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PL
The aim of the article is to review the contemporary debate on the concept of Respon-sibility to Protect. Numerous publications concerning R2P are the best illustration of the fact that it is a very topical subject. Analysing the doctrinal issues focusing on new challenges for contemporary international law the author focuse on a visible change in the international law paradigm, transformation of moral norm into legal one and the effective use of the instruments of R2P application.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Forma uznania granic państwowych po drugiej wojnie światowej, by Alfons Klafkowski, published originally in Polish in „Życie i Myśl” in 1964. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Niebezpieczeństwo publiczne, które zagraża życiu narodu by Anna Michalska, published originally in Polish in Prawa człowieka w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem prawa i praktyki polskiej in 1997. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Nieważność umów międzynarodowych by Jan Sandorski, published originally in Polish in 1978. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Ekonomiczne aspekty suwerenności i samostanowienia we współczesnym prawie międzynarodowym (zagadnienia podstawowe) by Jerzy Tyranowski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1992. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law. 
EN
The paper is an English translation of Uchwały prawotwórcze organizacji międzynarodowych: przegląd zagadnień i analiza wstępna by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1965. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studieson international law.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Zasada dobrego sąsiedztwa w międzynarodowym prawie atomowym by Tadeusz Gadkowski, published originally in Polish in 1997. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Przyczynek do rozważań nad stosunkiem prawa międzynarodowego do prawa rzymskiego by Bohdan Winiarski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1934. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
EN
The extension of international instruments in the field of human rights to embrace a bioethical perspective constitutes a response from international organisations to the social consequences of the development of genetics. These initiatives led in turn to the formation of universal norms of a declarative nature, as well as legally binding norms for the states of the Council of Europe. The author focuses on the basic principles of: the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and the Human Rights United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, and the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine – presenting the foundations of international bioethics law with regard to the social consequences of the development of genetics.
EN
The aim of the article is to provide an overview of the achievements of selected representatives of Poznań studies on international law, whose writings have been published in the previous volumes of the Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [Journal of Law, Economics and Sociology]: Bohdan Winiarski, Alfons Klafkowski, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Bolesław Wiewióra, Jan Sandorski, Jerzy Tyranowski, Tadeusz Gadkowski, and Anna Michalska. The article considers a selection of papers representative for the main directions of research conducted by three generations of international lawyers from Poznań's Department of Public International Law. The topics covered are as follows: the relationship between international law and national law, the sources of international law, international river law, international law of armed conflict and international responsibility, the law of international organizations, international protection of human rights, territory and recognition in international law, and nuclear law.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest przegląd prac prawników internacjonalistów z poznańskiej Katedry Prawa Międzynarodowego, wybranych spośród tekstów, które ukazały się na łamach „Ruchu Prawniczego, Ekonomicznego i Socjologicznego”. Przegląd ten uwzględnia tematykę reprezentatywną dla głównych kierunków badań, prowadzonych przez trzy pokolenia twórców poznańskiej nauki prawa międzynarodowego: Bohdana Winiarskiego, Alfonsa Klafkowskiego, Krzysztofa Skubiszewskiego, Bolesława Wiewiórę, Jana Sandorskiego, Jerzego Tyranowskiego, Annę Michalską oraz Tadeusza Gadkowskiego i obejmuje prace poświęcone studiom nad relacją pomiędzy prawem międzynarodowym a prawem krajowym, źródłami prawa międzynarodowego, międzynarodowym prawem wodnych szlaków komunikacyjnych, międzynarodowym prawem konfliktów zbrojonych i odpowiedzialnością międzynarodową, prawem organizacji międzynarodowych, międzynarodową ochroną praw człowieka, terytorium i uznaniem w prawie międzynarodowym oraz prawem atomowym.
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EN
The paper is an English translation of O kodyfikacji prawa międzynarodowego by Bohdan Winiarski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1930. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
EN
The paper is an English translation of the chapter Odpowiedzialność za pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym from Pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym. Studium prawnomiędzynarodowe ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem praktyki niemieckiej by Krzysztof Skubiszewski published originally in Polish by Instytut Zachodni Publishing House in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review “100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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The Autonomy of Treaty Terms

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EN
The paper is an English translation of Autonomiczność pojęć traktatowych by Anna Michalska published originally in Polish in “Toruński Rocznik Praw Człowieka i Pokoju” in 1993. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Umowa poczdamska a traktaty pokoju by Alfons Klafkowski, published originally in Polish in “Państwo i Prawo” in 1966. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
EN
On 1 March 2020, Professor Andrzej Wasilkowski died. In his research, Professor Wasilkowski undertook issues which were co-creating the mainstreams of legal debatesall over the world. He was an author of valuable publications on the relationship between international law and Polish domestic law. Professor Wasilkowski was also a director of the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the head of the Legal Advisory Committee of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
EN
This article was made after reading the monograph of Professor Richard Skarzynski ‘Anarchy and polycentrism. Elements of the theory of international relations’. The author put in his book the question: ‘Is the theory of international law characterized by many contradictions or even erroneous propositions, because erroneous perception of internationally reality by its creators?’. Exemplification of contrary assertions of empirical experience in international law is, for example, the principle of equality of states. The doctrine of international law increasingly recognizes that the development of international law – by agreement or law-making activities of bodies such as international organizations – the principle of equality of states does not reflect the actual relationship. Skarzyński indicates that the consensus in international relations is complicated by the fact that there is no uniform concept of a peaceful arrangement of these relations, as there is no compatible conception of the state, nation, and the different civilizations use the multiple concepts and are based on different values. It seems that apart from differences of definition, different ideas of political and social institutions in a polycentric world, particularly troublesome is the inability to develop a global ethics. Ethics is after all a factor in determining the final shape of legal norms. The organization of the human species implies a lack of uniformity of international law. Uniformity can at best be partial and bottom-up, for example by agreement of the Member Agreement, or from above, i.e., imposed by force by other countries.
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JUS COGENS REVISITED

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EN
Jus cogens raises a vital interest of judicature and doctrine of international public law. We may find different views and opinions on the problem of the existence of peremptory norms, as well as their content. On the basis of the analysisof the practice of international judicial bodies, the article constitutes an attempt to define the prerequisites of a jus cogens norm as well as it aims at determination of a current catalogue of peremptory norms. Moreover, this catalogue evolves over time and in future it might be expected that new jus cogens norms will be recognized by the international community.
18
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Origin of the European Ombudsman

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EN
The purpose of this article is to set out the multiannual process for establishing the European Ombudsman's office and the reasons for its establishment. It presents the history of the first European Ombudsmen and the history of the European Communities from a legal perspective. The author goes back to the reasons for setting up the European Ombudsman's body, which were the lack of legitimacy in the European Union. The role of bodies such as the European Ombudsman is to ensure that citizens' rights are actually respected. The European Ombudsman strengthens the rule of law in the European Union and complements the role of the courts by providing a cheap, accessible individual remedy and, on the other hand, complements the representative function of the European Parliament by becoming the centre of independent critical assessment and improvement of the quality of European administration. The rule of law serves to maintain the EU system as a supranational system. It is the construction of the axis of integration. If there is a lack of trust in the community in this respect, it begins to be treated differently. It is therefore important that the European Ombudsman fulfils his Treaty obligations as a body of the European Union effectively.
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The purpose of the article is to assess how the provisions resulting from international programmatic norms in the field of human genetic data are implemented. The presented study, adopting the perspective of institutional rationalism extended to the paradigm of legalism, considers examples of the implementation of these standards in selected legal systems – Germany, the United States of America and France. The selection of the research paradigm is preceded by a theoretical introduction, which presents three ways of conceptualizing the notion of soft law in the legal sciences. Following an outline of this legal regime in positivism, and the theories of rationalization and constructivism, the author focuses on the provisions of the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data of 16 October, 2003, which are compared with the legislative initiatives of Germany, the United States of America and France, to show the influence that the choices of states has on selection of the implemented standards and how they are implemented.
EN
Poland has been a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 for forty years, and has been recognizing the right of individuals to submit applications to the Human Rights Committee for 25 years. The total number of communications amounts to 11, and the results of the examination thereof encourage consideration of denouncing the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966.
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