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EN
Natural environmental management is the activity of society, organisations, and individuals, aimed at limiting unfavourable changes in eco-systems. This management is the process of making and implementing decisions, regarding the state of the environment. Moreover, it is a practical activity, aimed at maintaining and improving the condition of the natural environment, which is being degraded as a result of the economic and living activities of man. Environmental management must be consistent with the state's ecological policy, which is a deliberate and conscious set of activities of state authorities. The purpose behind this policy is to ensure ecological safety for all citizens. Environmental policy is about top-down decisions, plans that are created to improve the common good, which is the environment. This improvement concerns the environment and its quality, which is not only a ‘private good’. It is also a public good, as it is of particular importance for the functioning of a given society. Some of the problems related to environmental protection, can be solved by implementing new organisational solutions, treated as a social process. We are talking about the idea of ‘public governance’, which is a bottom-up approach to management in the public sphere, including environmental management. ‘Public governance’ or ‘participatory public management’  is a type of management that is characterised by: stakeholder involvement, transparency of decisions, equality, and the lack of exclusion of individual members or groups of society, from the possibility of deciding on the shape of public services. An example here may be civic budgets, which enable local communities to co-decide on the implementation of investments, financed from a part of the local government budget. The aim of the article, meanwhile, is to present ‘public governance’ - one of the concepts of management in the public sector, and to try to answer whether the concept of public governance can be used in managing the natural environment.
PL
Zarządzenie środowiskiem przyrodniczym to działalność społeczeństwa, organizacji i pojedynczych osób. Jego celem jest ograniczanie niekorzystnych przemian w ekosystemach. Zarządzanie to jest procesem podejmowania i wprowadzania w życie decyzji dotyczących stanu środowiska. Jest ponadto praktyczną aktywnością mającą na celu utrzymanie i poprawę stanu środowiska przyrodniczego, które ulega degradacji w wyniku gospodarczej i bytowej działalności człowieka. Zarządzanie środowiskiem musi być spójne z polityką ekologiczną państwa, która jest celową oraz świadomą aktywnością władz państwowych. Zadaniem tej polityki jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego wszystkim obywatelom. Polityka ekologiczna polega na odgórnych decyzjach, planach, które są tworzone, aby osiągnąć poprawę dobra wspólnego, jakim jest środowisko. Poprawa ta dotyczy środowiska i jego jakości, które jest nie tylko dobrem prywatnym, lecz także dobrem publicznym, gdyż ma szczególnie ważne znaczenie dla funkcjonowania danego społeczeństwa. Część z problemów z zakresu ochrony środowiska może być rozwikłanych przez wdrażanie nowych rozwiązań organizacyjnych traktowanych jako proces społeczny. Mowa tu o idei public governance, która jest oddolnym podejściem do zarządzania w sferze publicznej, w tym również zarządzania środowiskiem. Public governance, czyli „partycypacyjne zarządzanie publiczne”, to taki typ zarządzania, który cechuje się: zaangażowaniem interesariuszy, transparentnością decyzji, równością i brakiem wykluczenia poszczególnych członków czy grup społeczeństwa z możliwości decydowania o kształcie usług publicznych. Przykładem tu mogą być budżety obywatelskie, umożliwiające społecznościom lokalnym współdecydowanie o tym, jak będą realizowane inwestycje opłacane z części środków z budżetu samorządowego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie public governance ‒ jednej z koncepcji zarządzania w sektorze publicznym ‒ oraz próba odpowiedzi, czy koncepcja public governance może być wykorzystana w zarządzaniu środowiskiem przyrodniczym.
EN
Participatory budgeting as a form of civic activity in the Polish local government units: an analysis of experience. The article presents the results of a research conducted by the Bureau of Research of the Chancellery of the Sejm on the first experiences with participatory budgeting in selected local government units in Poland, which is one of the newest initiatives undertaken within a broader concept of public governance. The authors also assess the current state and perspectives for participatory budgeting.
EN
The integration of our country with other members of the EU established favourable conditions for the development of the public sector, followed by the society’s hope of life improvement as well as the quality of the distribution of widely comprehended goods and services. The evolutionary transmission from typical administering to the idea of the public administration should mean that this sector will be operating in accordance with the rules of the modern management applied in enterprises in which the organization’s capability to operate in competitive conditions and orientation towards a client is stressed. The present paper synthetically presents the main assumptions and development of the public management in Poland.
EN
The healthcare industry is a growth driver. However, the health system is facing a crisis, affected by the financial development in Europe. An almost completely regulated market is just as little use, as a largely deregulated market such as in the U.S.A. Both lead to gaps in the sustainable and comprehensive patient care. Based on the German Healthcare System, an analysis is performed. Currently, the German health care system is in a transformation process. Traditional forms of health care services provision and the existing governance system are coming to their limits. The current health care system no longer meets the requirements for ensuring accessible and affordable health care services. As new players on the German hospital market, commercial hospital groups have emerged. To get more informed on the effects at the regional level, a scenario analysis was performed. A trend scenario which shows a clear trend toward a substantial increase of regional imbalances was developed. On one hand, there are highly profitable regions with excellent medical service provision by commercial hospital groups, and on the other hand, there are peripheral regions with a second-rate medicine, which are left to the public sector. The paper derives first ideas about a new structure of the healthcare system for ensuring accessible and affordable health care services for the citizens. The paper shows first ideas about the transformation of healthcare as an opportunity for growth.
EN
The goal of the paper is to clarify the concept and principles of corporate governance in the public sector. The starting point for the development of the idea of public sector governance are the business models (the principles of economic entities management) and accountability. The concept brings together the characteristics of "New Public Management" and principles of corporate governance, stressing the necessity of public sector institutions to be accountable before their stakeholders for their activities and resources used. The paper describes the structure and components of the public sector governance system and characterizes its basic principles. The examples of recommendations and codes of good practices are presented.
EN
The author argues that public governance in Poland should be oriented toward the characteristics of interactions among a diverse set of policy actors. Public governance has been defined as a problem solving process in which formal government -- as a cabinet of ministers and public administration -- is no longer the only leading policy actor. Instead there is a network of various actors from within government and from without that contributes to decisions processes and policy outcomes. This change is a result of the decentralization of power. To understand the barriers that block the policy creation process requires an analysis of networks and attention to the pluralistic approach to public governance.
EN
Theoretical background: Participatory budgeting enables the co-creation of local budgets through discussions between residents and local authorities. Thanks to this, it is possible to implement those investments that are important for the local community. By voting, the citizens may participate in the process of creating local development. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is the diagnosis of the concept of public governance and tools used within the framework of co-management, with particular emphasis on the participatory budget on the example of the city of Lublin in 2015–2021. Research methods: The analysis covered existing data from budget resolutions of individual cities, reports from the Lublin Research Group and from Internet sources. The publication includes both quantitative and qualitative research. Main findings: The participatory budget of Lublin is characterized by a relatively high share of funds allocated to the implementation of tasks in total budget expenditure compared to other provincial cities in Poland. For several years, there has also been a noticeable decline in the turnout of people voting for projects under the participatory budget. Thanks to a detailed analysis of the functioning of the participatory budget of the city of Lublin, compared to other provincial cities in Poland, there is a need to promote the idea of social participation more strongly.
EN
The paper examines the issue of public service ethos and poses a question how that specific culture fits into the framework of public management. The author states that in the early 21st century, the Weberian model of bureaucracy is under increasing pressure of market-logic driven models of public management. On the other hand, an alternative to both classic bureaucracy and modern public management seems to have emerged in the form of public governance theory. In the context of contradictory influences, Poland 's administration finds itself at a crossroads nowadays, as it struggles with the bureaucratic legacy and underdeveloped public service ethos, while entering the foreign land shaped by not entirely compatible logics of the market and public governance.
EN
In order for the local administration to satisfactorily fulfil its tasks, its functioning needs to be constantly perfectioned. Ideally, the modernisation should relate to an established pattern of good offices of the local government. The article presents the efforts made at the Urząd Miasta Częstochowy in order to improve management, by applying the Institutional Development Program.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie perspektyw rozwoju polityki zdrowotnej UE, w tym potencjalnego jej wpływu na politykę zdrowotną krajów członkowskich. Ze względu na istniejące ograniczenia traktatowe oraz wzrost złożoności relacji w obszarze zdrowia istotne znaczenie w procesie poszerzania europejskiej kompetencji zdają się mieć tzw. miękkie formy koordynacji (soft law), stanowiące instrumentarium nowego zarządzania publicznego. Dlatego szczególną uwagę poświęcono dwóm instytucjonalnym rozwiązaniom charakterystycznym dla tej dziedziny, a odgrywającym obecnie decydującą rolę w rozwoju europejskiej polityki zdrowotnej: otwartej metodzie koordynacji oraz agencjom regulacyjnym. Metody nowego zarządzania publicznego, wypełniając braki formalnych kompetencji UE w obszarze zdrowia, stanowią sposób na stopniowe poszerzanie zakresu "zainteresowania" Wspólnoty o sprawy opieki zdrowotnej. Rosnący wpływ UE na kwestie zdrowotne jest zgodny z ogólnym wzorcem zmniejszającej się suwerennej kontroli sprawowanej przez kraje członkowskie nad sferą społeczną. Nie należy zarazem zakładać, że mogą one szybko utracić wpływ na sferę świadczeń zdrowotnych/społecznych. Redystrybucja stanowi bowiem zbyt istotny element legitymizacji władzy państw narodowych. Dlatego w bliskiej perspektywie przede wszystkim należy się liczyć z kontynuacją procesu negatywnie ujmowanej integracji wraz z destabilizującą rolą orzeczeń sądowych oraz dalszym rozwojem metod zarządzania publicznego w sferze polityki zdrowotnej UE.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the perspectives of development of EU health policy, including its potential impact on health policy of the Member States. Due to the existing treaty limitations and increasing complexity of relationships in the area of health policy, the role of the so-called soft forms of coordination (soft law), which are the instruments of the new public governance, in the process of expanding the European competences seems to become more and more significant. Therefore, particular attention has been paid to two specific institutional solutions which are of crucial importance to the development of European health policy: to the open method of co-ordination, and to regulatory agencies. Methods of new public governance could fill gaps in the formal EU competences and be seen as a way of gradually broadening the scope of the Community's "interest" in health issues. The growing role of the EU in the domain of health is consistent with the general pattern of the Member States'declining sovereignty over the social sphere. However, one should not assume that they will lose their influence over health and social benefits any time soon. Social policy and redistribution is in fact crucial for nation-state legitimacy. Thus, in the short term, we should rather expect that the process of negative integration is going to continue, that the judicial decisions of the ECJ are going to keep playing the destabilizing role, and that public governance methods in the area of health policy are going to be developed further.
EN
Based on a speech held by Johannes Masing on the occasion of the 221st anniver-sary of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, this article outlines this constitu-tion’s position in the history of the modern constitutional state. It initially high-lights the domestic importance of the constitution’s achievements in Poland against the background of the old Republic of Nobles’ shortcomings. The author subsequently contrasts the basic ideas of the Constitution of May 3 with French and American constitutional developments at the time. It is empha-sised that these constitutional processes were aimed at a new legitimisation of public governance whereas the Constitution of May 3 maintained the rule of privi-leged estates. The absence of basic and human rights provisions in the Constitu-tion of May 3 is also identified as a pre-modern element. On the other hand, the conceptualisation of an entire public system as achieved in the Constitution of May 3 is understood as a characteristic of modern constitu-tions. Further modern features are recognised in the formation of a singular elec-toral body, the association of electoral franchise with freehold, the understanding of all executive and judicial powers as merely derived authority, and the account-ability of members of the executive branch to the Sejm. Masing concludes that while the Constitution of May 3 does not contain the modern constitutional scheme of legitimate governance exhaustively, it includes however many progres-sive elements. Looking at the constitution as a whole, it can be considered as the first modern constitution of Europe. Masing then covers the importance of the Constitution of May 3 for the self-concept of the Polish Nation. Finally, he demonstrates the striking resemblance between current deficiencies in European integration and the challenges faced by Poland in 1791.
PL
W artykule została omówiona rola lokalnych instytucji kultury w procesie rozwoju społecznego i gospodarczego. Zagadnienie wpływu kultury na rozwój jest obecnie coraz szerzej dyskutowane, czego odzwierciedleniem są liczne publikacje naukowe oraz dokumenty strategiczne podnoszące ten temat. Do ważnych aktorów w procesie modernizacyjnym należą lokalne instytucje kultury, które dzięki wykorzystaniu narzędzi partycypacyjnych i otwartości mogą przyczynić się do pomnażania kluczowych kapitałów, niezbędnych do zmiany społecznej i do uwolnienia społecznej kreatywności i innowacyjności. W artykule zaprezentowano wnioski z badań dotyczących sposobów wykorzystywania przez rzeczone instytucje założeń zarządzania partycypacyjnego. Badania, z wykorzystaniem metody wielokrotnego studium przypadku, zostały zrealizowane w 2013 r. w dziewięciu lokalnych ośrodkach kultury.
EN
The article provides an overview of the relationship between culture and development and shows the role of cultural organizations in this process. The way to social and economic development, among other things, leads through efficient cultural organizations that use participatory tools and openness to help to multiply social and cultural capitals. The article presents research findings on how local cultural organizations utilize participatory management tools.
EN
Objective: New public governance is one of the most popular paradigms in public administration management. The aim of this article is to examine the co-production of public services, which is gaining interest in many European countries, including Poland, and to find out how co-production is defined, what the reasons to pay attention to this tool are, how we can distinguish between different models of co-production and, last but not least, what the possibilities and drawbacks of introducing it into practice are. Research Design & Methods: The article is a literature review based on the most important public management journals. Findings: In conclusion, the author shows new ways of defining co-production and presents a proposal for further research strategies for the co-production of public services. Implications / Recommendations: The meaning of co-production of public services has varied over the last few years due to the fact that various new elements have emerged. Therefore there is still a huge field, to cover such as conducting research about the use of social media in the co-production of public services. Contribution / Value Added: The most recent literature review about co-production was conducted by Vooberg in 2014. As a result, this article refreshes the knowledge about it and proposes a new research agenda for the future.
EN
Research background: Tourism sector is considered as a driving force of economic development and understanding factors that deter the flow of tourists and hinder its development, which is essential for all actors involved in this industry. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of rule of law, corruption, and terrorism on tourism in 14 coastal states of the Mediterranean Sea based on the United Nations classification. Methods: The short and long-run relationships among the rule of law, corruption, terrorism and tourism are respectively analyzed through Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test and LM bootstrap cointegration test taking notice of the presence of heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Findings & value added: The causality analysis reveals that control of corruption has a significant influence on tourism only in the short run. The cointegration analysis uncovers that terrorism negatively affects the tourism in Albania, Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia, but improvements in corruption also positively affect the tourism in Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and Italy. Last, the rule of law has a positive impact on tourism in Egypt, Greece, and Israel. In this context, the rule of law can also be a key factor for tourism development via combat with corruption and terrorism. Based on some unique characteristics, the Mediterranean region has consolidated its position as the world's leading tourist destination, but to maintain this competitive position, it is crucial to recognize and adopt strategies that respond to all key challenges faced by this sector.
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EN
Objectives: Many explanations have been offered of Donald Trump’s rise to the presidency of the United States. Most focus on the candidates and events in or around their campaigns. This paper argues that a much-neglected part of the story lies in long-developing structural and historical trends in the U.S. political economy upon which the Trump campaign capitalized. Research Design & Methods: The paper provides an historical analysis of the structural changes in American political conomy that contributed to Trump’s rise to power. Findings: Trump’s rise to power was premised on decades-long changes in the U.S. economy, race relations, ideology, party politics and Obama’s presidency. Implications/Recommendations: To understand Trump’s rise to power we need to understand the changes in American political and economic life that sowed the seeds for his election. Contribution/Value Added: Othe r accounts of Trump’s victory focus on short- or medium-term factors. This paper puts them all into longer historical perspective.
EN
The present article is an attempt at systematizing the most important management conceptions concerning public management. The starting point for this was the determination of the significance of the “public management” term and pointing at its multidimensional character. Further on the author makes a review of the opinions regarding the genesis of the public management, and then he goes on to present briefly the development of this discipline from the historical perspective. The last part of the article contains the foundations of two contemporary streams of public management, i.e. new public management and public governance.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony analizie efektów funkcjonowania budżetu zadaniowego w Polsce na przykładzie urzędu wojewódzkiego. Skupiono się w nim na możliwości wykorzystania budżetu zadaniowego jako instrumentu poprawy jakości rządzenia ze względu na takie wymiary, jak: demokratyczne państwo prawne, przejrzystość, rozliczalność, efektywność i skuteczność, partycypacja oraz inkluzja społeczna. W artykule poruszono problem zalet i wad budżetu zadaniowego. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na sformułowanie wniosku o wykorzystywaniu budżetu zadaniowego w Polsce jako narzędzia prezentacyjnego, a tylko w umiarkowanym stopniu jako instrumentu zwiększającego efektywność i skuteczność wydatkowania środków publicznych. Natomiast osiągnięcie lepszych efektów jego stosowania będzie możliwe, jeśli zostanie on powiązany z kontrolą zarządczą. Pod względem poprawy jakości rządzenia obecnie budżet zadaniowy spełnia kryterium demokratycznego państwa prawnego i kryterium przejrzystości. Kolejne wymiary dobrego rządzenia będą mogły być osiągane, gdy budżetowanie zadaniowe zostanie wprowadzone jako obligatoryjne narzędzie we wszystkich jednostkach sektora finansów publicznych, co spowoduje większą dbałość o realizację celów określonych w jego ramach.
EN
The paper analyses the effects of the implementation of performance budgeting in Poland, as exemplified by the province governor's office. The author focuses on the possibility of applying the performance budget as an instrument for improving public governance in terms of: democratic rule of law, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, participation and social inclusion. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of performance budgeting. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that performance budgeting in Poland is used as a tool for presentation, and only to a small degree as an instrument for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending. Greater benefits from performance budgeting will be achieved, if its implementation is associated with management control. As far as improving public governance is concerned, performance budgeting in Poland meets the criteria of the democratic rule of law and transparency. Other dimensions of good governance can be reached through performance budgeting when it is introduced as an obligatory tool in every public entity, which will result in greater attentiveness to the realisation of its objectives.
PL
"W artykule przedstawiono różnice pomiędzy organizacjami stanowiącymi rdzeń subdyscypliny zarządzanie publiczne a sądami czy szerzej systemem wymiaru sprawiedliwości, na który one się składają. Analiza różnic i wskazanie podobieństw jest pierwszym, koniecznym etapem, mającym celu rozważenie możliwości wykorzystania dorobku subdyscypliny zarządzanie publiczne dla potrzeb zarządzania systemem wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Artykuł ma na celu wszczęcie dyskursu naukowego na temat zarządzania sądem, czy szerzej systemem wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Wiedza dotycząca zarządzania sądem czy wymiarem sprawiedliwości (systemem na który składają się sądy rejonowe, okręgowe, apelacyjne, sądy wojskowe, administracyjne oraz Sąd Najwyższy) jest fragmentaryczna. W budowie jej zrębów nie sposób zatem nie odnieść się do dorobku bogatej, krajowej i międzynarodowej literatury dotyczącej zarządzania publicznego. Artykuł ma za zadanie wypełnić lukę poznawczą w tym zakresie. W artykule skupiono uwagę wyłącznie nad organizacjami sądownictwa powszechnego (sądy rejonowe, okręgowe i apelacyjne). Celem artykułu nie jest wyodrębnienie kolejnej subdyscypliny w ramach nauk o zarządzaniu – zarządzania wymiarem sprawiedliwości, a jedynie o umiejscowienie w subdyscyplinie „zarządzanie publiczne i NGO”. Nie jest celem artykułu także szczegółowe przedstawienie różnic pomiędzy zarządzaniem publicznym i zarządzaniem organizacją komercyjną tradycyjnie będącą przedmiotem dociekań nauk o zarządzaniu. W artykule dokonano egzegezy przepisów regulujących podstawy funkcjonowania organizacji publicznych. Wykorzystano także dorobek literatury przedmiotu w obszarze zarządzania publicznego. Zarówno w literaturze krajowej, jak i zagranicznej brakuje pogłębionych badań empirycznych dotyczących metod i technik zarządzania sądem. Organizacją, która podejmuje wysiłki w zakresie identyfikacji metod i technik zarządzania sądami, w szczególności w Unii Europejskiej, jest EGPA European Group for Public Administration. Wyniki badań nie dotyczą jednak metod i technik zarządzania sądem w Polsce. "
EN
The goal of this paper is the indication of the place and role of the governance of the justice system in the science of management, in particular, in the sub-discipline of “public and NGO governance”. The fundamental reason to separate the governance of the justice system in the public governance stems from the specificity of this organization and the reasons of its foundation. The justice system is independent from the regionalisms, political influence and socio – economic conditions. The justice system handles meting out justice in individual and group cases but it fails to consider the social context. The president of a court and the director of a court have a limited influence on the achievement of fundamental goals of the justice system because meting out justice belongs to judges. Currently the justice system has to react to social needs and cannot be a passive observer of the change. The justice system except ruling should be open to innovation, social needs and expectations.
EN
The problem examined in the paper is part of a broader reflection on public governance, especially in its territorial dimension. The author focuses mainly on the modernisation of the public sector in Poland and the world with regard to the principles of participatory democracy as evidenced by the practice of urban governance. In particular, the author focuses on one of the tools that stimulate participation, i.e. participatory budgeting, which has recently resulted in a breakthrough trend in institutional practice and which can be regarded as an  innovation in public governance. The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of the implementation of participatory budgeting on governance in selected Polish cities. The whole analysis is carried out in the context of normative assumptions and the analysed problem highlights the question of the standards of good public governance, which should be respected at the local level. The paradigm adopted by the author reflects the call for the “right to the city for the citizens,” i.e. an approach whereby cities should develop not only in order to support the economy but also to be able to meet people’s aspirations to a better quality of life.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest porównanie doświadczeń Strategii Lizbońskiej z dyskusją europejską wokół nowej Strategii "Europa 2020". Widoczne są silne tendencje historyczne w polityce europejskiej, a zmiany - wywołane najczęściej uwarunkowaniami zewnętrznymi - są ewolucyjne, jednak nie wpływają na zasadniczą poprawę efektywności implementacji strategii UE. Widać jedynie niewielkie korekty dotyczące zarządzania i dość ograniczone, stopniowe zmiany w priorytetach merytorycznych.
EN
The aim of this article is to compare the Lisbon and "Europe 2020" EU economic and social strategies. The analysis is focused on "path dependency" of historical trends as well as on new tendencies in management methods and policy priorities. The changes in the new EU Strategy are due to external circumstances and are rather evolutionary. They have a limited impact on the quality of the Strategy's implementation.
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