Search results

1

Příštím editorům Komenského Labyrintu: interpunkční chyba v latinském mottu?

100%

Ctibor M.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2014

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vol. 137

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issue 1-2

129-133

EN

This short note tries to point out that modern Czech editions of J. A. Comenii Labyrint světa a ráj srdce suffer from a recurrent punctuation mistake in a Latin motto preceding the main text. This mistake is brought about by a tricky syntax of the second verse of the motto, which allows several interpretations, and by insufficient attention paid to this detail so far. By analyzing the syntactical structure of the verse discussed, some interpretations can be either completely refused or rendered more or less implausible on the ground of metrics, syntactic properties of individual lexems, semantics as well as pragmatics. In the end, the author shows how the syntactic analysis should be reflected by punctuation, and why the current way of punctuation should be abandoned, and recommends the best way according to the reasons given through the article.

2

Spelling and punctuation efficiency of first and second grade students of primary school. Evaluation of rewritten texts

100%

Horodecka A.

Logopedia

|

2016

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vol. 45 EN

35-50

EN

This article presents the results of studies aimed at assessing the efficiency of spelling and punctuation among primary school students of first and second grade. The research materials were derived from empirical research conducted by A. Domagała and U. Mirecka, used in terms of efficiency in the graphomotor monograph entitled Grafomotoryka u dzieci w wieku 7–13 lat (2010). For the purpose of this study the author has analyzed the available materials – 200 texts in total, obtained from the students (two samples from each child). In this case, the study was conducted on a group of 100 students (50 children from each level of education, equal groups of girls and boys). Analysis of the gathered materials allowed the identification of the spelling level of each student as well as the entire population, within the typology of errors in writing and after making characteristics of the comparative performance of students with level of education and gender of the tested subjects. As a result, the scale of writing problems of students in grades I–II of primary school was shown, achieved on the basis of the rewritten texts. The results of this study indicate a higher level of writing skills in girls and less severe errors in attempts to rewrite the texts in second grade pupils.

3

Residuum oralne w średniopolskich utworach dedykacyjnych

100%

Tutak K.

Slavia Occidentalis

|

2015

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issue 72/1

219-225

PL

The act of dedications played a fundamental role in oral societies. It was of equal importance to chirographic and typographic communities as an element of a work’s para-textual frame. In selected Polish dedication works from the 16th and the 17th centuries, the author of the article looks for an oral residuum which could be identified in the complex structure of this type of expression, rooted in rich tradition and shaped in the time of oral literature. In particular, the author of the article proves that even a characteristic feature of the written sub-code like punctuation was subordinated to the listening audience.

4

Interpunkcyjne problemy języka prawnego i prawniczego: przecinek zamykający i kreski typograficzne

100%

Pawelec R.

Studia Iuridica

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2020

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vol. 83

177-186

PL

The article analyzes two punctuation problems of the Polish legal language. The first is omitting the comma which should close the phrase woven into a larger sentence. The second is the erratic use of typographic dashes of various lengths and functions. Correcting these imperfections requires close cooperation between the lawyers and the linguists.

5

Shall we insert a comma? Punctuation dilemma of Polish ancient texts publisher

100%

Krauze-Karpińska J.

Nauka

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2016

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issue 4

PL

The author discusses the problem concerning modernisation of the historical, based on intonation, rhetorical punctuation system distinguished for ancient Polish texts (up to 18-th century) but hardly comprehensible nowadays. She presents the features of the system and rules of its application, quoting examples derived from printed literary masterpieces of three best known 16-th century Polish poets: Mikołaj Rej, Jan Kochanowski and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. Being convinced of inevitability of replacing old punctuation system by modern one (logical-syntactic) she also perceives necessity of description of the historical one.

6

Oktawa w epice historycznej wieków dawnych – wybrane problemy (na przykładzie Pamiętnego uprowadzenia wojska z cieśni bukowińskiej… Stanisława Wincentego Jabłonowskiego)

89%

Piątek M.

Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 2

137-149

EN

The article is divided into two parts. The first one describes a career that ottava rima had in seventeenth-century heroic narrative poems. What the author references are the most valid opinions by scholars of the Polish verse pertaining to ottava rima, in addition to the opinions by the poets who struggled to write in this challenging stanza form. Part two of the article analyses selected stanzas (ottavas) from the narrative poem Pamiętne uprowadzenie wojska z cieśni bukowińskiej… (1745) by Stanisław Wincenty Jabłonowski. Aside from versological questions, also the most important problems are indicated that relate to editing and punctuation of the Jabłonowski’s ottava rima.

7

The use of English, Czech and French punctuation marks in reference, parallel and comparable web corpora: a question of methodology

88%

Nádvorníková O.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2020

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vol. 30

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issue 1

30-50

EN

This paper analyses the frequency of six punctuation marks (the comma, period, colon, semicolon, question mark and exclamation mark) in three languages (English, French and Czech) in three different types of corpora — comparable web corpora, large monolingual general (reference) corpora and parallel (translation) corpora. The aim of the analysis is to identify which type of corpus and which methodology are the most suitable for contrastive research into punctuation. The data shows that the frequency of different punctuation marks is very sensitive to the text type. Therefore, the web corpora, containing uncontrollable amounts of various text types, cannot provide specific and reliable information about the use of punctuation marks in a given language. We argue that despite their limitations in terms of size and composition as well as the potential specific features of the language of translation, the parallel corpora used in combination with the general (reference) corpora provide the best data for such research.

8

Wariantywność pisowniowa frazeologizmów we współczesnych słownikach jednojęzycznych

88%

Awramiuk E.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2016

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vol. 16

EN

The article discusses spelling and punctuation variants of Polish phrases in contemporary Polish dictionaries. Spelling variants of idioms with regard to capital/lowercase spelling, most of all, results from progressing desemantization of original meanings. Examples excerpted from lexicographical sources prove that units whose meaning is not identical are usually written down in two variants, e.g. pyrrhic/Pyrrhic victory. Variants aremuch more frequently connected with a diversifiedmanner of recording a given unit in different lexicographical sources. Every dictionary provides one way of spelling of a given compound but consulting various dictionaries proves the existence of more than one variant.

9

Sprachliche Mittel der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung am Beispiel deutscher Horoskoptexte

87%

Poźlewicz A.

Studia Germanica Posnaniensia

|

2018

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issue 39

153-165

PL

Press horoscopes are short informative and persuasive texts addressed to a seemingly individualreader, who skims through the text in order to match the content and intention of press horoscopesto his or her ownsituation. The article deals with the selected linguistic means used in German presshoroscopes to draw thereader’s attention to certain text elements. The analysed data consists of extractsfrom press horoscopes inGerman weekly magazines for women (Bild der Frau, Freundin). Theaim of the paper is to investigatedifferent linguistic means (e.g. syntactic, lexical and typographicalones) used to draw the reader’s attentionin order to elaborate their preliminary subclassification.

EN

Press horoscopes are short informative and persuasive texts addressed to a seemingly individual reader, who skims through the text in order to match the content and intention of press horoscopes to his or her own situation. The article deals with the selected linguistic means used in German press horoscopes to draw the reader’s attention to certain text elements. The analysed data consists of extracts from press horoscopes in German weekly magazines for women (Bild der Frau, Freundin). The aim of the paper is to investigate different linguistic means (e.g. syntactic, lexical and typographical ones) used to draw the reader’s attention in order to elaborate their preliminary subclassification.

10

«Cose che imparerai meglio con l’uso e col criterio». Codificazione della norma interpuntiva in Italia e in Polonia

87%

Foremniak K.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

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2013

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vol. 40

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issue 3

5-15

EN

The purpose of the article is to present the results of analysis regarding the processes of developing and standardizing the norm of punctuation in Poland and in Italy since the beginning of the 20th century to recent times. Aiming to describe the character of the two norms and to explain the differences between the Polish and the Italian rules, the study emphasizes the role of institutions in the codification process. Furthermore, it examines the typology of normative sources in both countries and comments the status of punctuation among other branches of linguistics.

11

Kwestia interpunkcji w utworach poetyckich Ignacego Krasickiego. Spostrzeżenia i uwagi w związku z edycją krytyczną wierszy

75%

Kostkiewiczowa T., Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk u. N. Ś., terkost@o2.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2016

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vol. 34

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issue 4

EN

The issue of determining punctuation of former periods’ compositions in preparation for a critical edition is complicated and arises problems often difficult to solve univocally. This article treats of such situations based on Ignacy Krasicki’s poems, proposes solutions justified by the analysis of the text’s meanings and also points at situations where alternative versions are permissible. The reasoning arrives at a conclusion on editor’s work including punctuation, as endeavors of interpretative nature that are important for the understanding of a text and of its meanings.

12

Czy można sprawdzić wiedzę egzaminatorów języka polskiego dotyczącą ortografii i interpunkcji?

75%

Hącia A.

Edukacja

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2013

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issue 2(122)

100–125

PL

Niniejszy artykuł – jako pierwszy z trzech – stanowi opis wyników badania, któremu została poddana 60-osobowa grupa egzaminatorów języka polskiego, współpracujących z jedną z okręgowych komisji egzaminacyjnych. Badanie dotyczyło znajomości wybranych zasad poprawnościowych języka polskiego oraz sposobu oceny kompetencji językowych uczniów gimnazjum na podstawie ich wypracowań. Wykazało, że stopień znajomości kompetencji ortograficzno-interpunkcyjnych egzaminatorów jest niezadowalający. Ze względu na dużą wagę problemu (od poziomu kompetencji nauczycieli zależy poziom umiejętności uczniów; wiedza egzaminatorów wpływa na wyniki egzaminacyjne uczniów) konieczne jest rozpoczęcie działań naprawczych – we współpracy środowisk szkolnych i akademickich.

EN

This article is first of three describing a study of a group of 60 Polish language examiners working for a regional examination committee. The study concerned familiarity with chosen principles of the Polish language and methods to assess the language skills of middle school students based on their written work. The study revealed that examiners knowledge of the rules of spelling and punctuation was not satisfactory. Owing to the large scale of the problem and since students depend on teachers’ competence in these skills to pass examinations, there is a need to take remedial action requiring cooperation at school and university levels.

13

Operacje metatekstowe a interpunkcja w wybranych drukach XVI i XVII wieku

75%

Tutak K.

Język Polski

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2013

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issue 2

86-94

PL

Interpunkcja druków szesnasto- i siedemnastowiecznych miała charakter retoryczno–intonacyjny. Analiza kształtu typograficznego ramy wydawniczej wybranych dokumentów należących do piśmiennictwa staropolskiego pozwala na wyróżnienie ośmiu podstawowych znaków przestankowych. Miały one do spełnienia ważną funkcję typu meta-: służyły porządkowaniu i uspójnianiu tekstu, tworzyły wraz z wykładnikami leksykalno-syntaktycznymi metatekstowy szkielet wypowiedzi pisanej.

EN

The punctuation of 16th and 17th century texts was of an intonation-rhetorical character. The analysis of the typographical shape of selected old Polish printed documents allows one to distinguish between eight basic punctuation marks. They performed an important meta-function: they organized the text, rendered it more coherent and constituted — together with lexical-syntactic markers — a metatextual framework of the written utterance.

14

Typographie und ihr Einfluss auf den Leseprozess: Mikrotypographische Fehler in den Oberschlesischen Nachrichten

75%

Pelka D.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2012

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vol. 1

85-97

EN

The first edition of “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” appeared on March 20, 1990 in the form of a Polish-German supplement to “Trybuna Opolska”. This was a starting point of the published up till now German minority newspaper – “Wochenblat.pl”. Due to that, we may treat “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” as one of the oldest press publications of the German minority in Poland after 1989. When we focus on the German texts published in “WG”, we may come across many lexical and grammatical mistakes, which make it difficult for the reader to understand the text. It is not only the mistakes that disrupt the reception of the text. This article, by means of describing the relation and the influence the typography and the reading process have on one another, indicates that micro-typographic mistakes may have a negative impact on the clarity of the text. Only when the text is properly set, can the reader focus on its message. Wrongly set words, incorrect punctuation or spaces draw the reader’s attention and cause reading difficulties. They force the reader to analyze the structure of the text and therefore draw them away from focusing on the message. The article, using particular examples taken from the corpus of ten first editions of the “Wiadomości Górnośląskie”, shows that violation of the ortotypographic rules may disturb the clarity of the text. At the same time, it is being stated that typography has an important influence as far as the clarity of the text is concerned.

15

Interpunkcja w tłumaczeniu. Polski myślnik w przekładzie na język włoski

63%

Foremniak K.

Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium

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2021

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vol. 6

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issue 2

194-210

EN

Punctuation as an important and challenging part of translation process is a neglected area of interest both in teaching and academic research. The purpose of the present study was therefore to draw attention to its importance and to identify and describe techniques that have been employed in translation of Polish dash to Italian. As the uses of dash (myślnik in Polish and lineetta in Italian) in both languages differ significantly, a proper translation requires not only an in-depth interpretation of the text structures, but also a contrastive analysis of punctuation norms in both languages in question. The linguistic data analysed in this study derived from a collection of reports by Mariusz Szczygieł published in the book Nie ma (Dowody na Istnienie, 2018) and its Italian translation by Marzena Borejczuk Quello che non c’è (Nottetempo, 2021). The topic was investigated by using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative analysis reveals that the use of dash in Polish is significantly more frequent than in Italian (frequency of dash in Polish text is higher than in Italian by a factor of 10). Qualitative analysis highlighted several techniques applied to translate Polish structures which involve the use of dash: substitution by a different punctuation mark (mainly by comma, colon or ellipsis); lexical modifications (in order to clarify or complete the meaning); reorganization of syntactic structure (including changing syntactic sequences and word order). The findings of the study may be useful both to promote contrastive analysis of punctuation and to develop practical approaches to teaching and learning punctuation of foreign languages.

PL

Przekład interpunkcji jako osobne i wymagające zadanie tłumacza jest kwestią niedocenianą zarówno przez nauczających warsztatu, jak i przez badaczy. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na istotę problemu, a także wskazanie i opisanie technik stosowanych w tłumaczeniu na język włoski polskich kontekstów wymagających użycia myślnika (wł. lineetta). Jako znak, którego zastosowania znacząco różnią się w obu badanych językach, myślnik pozwala dostrzec konteksty wymagające kontrastywnego zestawienia dwóch norm przestankowania. Materiał językowy poddany analizie obejmował zbiór reportaży Mariusza Szczygła Nie ma opublikowany w 2018 przez wydawnictwo Dowody na Istnienie oraz włoskie wydanie tomu w przekładzie Marzeny Borejczuk – Quello che non c’è (Nottetempo, 2021). Analiza ilościowa przykładów wyekscerpowanych z polsko-włoskiego korpusu wykazała znaczną przewagę użyć myślnika w języku polskim (znak pojawił się ponad dziesięciokrotnie częściej w polskiej części materiału). Analiza jakościowa pozwoliła wyodrębnić zastosowane w przekładzie techniki: rozwiązania polegające na odwołaniu się do innych znaków interpunkcyjnych (przecinka, dwukropka i wielokropka), modyfikacje na poziomie leksyki (uzupełnienie tekstu o informacje, których nośnikiem jest w polszczyźnie myślnik) i składni (wprowadzenie dodatkowych podziałów syntaktycznych, zmiana szyku zdania). Przeprowadzona analiza i płynące z niej wnioski mogą być podstawą do dalszych badań kontrastywnych nad interpunkcją, a także przyczynkiem do uzupełnienia dydaktyki języków obcych o zagadnienia związane z przestankowaniem.

16

Wielokropek

63%

Pogonowski J.

Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia

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2011

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vol. 12

211-229

EN

.

17

Tradurre la lineetta singola: uno studio contrastivo macedone-italiano

63%

Stojmenova Weber R.

Italica Wratislaviensia

|

2019

|

issue 10.1

261-278

EN

The aim of this article is to illustrate the strategies adopted to translate the dash from Macedonian into Italian in contemporary literary texts. This punctuation mark follows partially different principles in the two languages: morpho-syntactic and informative-textual ones in Macedonian and informative-textual principles in Italian. In addition, the source language reveals a frequent and systematic use of the dash, while it is not very common in the target language nor fully integrated into its punctuation system. From this analysis, two significant data have emerged. Firstly, it has been observed that, amongst the translating strategies of the dash from Macedonian into Italian, what prevails is the use of a “passe-partout” comma, which separates two clauses and replaces stronger punctuation marks, such as the colon, the semicolon, and the period. Secondly, it has been observed that the translation does not contribute to transferring the Macedonian model into the Italian language: the dash of the original text is kept in the target text only when there is equivalence between the two punctuation systems.

IT

il contributo si propone di illustrare le strategie applicate nell’atto traduttivo della lineetta singola dal macedone all’italiano in testi letterari contemporanei. Nelle due lingue il segno di punteggiatura risponde a principi parzialmente diversi: morfosintattici e informativo-testuali in macedone e informativo-testuali per quanto riguarda l’italiano. Inoltre, la lingua di partenza presenta un uso frequente e sistematico della lineetta singola, mentre nella lingua d’arrivo essa non è pienamente integrata nel sistema interpuntivo ed è poco diffusa. Dall’analisi sono emersi due dati significativi. Si è osservato, innanzitutto, che tra le strategie di resa della lineetta dal macedone all’italiano predomina la sostituzione con la virgola “passepartout”, la quale si pone a cavallo di due Enunciati al posto dei segni interpuntivi più forti, quali i due punti, il punto e virgola e il punto fermo. In secondo luogo, si è notato che il risultato della traduzione non contribuisce a diffondere in italiano usi plasmati sul modello macedone: la lineetta singola del testo originale è trasposta nel testo di arrivo unicamente quando c’è equivalenza tra i due sistemi interpuntivi.

18

O potrzebie nauczania interpunkcji we współczesnej szkole

63%

Krzyżyk D., Synowiec H.

Dydaktyka Polonistyczna

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2022

|

issue 8 (17)

33-43

XX

Nasz szkic dedykujemy pamięci Profesora Henryka Kurczaba, który w swojej twórczości naukowej i działalności dydaktycznej wiele miejsca poświęcał kulturze języka w szkole oraz problemom integrowania celów i treści kształcenia. Upominamy się o docenienie interpunkcji w szkolnym kształceniu językowym. Zwracamy uwagę na słabą znajomość przez uczniów reguł interpunkcyjnych i niestosowanie tych reguł w tekstach pisanych. Świadczą o tym liczne błędy w przestankowaniu i związane z nimi błędy składniowe. Wskazujemy na cywilizacyjne, kulturowe i dydaktyczne czynniki, które mają wpływ na obniżanie się poziomu sprawności interpunkcyjnej dzieci i młodzieży. Na podstawie badań sondażowych omawiamy stan przygotowania metodycznego polonistów do nauczania interpunkcji, m.in. znajomość przez nich słowników i poradników interpunkcyjnych, rodzajów ćwiczeń, a także uwzględnianie zasady integrowania interpunkcji z nauczaniem składni. W aneksie szkicu zamieszczamy – istotną dla podniesienia świadomości dydaktycznej nauczycieli – klasyfikację błędów interpunkcyjnych. Została ona opracowana przez profesora Jerzego Podrackiego – językoznawcę i dydaktyka języka.

EN

Our essay is dedicated to the memory of Professor Henryk Kurczab, who in his scientific output and teaching activities devoted a lot of time to the language culture at school and issues concerning integrating the purposes and contents of education. We demand appreciation for the punctuation in school linguistic education. We draw attention to pupils’ poor knowledge of punctuation rules in written texts. It is proved by numerous mistakes in interpunction and related syntax errors. We point to civilization and culture as well as didactic factors, which influence the decrease of the punctuation skills levels of children and youth. On the grounds of survey research we are discussing the condition of Polish teachers’ methodological preparation to teach punctuation, among others their familiarity with dictionaries and punctuation guides, types of exercises and the application of the principle of integrating the punctuation with teaching syntax. The attachment to this essay includes the classification of punctuation errors, which is important to increase the teachers’ didactic awareness. It was prepared by professor Jerzy Podracki – a linguist and language didactician.

19

Per un’educazione alla scrittura accademica in italiano LS utilizzando i segni interpuntivi a partire da usi e interpretazioni degli scriventi di lingue slave

63%

De Tommaso V.

Italica Wratislaviensia

|

2023

|

issue 14.1

57-76

IT

L’articolo riporta le riflessioni nate da un’indagine sulle esperienze di scrittura prima e durante i primi due anni di università e sugli usi interpuntori nella propria L1 e nell’italiano LS da parte di apprendenti cechi e slovacchi. Le esperienze con i segni interpuntivi in L1 e i riferimenti presenti nelle grammatiche scolastiche ceche/slovacche fanno emergere un’interpretazione esclusivamente sintattica e un contatto parziale con il sistema interpuntorio poiché limitato al solo uso della virgola; a questo segno, inoltre, viene attribuito in L1 valore esclusivamente segmentante. Per un’educazione alla scrittura del testo accademico in italiano LS che contribuisca a superare fenomeni di frammentarietà, giustapposizione, scarsa coesione testuale, i risultati dell’indagine suggeriscono un’azione didattica che punti sui valori coesivi dei segni interpuntivi e che solo in parte si appoggi a un approccio contrastivo, ovvero quando la ratio interpuntoria dei due sistemi coincida o quando sembri coincidere.

EN

This article focuses on the results of a survey on writing experiences during secondary school and the first two years of high school and on the use of punctuation marks in L1 and Italian L2 by Czech and Slovak learners. Students’ past experiences with punctuation marks in L1 and references in Czech/Slovak schoolbooks reveal a strictly syntactic approach; students practise the use of the comma only, which is assumed to have purely separating values. In order to help students develop language skills for academic writing in Italian L2 and to avoid choppy writing and lack of cohesion, the research findings suggest that the teacher should highlight the cohesive/linking values of punctuation marks. The contrastive approach can be useful to a certain degree: up to the point where the punctuation principles of the two languages are equivalent or where they seem to be equivalent.

20

Różnice w interpretacji składni zabytku a interpunkcja transkrypcji. Na przykładzie Rozmyślania przemyskiego

63%

Stramczewska O.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2014

|

vol. 62

|

issue 6: Językoznawstwo

161-171

PL

Rozmyślanie przemyskie to XVI-wieczny, liczący 426 kart, całkowicie pozbawiony interpunkcji apokryf. W artykule przedstawiono analizę wybranych różnic interpunkcyjnych w dwóch wydaniach tego zabytku: Chrestomatii staropolskiej i w tzw. wydaniu fryburskim. Znaki interpunkcyjne, wstawiane przez wydawców w transkrypcjach, są ilustracją ich zrozumienia składni zabytku, a co za tym idzie mają charakter interpretacyjny. Zaproponowaną w wydaniach interpunkcję należy zatem traktować jako głos w dyskusji, a nie jako jedyne źródło rozwiązań składniowych.

EN

Rozmyślanie przemyskie [The Przemyśl Meditation] is a 16th-century apocrypha, comprising 426 cards, and completely devoid of punctuation. The article presents an analysis of selected punctuation differences in the two editions of this text: Chrestomatiastaropolska and the Freiburg edition. Punctuation inserted by publishers in transcriptions, illustrate their understanding of the syntax of the text. They are interpretations. Punctuation proposed in the editions under analysis should be treated as a voice in discussion, and not as the only source of syntactic solution.

Refine search results

Příštím editorům Komenského Labyrintu: interpunkční chyba v latinském mottu?

Spelling and punctuation efficiency of first and second grade students of primary school. Evaluation of rewritten texts

Residuum oralne w średniopolskich utworach dedykacyjnych

Interpunkcyjne problemy języka prawnego i prawniczego: przecinek zamykający i kreski typograficzne

Shall we insert a comma? Punctuation dilemma of Polish ancient texts publisher

Oktawa w epice historycznej wieków dawnych – wybrane problemy (na przykładzie Pamiętnego uprowadzenia wojska z cieśni bukowińskiej… Stanisława Wincentego Jabłonowskiego)

The use of English, Czech and French punctuation marks in reference, parallel and comparable web corpora: a question of methodology

Wariantywność pisowniowa frazeologizmów we współczesnych słownikach jednojęzycznych

Sprachliche Mittel der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung am Beispiel deutscher Horoskoptexte

«Cose che imparerai meglio con l’uso e col criterio». Codificazione della norma interpuntiva in Italia e in Polonia

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