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EN
The article discusses the notion of return migration with regard to its permanency and temporariness. In reference to selective patterns of return migration, factors conducive to permanent returns and to re-emigration, i.e. subsequent migration after the return, are examined with the use of a logistic regression model. Analyses demonstrated in the article are devoted to return migration to Poland in 1989-2002 and based on the 2002 Polish census data. The obtained results confirm earlier findings on the major role of the level of human capital and family attachments in shaping the nature of the return waves. It was revealed that return migrants who decided on a longer stay in Poland were more often living in Polish urban areas, and had higher human capital and stronger family attachments to Poland, when compared to re-emigrants. It was also observed that return migrants possessing dual nationality were the most likely to engage in re-emigration, while descendants of Polish emigrants tended to settle in Poland on a more permanent basis.
EN
Poles represent one of the largest groups of economic immigrants to the UK. As a result of Brexit, many of them have redefined their migration scenarios, which has affected the economy and some areas of social and cultural life in the UK. This paper presents the results of our original quantitative study conducted in the autumn of 2019 on a sample of 620 Polish respondents living in three locations in England – London, Oxford, and Swindon. The study addresses the question Do Polish migrants intend to return to Poland, and if they do, when? and examines to what extent this decision is influenced by the length of their stay in England, by their financial situation, by their knowledge of English, by their ability to assimilate culturally, by how much they miss their family, by homesickness, and by their craving for Polish culture. The article follows the typology of attitudes adopted by Poles towards Brexit, as identified by Agnieszka Trąbka and Paulina Pustułka.
EN
The study follows the trajectory of a group of re-emigrants who took an active part in the partisan (antifascist, or Communist) resistance movement during the Second World War in Yugoslavia and who established their own partisan unit, the Czechoslovak Brigade of Jan Žižka. After the war, partisans with Czechoslovak citizenship decided to answer the call from Czechoslovakia, and they and their families settled the areas from which the old German residents had been expelled. After their arrival, the state welcomed them as antifascist heroes (freedom fighters), but at the local level, they were accepted as undesired “outlanders”, “other Czechs”, or “Yugoslavians”. After Cominform issued its first resolution, the regime of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia stigmatized them as being “unreliable for the state”. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, they found themselves in a position of memory bearers, a position that did not correspond to the contemporary hegemonic anti-Communist narrative. Due to this fact, the second generation of re-emigrants in particular feels that their ancestors have been unjustifiably erased from history, their legacy and imagined family honour unrecognized. At their own commemorative meetings, they clearly demonstrate their dissatisfaction with the contemporary exclusion of their partisan ancestors from the post-Communist national narrative. I argue in the text that the perceived non-ethnic otherness in the past alongside their historical experience and the contemporary postCommunist politics of memory led the re-emigrants to the formation of their own memory community (and thus identity).
EN
The terms ‘return migration’ or ‘re-emigration’ deal with the return of the diaspora to the country of origin and are therefore full of nationalistic perspective. These terms can be useful in the case of a diasporic return to the country of origin, however, the use of the term ‘ethnic return migration’ should be clarified as well becaus migration of diasporic descendants (to the country of origin of their ancestors) by strategic, rational and pragmatic use of their ethnic disposition (i.e. passports of their ancestors with written nationality) should also be looked into. Indeed, term ethnic return migration expresses that in the case of some diasporic descendants their ethnic origin might be lost and the diasporic identification questioned hence their migration to the country of origin of their ancestors could be analysed as mobility for material or economic benefit. In this article I will analyse the migration of diasporic descendants from West Ukraine and South Moldova to find out whether they incline more to return migration/ re-emigration or to ethnic return migration.
EN
Re-emigration problems require research on the defifi nition of the phenomenon, as well as its range subjective and material scope. The study discusses the analisys of EU Law in area of the freedom of movement of persons in the EU, with special consideration of Court of Justice of EU case-law. A broad perspective on the rights issuing from the freedom of movement is presented. However, the varied character of these rights and lack of coherence between different legal acts and instruments complicates the application of the freedom of movement principle in the EU Member States. Moreover, the EU Member States put into force different obstacles and restrictions in the access to social security schemes and benefifi ts. This problem is addressed by the Court of Justice of EU in numerous legal judgments, where the broad understanding of the freedom of movement is supported. The European Commission takes different types of actions in order to improvement of the legal status used for application in the area of the Freedom of Movement of Persons in the European Union The study determined were the consequences of re-emigration in some areas of social security system.
PL
Problemy reemigracji wymagają badań naukowych w zakresie definicji zjawiska, jego zakresów podmiotowego oraz przedmiotowego. W opracowaniu dokonano analizy prawa UE z zakresu prawa do przemieszczania się osób, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE. Pokazano szerokie ujęcie uprawnień związanych ze swobodą przepływu osób. Prawa krajowe stosują bowiem ograniczenia w dostępie do różnych uprawnień socjalnych, gwarantowanych z tytułu swobody przepływu osób w UE. Rangę problemu dostrzega TS UE i wydaje w tych sprawach liczne wyroki, potwierdzające słuszność szerokiego ujęcia uprawnień przypisanych swobodzie przemieszczania się osób w UE. Komisja Europejska prowadzi działania o różnym charakterze mające na celu poprawę stanu prawnego służącego realizacji prawa do przemieszczania się w UE. W opracowaniu ustalone zostały także konsekwencje reemigracji w niektórych obszarach zabezpieczenia społecznego.
Porównania
|
2017
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
157-172
EN
The topic of the article is developed around three selected novels: a Polish, Slovenian and an English one. All novels are addressed to the youth. These novels are linked by characters, teenagers who are trying to find their place in a foreign culture and a hermetic environment. There are three circles taken into consideration in the comparison: home, school, and local. These are spaces that are important for the main characters as the influences and fights for dominance clash; where the discrimination Alien/Other is an easy label for a victim. The comparison of common themes: growing up, school, peers, fighting for a place in the group, search for their own purpose shows the similarities and differences in the recognition of such problems by the authors of the described novels.
PL
Tematem artykułu są wybrane powieści polskie, słoweńska i angielska adresowane do młodzieży, które łączą postaci głównych bohaterów, nastolatków próbujących znaleźć swoje miejsce w obcym kulturowo i hermetycznym środowisku. Na płaszczyźnie porównania znajdują się trzy kręgi: domowy, szkolny i lokalny, czyli ważne dla bohaterów przestrzenie ścierania się wpływów, walki o dominację, gdzie Obcy/Inny staje się łatwą ofiarą. Porównanie wspólnych tematów: dorastanie, szkoła, rówieśnicy, walka o swoje miejsce w grupie, poszukiwanie własnej drogi pokazuje podobieństwa i różnice w ujmowaniu takich problemów przez autorów powieści.
EN
The article is an overview of selected studies carried out in Poland since 2004, since the advent of the so-called post-accession migration. At the beginning in article presents leading research centers dealing with issues of migration in Poland, then shows the state of research on international migration of Poles after 1989 and place of re-emigration in research on migration issues. The next section presents the assumptions, process and conclusions of the leading studies on the returns of Poles after 2004 which were implemented in Poland. At the end article presents briefly government’s actions to encourage migrants to return to the Poland.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przegląd wybranych badań realizowanych w Polsce od 2004 r., czyli od czasów pojawienia się tzw. migracji poakcesyjnej. Na początku przedstawione zostały czołowe ośrodki badawcze zajmujące się problematyką migracji w Polsce. Następnie ukazany został stan badań nad międzynarodowymi migracjami Polaków po 1989 r., a także miejsce reemigracji w badawczej problematyce migracyjnej. W kolejnej części przedstawione zostały założenia, przebieg oraz wnioski z czołowych badań dotyczących powrotów Polaków po 2004 r., które zostały zrealizowane w Polsce. Na zakończenie przybliżone zostały działania rządu podejmowane na rzecz zachęcenia migrantów do powrotu do Polski.
Porównania
|
2022
|
vol. 32
|
issue 2
67-80
EN
With its assertive title, Wojciech Kudyba’s 2018 novel Emigranci wracają do domu (‘Emigrants are returning home’) suggests the possibility of considering it a voice in the current political debate on the return of Polish economic migrants to their homeland. However, the literary convention applied therein (‘spoken monologue’), along with the protagonist’s metaphysical perspective, make such immediate, instrumentalizing interpretations questionable. Placing the novel within the context of contemporary postsecular cosmopolitan society, I propose that the protagonist be seen as a peregrine to accentuate the ambivalence of his un/belonging: a subject who acknowledges the mortality and transiency of his existence, while on the other hand, immersed in earthly realities, discovers the need for a reintegrating narrative to restore for himself the feeling of intersubjective identification with his own nation. I prove that by incorporating a metaphysical perspective into migrant experience, Kudyba’s novel offers an innovative approach to re-emigration discourse in contemporary Polish narrative writing, one rooted in Cyprian Norwid’s universalism.
PL
Powieść Wojciecha Kudyby Imigranci wracają do domu swoim tytułem sugeruje możliwość uznania jej za głos w dyskusji politycznej na temat powrotu polskich migrantów ekonomicznych do kraju. Jednak zastosowana konwencja monologu wypowiedzianego i metafizyczna perspektywa narracji podają w wątpliwość prawomocność doraźnych odczytań instrumentalizujących. Rozpatrując powieść w kontekście postsekularnej kondycji współczesnego, kosmopolitycznego społeczeństwa, autor artykułu proponuje widzieć w jej bohaterze figurę peregryna, wskazującą na ambiwalencję nie/przynależności: podmiot uznaje doczesność swojego istnienia, z drugiej strony zaś odkrywa potrzebę narracji reintegrującej, która przywróci mu poczucie intersubiektywnej identyfikacji ze swoim narodem. Włączenie do opisu doświadczenia migranta perspektywy metafizycznej stanowi o oryginalności podejścia do dyskursu re-emigracji we współczesnej polskiej prozie, nawiązującego do Norwidowskiego uniwersalizmu.
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