An important instrument of the fiscal policy is the real estate transfer tax. The approach of EU member states to it has been growing different and departing from the USA model. The comparative study of these heterogeneously different approaches presented in the article is illustrative. The real estate transfer tax system does not belong to the conferred competencies, but a touch of harmonization for states struggling with it, such as the Czech Republic, could help. Hence, the hypotheses to be confirmed or rejected are: (i) real estate transfer tax is inherently particular and harmonization resistant and (ii) real estate transfer tax is not indispensable per se. These hypotheses are addressed while using scientific methods and national statistics. The conclusions confirm both hypotheses and offer thoughts and issues for further research on the (in)capacity of the EU harmonization of the real estate transfer tax and on the (in)effectiveness of the real estate tax, as such.
This paper is an attempt at a polemic with the position of the Supreme Court expressed in the cassation case II CSKP 509/22. The subject matter discussed in the paper is of great importance, particularly from a practical point of view, and concerns the issue of the (im)possibility of establishing the date of a will in a situation where doubts arise as to the relation of this will to another will which is dated. The considerations take into account not only the achievements of Polish doctrine, but also - for the sake of comparison and in order to find the best possible model for proceedings in this type of case - the solutions functioning in foreign legal systems (mainly German and French).
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