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A Puzzle from Elsewhere: Against the Standard Account of Elsewhere

100%
Luck M.
Diametros
|
2020
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vol. 17
|
issue 63
6
EN
The standard account of elsewhere is that it is any place that isn’t here. In this paper I argue against this account by demonstrating that (given some plausible assumptions) it results in a contra-diction. In its place I offer a modified account of elsewhere; where a place can only be elsewhere if it is in the same type of space as here.
2
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Řešení problémů: společné znaky prosociálního chování a řešení některých logických úloh

86%
Patočka J., Záškodná H.
Psychologie a její kontexty
|
2015
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
3-15
EN
The Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle invented by the French mathematician Edouard Lucas. The objective of the game is to move the entire stack to another rod, while obeying the game rules. The puzzle plays an important role in the assessment of frontal lobe function. A number of studies have demonstrated that with respect to this test, performance is impaired among patients with frontal lobe lesions. The tree-dimensional Tower of Hanoi has become popular instrument in neuropsychology and gain importance for working memory, planning a problem solving theories. It can be used to practice strategies to solve problems. This can help in emergency in case naturalistic decision making is applicable. What makes the difference when deciding in various types of the problem situations? While practicing problem solving, an individual creates and improves systematic solution plan which consists according to Plhakova of identification of the problem, definition and formulation, generation of possible solutions, exploring the viable strategy, considering the short and long term advantages and disadvantages of various solutions, choice of the solution and its implementation and finally evaluation of the result. Practicing the problem-solving strategies improves according Plhakova the general problem-solving skills of an individual. Some of these cognitive steps are described in the famous model of providing assistance to a person in emergency by Schwarz and Howard. The model shows multiple faces of human altruism and referees to factors which presence can stop a person from helping others. For a person who helps others it means to solve a certain problem. According to the model by Schwarz et al, helping in difficult situations as well as with common problems, is a complex event that may take place in different ways depending on the type of the task, situation as well as personality. By solving the puzzle general cognitive skills can be improved. These skills make an important aspect of prosocial behavior. But we cannot ignore the fact that prosocial behavior in emergency situations related to emotional stress has its significant decisions specifics. It goes without saying that the understanding of cognitive emergency strategies is not enough to make a person to provide help in emergency. Furthermore, the real situations require effective decisions even if sufficient quantity reliable information is not available. The question is therefore how the decision-making process in real situations differs from the decision made while solving the puzzle. The classic normative decision-making theory (Frisch, Baron) relates to rational thinking human being. According to the normative theory man chooses such behavior, which is the best in a given situation and is associated with maximum profit. However in the real life, people are facing situations in which they do not fully understand and the problem is not clearly defined. Naturalistic decision is a process in which the knowledge is sequentially transformed until the decision point. Decision is adaptive cognitive activity which contains according to Payne certain assumptions: a) Strategies for decision-making are typically at different level of precision; b) Strategies are determined by the context within which the task is solved; c) There are several strategies for solving the problem at different levels of complexity; d) Selection of the strategy might not be conscious. Overall we can state that both prosocial behavior and successful Hanoi tower puzzle solving are related to problem solving abilities. While the naturalistic decision making is often accompanied by time stress, incomplete ambiguous information, difficult risk assessment and high emotional impact under artificial conditions the problem is solved without stress, with clear information with well-defined objectives and low emotional impact. Naturalistic decision making involves complex cognitive processes repeated evaluation and processing of complex dynamic stimuli in situations of high uncertainty often under time and emotional pressure. While the Tower of Hanoi is an example of a structured issue, emergency aid is an example of not well structured problem. It is a task that requires intuitive thinking, motivation, evaluation of optional steps and involves emotions. Naturalistic decision made in emergency is similar to decision made by rescuers or firefighters. The present study shows how personal helping skills can be improved as well as studied further. The naturalistic decision theory is discussed as well as strategies used to achieve effective decisions (Wiggins, Henley).
3
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Zagadkowe relacje pomiędzy bohaterami sagi o Samsonie. Analiza wybranych elementów Sdz 13-16

86%
Jędrzejczak A.
Studia Gdańskie
|
2019
|
issue 44
15-28
PL
Saga o Samsonie jest oryginalną częścią Biblii Hebrajskiej, w której licznie występują niedopowiedzenia, zagadki i stwierdzenia nie do końca zgodne z prawdą. Kolejni bohaterowie zakrywają przed sobą istotne wiadomości, a główny bohater igra ze swoimi przeciwnikami opowiadając im zagadki. Celem przedkładanego artykułu jest wyszczególnić kolejne elementy, które składają się na narrację o Samsonie i stanowią o enigmatyczności całego opowiadania. Analiza wybranych elementów ma uzmysłowić Czytelnikowi, że tajemniczość sagi o Samsonie nie zależy tylko od zagadek konstruowanych przez głównego bohatera, ale także od relacji pomiędzy jego rodzicami i aniołem Pańskim.
EN
The Samson saga is an original part of the Hebrew Bible in which numerous understatements, puzzles and statements far from the truth appear. Successive heroes hide important information from one another, while the principal figure plays with his opponents by telling them puzzles. The main aim of this article is specify the successive elements which make up the narrative and which give the story as a whole its enigmatic character. The analysis of selected elements is intended to make the reader aware that the enigma of the Samson saga rests not only on the puzzles constructed by the principal figure, but also on the relationship between his parents and the angel of God.
4
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Zbrodnia Raskolnikowa – wieczna zagadka

75%
Kruszelnicki M.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2017
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issue 13
EN
The article focuses on one of the major mysteries concealed in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s oeuvre up to the present day, namely the main cause of a double murder committed by Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment. I present selected scholarly interpretations of Raskolnikov’s deed, some of them being already classical and ever inspiring for subsequent readings of the novel, some using extremely persuasive argumentation on one of Raskolnikov’s possible motives. Each of these readings becomes an object of my commentary and critical assessment as I indicate those fragments in Dostoevsky’s novel which undermine their claim to provide an ultimate solution of Raskolnikov’s reason for crime. This presentation leads to the conclusion that Crime and Punishment is unusually open for interpretations, which probably have more to say about the philosophical identity of their authors rather than about Dostoevsky’s intentions in creating his famous protagonists. Eventually I claim that the novel’s main secret – Raskolnikov’s motive for murder – is never to find its one, satisfactory explanation and that this is what makes a literary work a true, immortal masterpiece.
5
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Zagadka jako konstytutywna część poetyki questu

72%
Czarnecka K.
Język. Religia. Tożsamość
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2017
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issue 2(16)
189-202
EN
A quest is a non-literary text, essential when practicing an innovative form of tourism – questing, namely an outdoor game combining educational values and fun. The article aims at characterizing puzzles, which form an obligatory part of the quest. The article touches upon four aspects: 1) Relevance of using the name „puzzle” in relation to specific tasks typical for the quest, 2) Types of puzzles linking the content of a puzzle with the type of task, 3), Functions of puzzles, 4) Practical tips on formulating puzzles to be solved when traveling along the trail. The research is based on a collection of texts published on the Internet with a common title o „Wielkopolskie questy” the texts are being collected by the Touring Studio of the Regional Public Library and Culture Animation Centre in Poznań (Pracownia Krajoznawcza Wojewódzkiej Biblioteki Publicznej i Centrum Animacji Kultury w Poznaniu).
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