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1
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Danish Public Service Broadcasting in transition: From monopoly to a digital media environment – a shift in paradigms

100%
Nielsen P. E.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 1(4)
115-129
EN
Danish Public Service Broadcasting has gone through two consecutive transitions. The first in the late 1980s and early 1990s was a transition from a paternalistic public service monopoly, Danmarks Radio, to a so-called Danish model with two dominating non-profit public service stations in a competitive television system. The second is an ongoing transition from public service broadcasting in an increasingly politicised and competitive television system to public service media in a complex digital media environment. The article analyses the transition processes in a media system and media policy approach with focus on political, juridical, economic, and institutional perspectives. The article presents two main arguments. Firstly, the institution Danmarks Radio, the politicians, and most of the national cultural elite experienced the first transition as revolutionary, and in respect to agenda setting, mode of address, and institutional changes the transition was revolutionary, but the ‘real’ revolutionary transition is the current transition to a digital media environment where the original idea of broadcasting is challenged by fundamental changes in the relation between media institutions and media users. Hence the whole concept of public service has to be reconsidered, and the public service institutions will have to reinvent new positions for themselves. Secondly, Danish media policy in general and public service broadcasting in particular has historically been dominated by a national cultural and political paradigm, but in the current situation are (national) cultural issues marginalised and the media policy is governed within international economic and legal paradigms.
2
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Media for Russian language minorities: The role of Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR) 1990–2013

100%
Jõesaar A., Jufereva M., Rannu S.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 2(13)
253-272
EN
This article aims at exploring the ways in which Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR) tackles one specific media service sphere; how television programmes for Russian language minorities are created in a small country. For that task development of the whole Estonian media landscape must be overviewed. By referring to McQuail’s (2010) theoretical framework of media institutions’ influencers, this article investigates how media policy, economic conditions and technology have influenced these processes. The article gives an insight into the development of Russian language media in such a small media market as Estonia.
3
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The legal framework of the implementation of community media in Ukraine

100%
Dzholos O.
Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe
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2022
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issue 5(2)
127-136
EN
The ongoing globalization of mass media offers ample opportunities for citizen debate and pluralism of thought. One of the recent world media trends is the creation of different models of public media, which are an alternative to other means of communication. Public media might address issues of contemporary journalism, namely the quality and independence of media, ensuring that citizens receive accurate and impartial information. Ukraine has undergone tremendous changes since it has gained independence in 1991 but the political and legal systems remain unduly centralized, the economy weak, and the government attempts to limit freedom of speech and work of media. During both the Orange Revolution in 2004 and the Euromaidan 2013–2014, the need to deepen democratic freedoms was emphasized. Major advocates of the reform called for strengthening the rule of law, decentralization, denationalization of media, and the establishment of community media in the country, which will be created by the society, serve the society, and work under its control. Measures to increase the diversity of Ukrainian media are one of the practical means to guarantee freedom of speech and diversity of viewpoints. The diversity of media includes not only the diversity of content and multiplicity of media owners but also the variety of media types. Along with traditional models of public service media and private commercial broadcasting, community media emerged as the “third level” of media development that enhances freedom of speech. This article examines the legal aspects of community media implementation in Ukraine, their compliance with the standards and principles of the media law of European countries that govern the media community, and illustrates the development of community broadcasting in the world. It also provides an overview of the international standards for community media, which are backed by legislatures and regulators. Analyzing the Ukrainian media legislative draft, the author of the article offers improvements to the content and funding of community media in Ukraine.
4
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Vytváření televizních zpráv: pracovní postupy v systému žánrových norem

88%
Kaderka P., Havlík M.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 4
537–567
EN
In this article, the authors examine the production of television news by a public service broadcaster, Czech Television. The aim is to understand the way in which reporters and their colleagues ‘make the news’. Ethnomethodologically informed ethnography is used to analyse cooperation among TV professionals and make visible the everyday, routine, and situated practices with which they perform their tasks. The authors study how practitioners perform their work in consideration of their colleagues’ work, that is, with an awareness of a common aim. They argue that the professional system of relevances of newsmakers is structured by socially established and shared knowledge of the genre specifics of television news reports. The authors describe the genre structure of a standard television news report from a praxeological perspective, and they show how reporters, camera operators, sound technicians, editors, and others mutually collaborate to create a shared understanding of the system of genre norms. The article devotes particular attention to a key component of reporting work: the organisation and filming of interviews with respondents. The analysis demonstrates that interviews with respondents function as an auxiliary television news genre and that the system of relevances in this case is derived from the television news report as a superordinate genre.
5
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Changing Paradigms in Network Neutrality and its Effects on Public Sector Broadcasting Online Services: Germany's Case

88%
Krone J., Pellegrini T.
Issues of Business and Law
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2011
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vol. 3
73-84
EN
Network neutrality has accelerated the wide spreading and adaptation of the Internet as a mass medium giving rise to the diversity which characterizes the Internet today. The expansion of existing networks in the course of development of next-generation broadband technologies has initiated a discussion beginning in 2005 and originating in the U.S., which challenges network neutrality as a universal interconnectivity paradigm for IP-based networks. This, in turn, challenges the existing provision strategies of data-intensive multimedia services thus raising interrelated and pertinent regulatory questions. This article focuses on four areas of interest: the interplay of telecommunications and media regulation, commodification and public value orientation, freedom of access and power of disposal over proprietary services and network neutrality and potential for diversification in the telecommunications sector. It provides an economic analysis of changing paradigms in network neutrality and illustrates how these developments might affect regulatory issues for the provision of online content in the public sector broadcasting with a particular focus on Germany's market.
6
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Duality of Estonian Public Service Media in reflection of the world and in positioning society

88%
Lõhmus M., Tiikmaa H., Jõesaar A.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 1(4)
95-113
EN
This article focuses on changes in the public service broadcasting system of Estonia in the 1990s and 2000s. We present our vision of the paradigms changed and of principles in the structure of Public Sphere. We determined four periods of paradigm change: 1991–1994 the period of a new defining Public Service; 1994–1999 the period of enlargement and aggressive structuring of Broadcasting Field; 2000–2007 the period of stabilisation and from 2007 the period of restructuring Public Service Broadcasting. We present our arguments in support of these periods. We offer the study of Estonian Public Service Broadcaster as a model case, one option of development of PSB in the 1990s and 2000s. The empirical basis of the article relies on the results of analyses of radio and TV programmes and audiences carried out by the researchers of University of Tartu.
7
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Latvian public service broadcasting (PSB) at a media policy crossroads on the path to public service media (PSM)

88%
Dimants A.
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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2016
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issue 2
155-165
EN
This paper critically examines Latvian media policy from the point of view of public value theory, regarding the management of public service media. Since 1992, Latvian Television (LTV, 1954) and Latvian Radio (LR, 1925) officially, i.e. according to law, are independent public service media organisations, and consequently two legal entities. In fact LTV and LR are two state enterprises with one supervising council (five members) elected by parliament according to political proportionality – National Electronic Mass Media Council (the NEPLP). Since 2011, the Latvian government has been slowly deciding plans for the reform and creation of a unified PSM corporation, not just a PSB, i.e. including not only radio and TV broadcasting but a multimedia approach, especially on the Internet platform, due to media convergence. Political decisions of government and parliament for the above-mentioned intent are still wanted. Also, an initiative by LTV and NEPLP to establish a Russian language TV channel was not taken further by decision makers.
8
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Agency, awakening, and the audiovisual: Developments in late­Soviet Latvian Broadcasting

88%
Kruk S., Chakars J.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 1(4)
53-65
EN
This study explores developments in Latvian broadcast media during the period known as the “awakening” that led up to the re-establishment of independence. It pays particular attention to the celebrated television program Labvakar (Good Evening). It argues that pre-existing patterns of political communication persisted through the period showing that while media practices and content were the product of social agency emanating from an elite group of intelligentsia and politicians, broadcasting was less successful at generating social agency at the grassroots, a precondition for and ideal of effective civic and public service communication.
9
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Public service market? Commercial activities of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK)

88%
Roppen J.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2008
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vol. 1
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issue 1
79-94
EN
In this paper the commercial activities of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation are presented and discussed. The legal framework and political discussion is presented in the context of media policy as well as competition at the national level and state-subsidies at the European (EFTA/EU) level.
10
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Przyszłość mediów publicznych w Japonii

63%
Sawicki A.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2014
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issue 2 (57)
123-133
PL
In 2004 the public media in Japan survived the biggest crisis its conception. There was a misappropriation of funds that were allocated to the program activities NHK (Nihon Hoso Kyokai – Japan Broadcasting Association). Also discloses the pressures of politics curriculum of public radio and television. The audience reacted very strongly to that kind of event. Many of them said that they no longer have to pay a subscription. It should be emphasized that the license fees are as much as 95% of the income NHK. Japanese Broadcasting Association was found on the model of British BBC and is not anyway subsidized by the government. The legal framework for public media are required subscription fee for each owned a radio and television set. However the law does not provide penalties for evasion of the obligation. The high rate of collection is unique among the subscription of the public media in the world. This is due to the great trust bestowed NHK Japanese society. The Association sets standards in terms of technology and software among Japanese mass media.
11
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Multimedia development of PSBs: A challenge for the Nordic Media Systems

63%
Roppen J., Nord L., Lund A. B.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 1(4)
131-146
EN
Public Service Broadcasting has been a distinct feature of the media systems in the Nordic countries. In the perspective of media policy the Nordic countries have shared common features such as universality regarding content and reach independence from government, funding by licence fee and no advertising. A press run in accordance with free market principles has been an equally important feature, making the systems highly mixed regarding governance and control. The last decades the PSBs have faced competition from an increasing number of purely commercial broadcasters as well as hybrid PSBs. Even more recently the PSBs are facing challenges from multimedia technologies and markets. Are these new challenges and opportunities changing media policy and the PSBs position in the media systems? Or is new technology being shaped to fit traditional public service ideas? The results from this analysis indicate that the PSBs to some extent have flirted with the commercial aspects of new multimedia technologies, but partly these experiments have been called off by widening the concept of PSBs to public service media, and partly the financial payoffs have been miniscule and also have produced heavy criticism. What has come out of these processes seems to be a confirmation of the basic values of the public service mission.
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