 § 4 k.p.k.) dokonuje nieuprawniony do sporządzania protokołu biegły lekarz jedynie „w obecności” prokuratora, a nie z jego udziałem lub pod jego kierunkiem. Dlatego art. 209 § 4 k.p.k. powinien być znowelizowany dla dobra prawdy i sprawiedliwości.
EN
This article addresses the criteria that are decisive in determining whether a given document can be referred to as Protocol within the meaning of the provisions of Chapter 16 of the Penal Code. From this point of view, the two-staged medico-legal postmortem inspection, consisting of an external inspection and autopsy (opening of the corpse) can be de lege lata documented by drawing up a medico-legal report, which is not considered a Protocol. The autopsy, artificially separated from an inspection (cf. Art. 209, par. 4 of the Penal code), is carried out “in the presence” of a prosecutor, not under his supervision or with participation, by a forensic pathologist who is not authorized to draw up a Protocol. In the light of the above, Art. 209, par. 4 of the Penal Code should be amended for the sake of truth and justice.
PL
Protokół od dawna uważany jest za zbiór międzynarodowych reguł kurtuazyjnych wywodzących się z francuskich i hiszpańskich dworów królewskich XVI–XVIII w.. W ostatnim czasie stał się narzędziem podświadomej perswazji nie tylko w dyplomacji, ale także w biznesie i świecie społecznym. Te od dawna ustalone zasady ułatwiają nie tylko oficjalnym przedstawicielom narodów, ale także ich ludowi współistnienie w pokoju i harmonii. Tworzy przestrzeń i wyznacza ramy, w których mogą zachodzić interakcje offline i online. Stanowi jeden z najważniejszych instrumentów, dzięki którym z powodzeniem funkcjonuje złożony i delikatny mechanizm polityki zagranicznej. Rok 2020 przyniósł wiele zmian, z którymi wszyscy musimy się zmierzyć i na które musimy zareagować. Sam protokół i specjaliści od protokołu nie są z nich wyłączeni. Programy delegacji, konferencje i wszelkie oficjalne i towarzyskie spotkania stały się niekonwencjonalne. Rozwój wydarzeń online i hybrydowych wymaga umiejętności adaptacji zarówno w stosunkach międzynarodowych, jak i protokołach. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu krótkie zbadanie protokołu według definicji i ukazanie jego złożoności z naukowego punktu widzenia. Protokół jako interdyscyplinarna nauka stosowana: innowacyjne podejście zapoczątkowane przez profesjonalnego eksperta posiadającego praktyczne doświadczenie w tej dziedzinie.
EN
Protocol has long been considered to be the set of international courtesy rules primarily rooted from the French and Spanish royal courts of the 16–18th century. It has recently become a means of subconscious persuasion not only in diplomacy but also in the business and social world. These long-established rules facilitate not only the official representatives of nations but also for their people their co-existence in peace and harmony. It creates space, and sets the framework where offline and online interactions may take place. One of the most significant instruments that makes complex and delicate mechanisms of foreign policy work successfully. The year of 2020 brought many changes we all must face and react to. Protocol itself and protocol professionals are not exempt. Meetings, delegation programs, conferences and all official and social engagements have become unconventional to the end. The rise of online and hybrid events demands the skill of adaptability both in international relations and in protocol. The present article aims to briefly examine protocol by definitions and to show its complexity from a scientific perspective. Protocol as applied interdisciplinary science: an innovative approach initiated by a professional expert having elaborate practical experience in the field.
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